A quick scan of the available literature on the subject of halal tourism reveals that many scholars and laypersons alike misconceive this concept. Whereas some suggest that halal tourism occurs whenever a Muslim individual travels somewhere, others retort that only pilgrimages by Muslim travelers regarded as halal tourism. More careful research of the literature shows that the truth is somewhere in between, as none of the above definitions is correct. Overall, it is this lack of clarity that has prompted an additional inquiry into the essence of halal tourism. This essay is a modest academic endeavor to ascertain what halal tourism is and what ideologies lie at its foundation. To answer these questions, the author employs the literature review research methodology, scrutinizing number sources. Ultimately, this essay has established that halal tourism not confined to religious pilgrimages alone. Indeed, halal tourism occurs whenever a Muslim individual travels for religion, business or leisure and uses only those services and facilities that conform to the teachings of Islam.

Development of Halal Tourism in Indonesia is the focus of the Indonesian government and MSMEs have an important role in supporting the development of halal tourism in Indonesia. This study aims to examine the relationship between marketing communication and Islamic financial literacy on Islamic financial inclusion and MSMEs performance in the halal tourism sector. A covariance-based SEM technique utilizing LISREL software was used to analyze the data from this investigation. Non-probability sampling was employed to collect the data, and the sample consists of 152 halal tourism entrepreneurs. We find that positive and significant association between Islamic financial inclusion and business performance. We also find that there are a positive and significant association between Islamic Financial Literacy and Islamic Financial Inclusion. Marketing communication and Islamic financial inlcuon a positive relationship but insignificant. This studi implies that to establish a halal tourist ecosystem for long-term development in Indonesia, commercial actors must lend their full support. This study demonstrates that they can thrive when MSMEs in the halal tourist ecosystem are backed by Islamic banking and Islamic rural banks. As a result, a more accommodating approach from Islamic banking is required to provide access to halal finance for business actors in Indonesia’s halal tourism ecosystem.

The aim of this cross-country research is to examine how the profit and loss sharing mudarabah investment deposits are classified and disclosed in the financial statement of Islamic banks. The cross-country study examined the financial statements of fifty-one fully-fledged Islamic banks. The results of the data analysis show that Islamic banks disclose the mudarabah investment account in different ways. The absence of standardized disclosure for mudarabah investment deposit confuses the stakeholders. This research suggests to the regulators to fully or partially adopt the AAOIFI standards specifically for Islamic financial institutions.

This study aims to explore the phenomenon of hadith distortion in hadith literature and analyze its impact on contemporary hadith studies. The intended hadith distortion here refers to the alteration or falsification of hadith narratives that can threaten the integrity and authenticity of sacred texts as sources of Islamic teaching. This article identifies the factors contributing to hadith distortion and its serious consequences in contemporary hadith studies.

Muslim countries witnessed outstanding intellectual and socio-economic prosperity up to the 18th century when they fell into a period of regression following the Ottoman’s global decline. Currently, economically Muslim societies lags behind the modern western world. Scholars hold different views, including the radical notion that Islam is inherently anti-development and thus resists progress. This study discusses the Islamic philosophy and principles of development in the context of institutional economics. The basic principles of Islamic economic development drawn from the Islamic sources and historical experiences will be explored for a better understanding of Muslims’ current condition. This study addresses questions including whether basic religious precepts caused Muslims’ economic underdevelopment, while examining the development process according to Muslim perspectives. The institutions, the organizations, rules, and applications will also be explored in addition to the impact of those institutions on development. The context of development will also be evaluated according to Western value perspective. A model of Islamic economic development will be discussed in addition to the discussions of institutions that contributed to the early development of the Islamic world.

Islam is not a mono-dimensional religion, therefore studying Islam with all its aspects is not enough with the scientific method, ie philosophical, human, historical, sociological methods. Likewise, understanding Islam with all its aspects can not be-be doctrinaire. A scientific and doctrinal approach should be used together (Scientific Cum Doctrine).

