The Carbon-Based Evolutionary Theory (CBET)

Ji-Ming Chen

doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0004.v9

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preprints.org > biology and life sciences > anatomy and physiology > doi: 10.20944/preprints202010.0004.v9

Preprint Hypothesis Version 9 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

The Carbon-Based Evolutionary Theory (CBET)

Ji-Ming Chen

Version 1 : Received: 30 September 2020 / Approved: 1 October 2020 / Online: 1 October 2020 (08:53:19 CEST)
Version 2 : Received: 2 October 2020 / Approved: 2 October 2020 / Online: 2 October 2020 (14:36:24 CEST)
Version 3 : Received: 3 November 2020 / Approved: 3 November 2020 / Online: 3 November 2020 (12:46:41 CET)
Version 4 : Received: 19 November 2020 / Approved: 20 November 2020 / Online: 20 November 2020 (11:30:48 CET)
Version 5 : Received: 27 November 2020 / Approved: 27 November 2020 / Online: 27 November 2020 (16:45:19 CET)
Version 6 : Received: 8 December 2020 / Approved: 9 December 2020 / Online: 9 December 2020 (11:01:03 CET)
Version 7 : Received: 27 January 2021 / Approved: 28 January 2021 / Online: 28 January 2021 (12:25:54 CET)
Version 8 : Received: 10 May 2021 / Approved: 10 May 2021 / Online: 10 May 2021 (10:21:15 CEST)
Version 9 : Received: 17 June 2021 / Approved: 17 June 2021 / Online: 17 June 2021 (11:56:15 CEST)
Version 10 : Received: 26 July 2021 / Approved: 26 July 2021 / Online: 26 July 2021 (12:02:52 CEST)
Version 11 : Received: 18 August 2021 / Approved: 18 August 2021 / Online: 18 August 2021 (09:57:59 CEST)
Version 12 : Received: 9 April 2024 / Approved: 10 April 2024 / Online: 10 April 2024 (10:50:26 CEST)
Version 13 : Received: 13 April 2024 / Approved: 15 April 2024 / Online: 16 April 2024 (10:36:09 CEST)

How to cite: Chen, J. The Carbon-Based Evolutionary Theory (CBET). Preprints 2020, 2020100004. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202010.0004.v9 Chen, J. The Carbon-Based Evolutionary Theory (CBET). Preprints 2020, 2020100004. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202010.0004.v9

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chen, J. The Carbon-Based Evolutionary Theory (CBET). Preprints 2020, 2020100004. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202010.0004.v9

APA Style

Chen, J. (2021). The Carbon-Based Evolutionary Theory (CBET). Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202010.0004.v9

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, J. 2021 "The Carbon-Based Evolutionary Theory (CBET)" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202010.0004.v9

Abstract

It is desirable to upgrade previous evolutionary theories, which have remained incomplete and controversial for decades. Here we employ the concept of carbon-based entities (CBEs), which include methane, amino acids, proteins, organisms, and other entities containing relatively many carbon atoms. We deduce the driving force, mechanisms, steps, modes, tempos of CBE evolution, through integration of biology, physics, and chemistry using logics for complex issues. We hence establish the Carbon-Based Evolutionary Theory (CBET). The CBET suggests that evolution is the increase in hierarchy, diversity, fitness of CBEs under natural selection and driven by thermodynamics due to the chemical effect of the thermodynamic features of the Earth on CBEs. It provides better explanations for life origin, macroevolution events, natural selection, sympatric speciation, and evolution tempos than previous evolutionary theories. It reveals the evolutionary basis of multiple important social notions, including diversity, collaboration, altruism, obeying rules, and proper increase in freedom. It refutes some wrong notions in thermodynamics, including negative entropy (negentropy) and that biological order is equal to thermodynamic order, which have misled many people. The CBET is supported by its deduction and application. It could be a rare bridge linking laws of thermodynamics, evolution of life, and development of human society, and could have great significance in various sciences.

Keywords

carbon-based entity; driving force; energy; evolution; fitness; mechanism; natural selection; speciation; thermodynamics; theory

Subject

Biology and Life Sciences, Anatomy and Physiology

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Comments (1)

Comment 1

Received: 17 June 2021
Commenter: Ji-Ming Chen
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author

Comment: This version has made many minor changes throughout this article including the title, abstract, main text, Figure 1 and Table 1. These changes do not change the major views of this article. This version puts supplementary information to a separate PPT file.

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