The Carbon-Based Evolutionary Theory (CBET)

Ji-Ming Chen; Ji-Wang Chen

doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0004.v13

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preprints.org > biology and life sciences > anatomy and physiology > doi: 10.20944/preprints202010.0004.v13

Preprint Hypothesis Version 13 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

The Carbon-Based Evolutionary Theory (CBET)

Ji-Ming Chen

^* and

Ji-Wang Chen

Version 1 : Received: 30 September 2020 / Approved: 1 October 2020 / Online: 1 October 2020 (08:53:19 CEST)
Version 2 : Received: 2 October 2020 / Approved: 2 October 2020 / Online: 2 October 2020 (14:36:24 CEST)
Version 3 : Received: 3 November 2020 / Approved: 3 November 2020 / Online: 3 November 2020 (12:46:41 CET)
Version 4 : Received: 19 November 2020 / Approved: 20 November 2020 / Online: 20 November 2020 (11:30:48 CET)
Version 5 : Received: 27 November 2020 / Approved: 27 November 2020 / Online: 27 November 2020 (16:45:19 CET)
Version 6 : Received: 8 December 2020 / Approved: 9 December 2020 / Online: 9 December 2020 (11:01:03 CET)
Version 7 : Received: 27 January 2021 / Approved: 28 January 2021 / Online: 28 January 2021 (12:25:54 CET)
Version 8 : Received: 10 May 2021 / Approved: 10 May 2021 / Online: 10 May 2021 (10:21:15 CEST)
Version 9 : Received: 17 June 2021 / Approved: 17 June 2021 / Online: 17 June 2021 (11:56:15 CEST)
Version 10 : Received: 26 July 2021 / Approved: 26 July 2021 / Online: 26 July 2021 (12:02:52 CEST)
Version 11 : Received: 18 August 2021 / Approved: 18 August 2021 / Online: 18 August 2021 (09:57:59 CEST)
Version 12 : Received: 9 April 2024 / Approved: 10 April 2024 / Online: 10 April 2024 (10:50:26 CEST)
Version 13 : Received: 13 April 2024 / Approved: 15 April 2024 / Online: 16 April 2024 (10:36:09 CEST)
Version 14 : Received: 25 April 2024 / Approved: 25 April 2024 / Online: 26 April 2024 (08:52:48 CEST)

How to cite: Chen, J.; Chen, J. The Carbon-Based Evolutionary Theory (CBET). Preprints 2020, 2020100004. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202010.0004.v13 Chen, J.; Chen, J. The Carbon-Based Evolutionary Theory (CBET). Preprints 2020, 2020100004. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202010.0004.v13

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chen, J.; Chen, J. The Carbon-Based Evolutionary Theory (CBET). Preprints 2020, 2020100004. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202010.0004.v13

APA Style

Chen, J., & Chen, J. (2024). The Carbon-Based Evolutionary Theory (CBET). Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202010.0004.v13

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, J. and Ji-Wang Chen. 2024 "The Carbon-Based Evolutionary Theory (CBET)" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202010.0004.v13

Abstract

Why did inanimate materials evolve into complex organisms and societies on Earth? This is a fundamental scientific question that has captivated humans for millennia. Here we propose the Carbon-Based Evolutionary Theory (CBET) to provide novel, direct, and explicit answers to this question. The CBET identifies three key mechanisms based on some principles of physics and chemistry (e.g., laws of thermodynamics) and some features of Earth and carbon-based entities (CBEs): the driving force mechanism that provides energy, the structural mechanism that generates new functions, and the natural selection mechanism that accumulates orderliness, all for the evolution of CBEs. These mechanisms lead to the progression from chemical to biological and social evolution, marked by the escalating hierarchy of CBEs and the increase in the quantity, diversity, and orderliness of high-hierarchy CBEs. The CBET clarifies the natural roots of multiple pivotal and seemingly paradoxical social management notions, such as inclusiveness and competition, altruism and selfishness, freedom and restriction, as well as inherited advantages and acquired strengths. It advocates for the balanced, harmonious, and peaceful development of human society as well as the integration of all countries into a single harmonious social collective. The CBET unifies biology with physics and chemistry and could be a basic theory shared by the natural sciences and the social sciences. It could also be significant in the rational development of human society.

Keywords

carbon; chemistry; evolution; mechanism; natural selection; theory; physics; society

Subject

Biology and Life Sciences, Anatomy and Physiology

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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