Islamic fundamentalism as a stream of Extremist claim a return to the true Islam and no compromise with the modern world has transformed the scene inside the country and in international relations as a threat and a serious contender in today's society. In fact, after September 11, 2001, expanded a serious debate about Islamic fundamentalism around the world. But it can be difficult to provide an overview of the history of political violence in which the phenomenon of Islamic fundamentalism as its starting point after September 11, is not mentioned. However, before the date mentioned in international studies, there are also traces of fundamentalism, But what is known today as the new form of Islamic fundamentalism, since 2011 and after the rise of the Middle East, was raised around the world and to create the challenges of Political sovereignty and security for the world's most strategic regions such as Europe and then Southeast Asia (especially Indonesia and Malaysia). Therefore, this research tries to answer this question: what is the most important factor in challenging the political sovereignty of states in Southeast Asia (especially Indonesia and Malaysia). The hypothesis is Islamic fundamentalism is a rival and threat against the sovereignty and national security of Indonesia and the Philippines. The result of this study explains and demonstrates the presence and role of Islamic fundamentalism in Indonesia and Malaysia as a serious challenge in the security-political reality of these countries. Therefore, this study seeks to recognize and address the challenges and threats that are faced by these two-country with the growth of Islamic fundamentalism.

Islamic banks (IBs) have been criticized as not being genuinely Islamic, and the methods in measuring their performances have been debatable. While the literature on IBs performance has been emerging, such studies precisely assess its recent development remains absent. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the development of scholarly articles that measure IBs’ performances. We employ bibliometric analysis and sample related articles from the Scopus database. We find that the development of IBs performance literature may be understood by 111 peer-reviewed journal articles, 4 conference papers, 1 book, and 1 book series. We analyze these materials based on publication sources, country and institution affiliation, keywords association, and cluster dendrogram. Our model that quantifies the keywords association and cluster dendrogram provides a novelty in assessing IBs performance literature development. Future studies may replicate our model to cluster and identify the keyword associations from the unstructured data sources.

Muslim school is an important element of education in Indonesia. The school has been in place long time before Indonesia’s independence in 1945. The school educates Indonesian Muslim children to understand and practice religion, and simultaneously, promotes the sense of nationalism. Thanks to Muslim schools, Indonesian Muslims are recognized as being moderate (Hefner, 2000). In the last few years, however, the moderate nature of Indonesian Islam is challenged by the spirit of conservative Islam (Van Bruinessen, 2013). Issues such as Islam and democracy, Islam and modern state, Muslim and non-Muslim relation, and rights of citizen that have been resolved and agreed upon are being reinstated. As Hefner (2007) argues that there is a relationship between politics and education, especially religious education, it is important to see the relationship between schools and the changing society. The question is how the current conservative trend in Indonesian Islam is occurring at schools. This paper explores how the curriculum of (Islamic) religious education potentially contribute toward the development of Indonesian conservative Islam, and how religious education teachers view sensitive issues concerning conservative Islam. To answer the questions, analysis of religious education’s curricula and interviewing experts serve as the primary method of data collection. Four religious education teachers from different provinces of Indonesia were interviewed to reveal their opinions on various religion-related issues. This paper discusses how Islamic education in Indonesia has been designed to present moderate Islam, but at the same time faces a number of challenges that try to turn religious education into a conservative one.

The Seljuks, who came from the Central Asian prairies, invaded Asia Minor towards the end of the 11th century. The land had been settled by then mainly by the Christian Eastern Romans and Armenian peoples. Seljuks were Moslems; they built monumental structures, some of which have survived the natural disasters of several centuries to the present day. Most of these architectural marvels contain extraordinary decorations in the form of ornaments, friezes and rosettes. I have studied periodic ornaments and classified them into 17 mathematical wallpaper groups according to their symmetry properties that reveal their global structure. On the other hand, the local details of the ornaments, the motifs, show a clear variation from simple geometric patterns to complicated and refined forms. Seljuk art was originally influenced by Persian styles, later influenced by the Christian population in Asia Minor, and finally represents the impact of Islamic culture.

Bridging widening socioeconomic gaps calls for a paradigm shift and the use of effective strategies such as Waqf banks to develop and provide basic services and such as education, shelter, employment opportunities and social amenities to the poor, while reducing the state’s burden and working to constructively address the reasons for the gap. Waqf banks are set-up through the use of cash waqfs and would operate multiple waqf funds alongside an assortment of financial instruments. Their earnings however are issued as low-cost credits to the poor, economically disadvantaged and the underprivileged regardless of their financial status, instead of focusing exclusively on generating shareholder profits. This would significantly aid the economy in steady, sustainable growth; effectively raising the lower bar on per capita income and lifting untold multitudes out of poverty. This study explores how interest-free and affordable loans can be provided to the poor or lower income demographics, while further discussing bank structures such as Shari‘ah compliance, services rendering, investment and waqf distribution. This study shows that there is a need for Shari’ah compliant waqf banks which in addition to providing services for beneficiaries, would also effectively manage investment and waqf funds that contribute to overall national development and economic growth. This inquiry would be of high relevance to experts, financial managers, regulators and policy makers in the fields of waqf, banking and finance.

This paper undertakes a critical analysis and evaluates the recent developments in the study of Islam and how it has gone beyond Orientalism; as Martin and Ernst remark in the preface and acknowledgements of Rethinking Islamic Studies: from Orientalism to Cosmopolitanism that the last three decades—after the publication of Orientalism in 1978—“has been a liberating experience for us as scholars initially trained in narrowly textual ‘Orientalist’ approaches, as we have been forced by circumstance to address many issues of contemporary political and social relevance.” However, I will also acknowledge the alternate perspective that these developments may not have gone beyond Said’s Orientalism, but have rather reinforced and maintained - and have “decidedly worsened”—the very ideas Said introduced in Orientalism because of issues such as: Islamic fundamentalism and the aftermath of 9/11, and how the study of Islam has been influenced by these issues in modern times thus returning to the Orientalist approach. I will look at the history of Orientalism in the study of Islam, then the emergence of space for self-representation, and then I will look at the current study of Islam. Esposito argues that Orientalism has taken a new form, and no longer romanticizes the Middle East as having sandy deserts where genies, thieves and evil sorcerers vied after scantily clad princesses amid a backdrop of white palaces and peasant-ridden streets, as presented in the film ‘Aladdin’.

This paper discusses the management of public expenditures in Indonesia in State Budget 2017. The data collected from fiscal policy documents, especially about government spending plans in 2017, and then be reviewed by policy analysis, the theory of public expenditures, and the theory of public goods, and compared with the theory of public expenditure in Islamic economics. Public expenditure management in Indonesia has implemented a distribution system that divided public expenditure for central government expenditures, transfers to the regions, and the village fund. In terms of fiscal policy, public expenditure priorities to support the achievement of sustainable economic growth, job creation, poverty reduction, and the reduction of gaps in the welfare of the whole community. In Islamic economics, public expenditure is used to meet the needs of the community based on the principles of general interest derived from the shari'a. Public expenditure on Indonesia's government as an effective tool to divert economic resources and increase the income of society as a whole, and focused on the embodiment of the people's welfare.

The significance of arts incorporated with culture inclusion makes the arts a matter of pressing interest. The arts are vital elements of a healthy society that benefits the nations even in difficult social and economic times. Based on the previous studies this research was conducted for the first time in Pakistan to explore the historical background of public art correlated with cultural and religious ethics. Though, Pakistan has a rich cultural history yet the role of modern public art is new and often used unintentionally. Our findings of different surveys conducted in Pakistan including oldest cities such as Lahore, Peshawar and newly developed, the capital city, Islamabad concluded that Public art has a rich cultural and historical background and the local community are enthusiastically connected to it. Different community groups prefer different types of public art in their surroundings depends on the city’s profile, cultural background, and religious mindset of the local community. Overall, the sculptures and depiction of animated beings are not considering right and debatable among the Pakistani societies. On the other hand, the cultural and historical monuments are highly appreciated and welcomed by the local community of Pakistan. This study may create scope for future estimation and development of public art in Pakistan in association with Islamic laws and cultural norms of the local society.

In the realm of artificial intelligence (AI), generative systems, most notably Midjourney, have tremendous power to generate creative images of buildings and sites of Islamic architectural heritage through text-to-image generation based on the internet. The AI-generated representations have significant potential for architects, specialists, and common users. However, the system has considerable limitations when generating images for some buildings and sites where the representations appear too far from their original represented structures. This research article attempts to answer the question: What are the limitations of using the AI system of Midjourney in producing images similar to the original buildings and sites of the Islamic architectural heritage? The research employs prompt engineering techniques based on historical sources as inputs to examine the accuracy of the output of the AI-generated images of selected examples of structures of the Islamic tradition. It compares the output with the original look by employing direct observation and critical analysis of human intelligence (HI). It categorizes these limitations into four groups: (1) limits of the prompt, (2) limits of fame, (3) limits of regionality and historical styles, and (4) limits of architectural elements and details. It concludes that while Midjourney has great capability to represent high-end AI-generated images inspired by the Islamic tradition, it currently falls short of presenting the actual appearance of some of their original structures.

This study utilizes the Random Forest technique to investigate risk management practices and concerns in Islamic banks using survey data from 2016 to 2021. Findings reveal that larger banks provide more consistent survey responses, driven by their confidence and larger survey budgets. Moreover, a positive link is established between a country's development, characterized by high GDPs and low inflation and interest rates, and the precision of Islamic banks' survey responses. Analyzing risk-related concerns, the study notes a significant reduction in credit portfolio risk, attributed to improved risk management practices, global economic growth, stricter regulations, and diversified asset portfolios. Concerns related to terrorism financing and cybersecurity risks have also decreased due to better enforcement of anti-money laundering regulations and investments in cybersecurity infrastructure and education. This research enhances our understanding of risk management in Islamic banks, highlighting the impact of bank size and country development. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for ongoing analysis beyond 2021 to account for potential COVID-19 effects and evolving risk management and regulatory practices in Islamic banking.

The drought is one of all phenomena at local to a global scale that caused climate change impacts, alongside it also the human activities related, which were deforested and land use changed that caused to ecological disturbance, which one is hydrological changes. Hence, it’s a lot of lost productivity, chiefly to farming land aspects and the other, so the land restoration by reforestation is needed in framework to water cycle (hydrology) process kindly. The aim of this research has identified and analyzed ecological restoration to ecosystem services, chiefly in wastewater management (treatment) to conservation, especially in Al Zaytun areas (Pesantren), so observing and in-depth individual interview (with some of personage and pesantren of boards) is one method that used to data collected, alongside land survey management to classified type development in Al Zaytun areas. The result of this research revealed that Al Zaytun successfully in water management to conservation by wastewater treated management by Eichhornia crassipes (Enceng gondok), afterward to the reservoir as water saved development. Those conservation types considered capability in reviving to ecological systems to ecosystem services increased kindly, alongside to land restoration by some of the plant species or trees to grow and developed in which Tectona grandis L. f is more dominantly and it's favorite because of investment economic that advantage based on ecological perspective. These were type management that did by Al Zaytun, alongside its able in coping to both drought and climate change impacts kindly and adaptively, and of course, it’s part of an obligation as the follower’s Islam religion in preserving and maintaining natural resources, chiefly to water resources.

This research paper investigated the hedging effectiveness, dynamic dependence, safe haven ability, and portfolio diversification benefits of alternative assets (precious metals) with conventional and Islamic stock indices. The data covered the period from March 2011 to March 2021, and a copula model with switching dependence was utilized. The estimated transition probabilities demonstrated a high persistence of the same dependence regime in all estimated pairs. The research found that the use of precious metals with stocks for diversification is a favorable choice, proving them to be the best suitable solution to avoid risks. They also provide a save haven effect along with diversification benefits and reveal that risk reduction benefits vary with respect to portfolio types. The findings of the research indicate that negative shocks prompt investors to seek refuge in safe haven assets to safeguard their investments from extreme negative shocks. For most of the situations studied, precious metals provide the best and most effective hedge to stock returns. Overall, the addition of alternative assets to the stock portfolio reduces risks and provides better diversification benefits. Results vary depending on the circumstances of the country. These findings have practical implications for policymakers, fund managers, investors, and risk management practitioners, guiding them in their investment and risk management decisions.

The Dubai Digital Government launched its recent guidelines, which call for artificial intelligence systems to be subject to legal accountability. This study discusses the extent to which autonomous robots can be granted legal personality in UAE law and the consistency of this approach with the provisions of Islamic jurisprudence. This research paper answered two main questions: First, the extent to which these guidelines are considered the beginning of work on granting legal personality to AI systems in the UAE. Second, what form of legal personality can be given to autonomous robots in UAE law to be consistent with the provisions of Islamic jurisprudence as a primary source of legislation in the country? The research concluded the impossibility of considering autonomous robots as a "thing" and classifying them within the concept of "persons." It also concluded that it is possible to give them legal personality according to two legislative solutions: granting them partial or incomplete performance eligibility like minors.

Recent years have seen dramatic growth in the number of scholarly scientific works dedicated to the topic of Artificial Intelligence (AI), banking, and finance. With the development of scientometric tools, it is now possible to map, visualize, analyze, and assess scientific activities in many fields of engineering and social sciences including Islamic banking and finance. Based on data retrieved from the Scopus database and using a qualitative method, this study investigates, evaluates, and identifies significant development, trends, and players in the application of AI in Islamic banking and finance using the Visualization Of Similarities Method (VOS) between objects in VOSviewer. From 2006 to 2022, 387 documents were retrieved from the Scopus database; Results revealed that the top five most active countries in terms of publications are Malaysia (117 documents), Indonesia (89 documents), the United Kingdom (36 documents), the USA (24 documents), and Saudi Arabia and Bahrain (24 documents each). The International Islamic University Malaysia and Universitas Indonesia came out on top of active institutions while the top funding source came from the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia. The comprehensive findings and analysis reported in this study serve as a roadmap for future academics to create theory and practice for applying AI in Islamic banking and finance.

The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the impact of social networks on political socialization and political participation of political science students of the Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Tehran south branch during 2007-2017. This article is a descriptive-survey research based on the theory of planned behavior and has been done based on random sampling with a population of 280 samples. The findings indicate that 93% of students use social media and spend a significant part of their study hours on social networks, which mainly include Telegram, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter and WhatsApp. The variables related to social networks affect the socialization and political participation of students, and the extent of the impact of social networks on encouraging individuals to participate in the election as a component of political socialization is positive and significant. This finding and other findings are a positive and significant impact of social networks on the attitudes, values ​​and norms, attitudes and behaviors of political science students as a sample population, and thus the hypothesis of this research has been confirmed.

This study presents a comprehensive examination of the transformative potential of Islamic finance in advancing sustainable development goals (SDGs). It underscores the unique position of Islamic finance, with its ethical and moral foundations, to contribute significantly to environmental sustainability, social equity, and economic development. The paper highlights innovative financial instruments like Zakat, Waqf, and green Sukuk, which not only align with but also actively promote SDGs. Through a multidisciplinary approach, it advocates for a paradigm shift towards integrating sustainability into the core of financial systems. The analysis includes challenges in harmonizing Human Development Indexes (HDIs) with Ecological Footprints (EFs), proposing strategies for sustainable development, ecological conservation, and educational reforms. This study is pivotal for policymakers, financial institutions, and educators, providing a roadmap for leveraging Islamic finance towards achieving a balanced, sustainable, and inclusive global economy.

This study explores the implications of merging two fundamentally different types of banks: Islamic and conventional banks. The research aims to provide insight into such a merger's unique opportunities and challenges and offer strategic guidance for future mergers. A balanced scorecard-based strategic analysis using Quantum Spherical Fuzzy Decision-Making Approach was used to develop the merged bank's short- and long-term strategic plans. The balanced scorecard included 12 key performance indicators (KPIs) in 4 groups, and the methodology also incorporated several questions to guide the analysis. The study results offer valuable insights into the potential opportunities and challenges of merging these two types of banks and strategic recommendations for stakeholders at all levels. The study is a valuable guideline for future mergers between similar or different types of banks. Overall, the findings suggest that a well-planned merger strategy is essential for avoiding challenges and maximizing the benefits of merging Islamic and conventional banks. By integrating the strengths of both types of banks, a merged entity could create a competitive advantage and potentially improve financial performance. However, this requires careful consideration of cultural differences, regulatory challenges, and other factors that could impact the merger's success.

Considering the negative impacts of climate changes along with the rapid increase in population in Islamic dominated states, e.g., the Middle East, water tension among upstream and downstream states is increasing. Despite the importance of water management in Islamic culture, the role of religion has been under-valued and under-emphasized by the scholars. The paper has sought to compare and contrast Islamic water management principles (IWMP) with international water law principles (IWLP). The findings from this analysis show not only that IWMP are in conformity with IWLP, but that in many cases, IWMP can be more effective. For instance, where international water accords between riparian states of a shared river basin are poorly developed and lack enforcement mechanisms under IWLP, those upstream states can abuse their geographical locations depriving those downstream-ers. In contrast, IWMPs stress the equitable and reasonable use of water resources among upstream and downstream users of a shared watercourse. Moreover, although IWLPs emphasize the conservation and preservation of ecosystems and the environment at the basin level, the inter-basin states especially those upstream can pose significant harm to the ecosystems. On the other side, Islam as the religion of peace, has placed much emphasis on the preservation of nature. For example, the verse, “.... And waste not by excess, for Allah loves not the wasters” [Quran, 7:31], illustrates the importance of the sustainable use of water and the environment. It is argued that if Islamic Water Management Principles are incorporated into the management instrument of Islamic States, the issue of equitable and sustainable use of water among Muslim-dominated riparian states (e.g., Iran, Afghanistan, etc.) will be solved.

Arabic was the language of philosophy, logic, Islamic sciences and rhetorical linguistic sciences. It was used in the writing of all sciences generally and became the language of world culture. Although the other languages of the Islamic world had a little share, but all peoples of Islamic countries; Arabs and non-Arabs, Muslims and non-Muslims attributed to that movement appreciated. Hence, Arab sciences flourished in their bright ages. Arabic language was a cultural container of the ancient Greek and Latin intellectual heritage. As the ancient Greek and Latin sciences and literatures were translated into Arabic in the bright ages of Islam. Arab language was a strong bond for them, as a common human heritage for the centuries to save it from being lost, as Muslims used it to develop their sciences and arts, as Muslims in the East used the Western sciences and literatures in the modern age, because they are not Eastern or Western, but the common efforts of all humanity. Arabic language opened for the dictionaries ​​and other tongues of cross-fertilization, civil friction and simulation. Arabic had become the language of sciences: mathematics, astronomy, engineering, logic, philosophy, mysticism, agriculture, industry and economics by the continuous efforts of scientists in their scientific research, invention, experimentation, knowledge collection and classification in various fields, where orientalists recognized the Arab leadership. That scientific and literary civilization moved to Europe through Italy, Andalusia, Crusades and the Ottoman Caliphate. Europeans learned Arabic language, literature and sciences in the centers of Toledo, Fez and cities of Maghreb.

Our aim is at three feels: i) study safe haven properties of sectoral CDS; ii) study hedging effectiveness and measure the diversification benefits of introducing them in both Conventional and Islamic stock markets portfolios and iii) compare these results with VSTOXX, Gold and Bitcoin indices. To do this, we estimate time varying hedge ratio using (A)DCC and GOGARCH models and then deduce hedging effectiveness.. We follow the same methodology for each sub-period and each refit to test the effect of bubble crypto currency and COVID-19 pandemic on hedging effectiveness. Empirical results show the superiority of industrial CDS sectoral index to hedge both conventional and Islamic stock markets whether long or short term despite that their performances were reduced slightly during the second and third periods. VSTOXX and Others sectoral CDS indices offers Hedging performances that are generally better than Bitcoin and gold.

Following the economic and political transformations after 1991, including the autonomy of the Kurdistan Region and the establishment of Iraq's new federal government in 2003, extensive construction, including mosques, has reshaped the region. This requires examinations of evolving architectural features in new mosques and questioning their alignment with religious and aesthetic design objectives. This research focuses on the transformative impact of modern architectural styles on mosque evolution in Sulaymaniyah Governorate. Acknowledging the interplay of cultural evolution, technology, and artistic innovation, the study employs an in-depth case study approach to analyze selected mosques in Sulaymaniyah Governorate that blend traditional Islamic architecture with modern design principles. This synthesis of traditional and modern elements raises questions about religious legitimacy, historical symbolism, and architecture's role in reflecting and shaping religious values. Using quantitative methods including indicator-based impact assessment, the study identifies modern architectural indicators, determines religious objectives of mosque design through Islamic legitimacy references, and analyzes the case study data. By employing person coefficient correlation, the research aims to identify the causal relationship between modern architectural indicators and achieved design objectives. The results reveal that the overall influence of the modern architecture style tends to be more negative on the evol¬ution of mosques.