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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0258.v1

A Unified Spinor Description of the Photon and Electron Relativistic Fields

Pavel Gorev

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: quantum field theory; Minkowski space; electromagnetic potential calibration; Lorentz force; Casimir operators; wave equation; Dirac equation

Online: 5 June 2023 (07:55:10 CEST)

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We propose a description of the electromagnetic field in the form of a four-component complex spinor, from which a vector of electromagnetic potential with two degrees of freedom, calibrated by two conditions - zero length and zero component along the y-axis - is obtained by using Pauli matrices. A similar approach is applied to the field of a fermion, in particular, the electron. It is known that the quantum field of the electron and the electron itself is a four-component complex spinor, so, existing in the Minkowski vector space, we cannot observe it directly. But with the help of Pauli matrices a vector is formed from the electron spinor, which is known to us as an electric current vector, and this current vector describes exactly a single particle. As a vector, it is available to us for observation in our vector space. Similarly, the electromagnetic field and its photon particle is also a four-component spinor, from which the same formula using Pauli matrices produces a vector, it is known to us as the electromagnetic potential vector, and it too describes even a single photon. All the differences in the properties of the current vector and the electromagnetic potential vector, and hence the electron and the electromagnetic field, are due only to a slight difference in the structures of their four-component spinors and inextricable linked to them momentum spinors and coordinate spinors.Thus, a unified way to describe bosons and fermions in spinor space is proposed. The consequences of the Dirac equation for the electron spinor are considered and the existence of a similar first-order equation for the photon spinor is assumed. Each spinor by means of a uniform formula corresponds to a vector, in the case of a fermion it is a current vector, in the case of a boson it is a vector, for example, of the electromagnetic potential. Each spinor of a field is matched with a spinor of coordinates and a spinor of momentum, which are transformed by the same Lorentz transformations and which have the same structure as their corresponding field spinor, that is, the momentum and coordinates of boson have a bosonic spinor structure, while momentum and coordinates of fermion are a spinor with a fermionic structure. Field vectors, coordinates and momentum of boson automatically have a zero length, while in the case of fermion they all have a nonzero length, so the fermion, in contrast to the boson, has a nonzero mass, nonzero charge and moves with a sub light speed.The presented approach, in the long run, makes it possible to carry out calculations of the interaction of particles in two-dimensional spinor space, and to interpret in terms of the Minkowski vector space only the final results.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0251.v1

Quantum Spacetime Geometrization in QED and Beyond: Towards the Standard Model

Piero Chiarelli

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quantum gravity; Quantum electrodynamics; Standard Model; quantum cosmology

Online: 5 June 2023 (07:27:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.2109.v1

Universe Mass Ratio Golden Rule of Dark Energy, Dark Matters, Leptons, Quarks, Neutrinos and Ordinary Matters

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Universe mass ratio golden rule; dark energy; dark matters; Planck mission; WMAP missions; Black holes; Cosmic background neutrinos; Universe evolution; Flat photon space

Online: 30 May 2023 (10:19:25 CEST)

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Our matter universe is made up of four components of dark energy (DE), dark matters (DMs), leptons and quarks which are created from the decay of the primary black hole through the inflation after big bang. In the three-dimensional quantized space model, the sum (DER) of the dark energy (DE) and radiations (R) is the flat photon space and there are 39 particles of 3 dark matters, 9 leptons and 27 quarks. Generally speaking, the mass ratio of the quarks with the 27 particles is smallest and the mass ratio of the DER photon space with the 1 massless photon is largest. Therefore, the mass ratios of DER, DMs, leptons and quarks are inversely proportional to the particle numbers of DER, DMs, leptons and quarks as the first assumption. This simple rule is called as the universe mass ratio golden rule in Fig. 12. This simple rule is successfully applied to the observed mass ratios of the Planck and WMAP missions. The best particle number combination (1, 3, 9, 27) of the four components (DER, DMs, Leptons, Quarks) to explain the Planck 2018 and WMAP results is the same as the particle number combination (1, 3, 9, 27) of the 3-dimensional quantized space model. The calculated mass ratios of DER, DMs, leptons and quarks are 67.5 %, 22.5 %, 7.5 % and 2.5 %, respectively. And the calculated mass ratios of neutrinos and ordinary matters are 5.0 % and 5.0 %, respectively. The mass ratios of the dark energy (68.47(23) %) and matters (31.53(23) %) obtained from the Planck 2018 results are consistent with the calculated mass ratios of the DER (67.5 %) and matters (32.5 %). The mass ratio of the dark energy (72.1(15) %) obtained from the WMAP 9 year results is explained as the summed mass ratio (72.5 %) of DER (67.5 %) and neutrinos (5.0 %). The universe evolution including the super-massive black holes (SMBHs) is shown in Fig. 4. The accelerated space expansion of our universe requires the addition of the new dark energy. If this new dark energy is added, the mass ratio of the dark energy is a little bit increased. The difference (0.97 %) between the observed value (68.47(23) %) and calculated value (67.5 %) is explained by adding the new dark energy in Figs. 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11. The corrected mass ratios of DER, DMs, leptons and quarks are 68.47 %, 21.8286 %, 7.2762 % and 2.4254 %, respectively. The corrected mass ratios of the neutrinos (called as cosmic background neutrinos) and ordinary matters (OMs) are 4.8508 % and 4.8508 %, respectively. These corrected mass ratios can explain the mass ratios obtained from the WMAP and Planck missions. In other words, the mass ratios calculated from the best particle number combination support the elementary particles, dark matters and dark energy (photon space) proposed by the three-dimensional quantized space model based on the 10-D Euclidean space.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1008.v1

The Width of f₀(980) in Isospin-Violating Decays

Yun Liang, Wencheng Yan, Demin Li

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: f0(980); isospin-violating; simultaneous fit; coupling constant

Online: 15 May 2023 (09:30:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0864.v1

The Neutrino Mass Problem: From Double Beta Decay to Cosmology

Osvaldo Civitarese

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: neutrino mass; axions neutrino mass; propagator

Online: 11 May 2023 (13:45:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0819.v1

Spin, Magnetic Moment, Structure, Shape and Sizes of an Electron, Muon, and Proton

Askar Abdukadyrov

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: rotational motion; angular momentum; spin; spin magnetic moment; vortex ring; closed vortex filaments

Online: 11 May 2023 (08:17:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0726.v1

Proposal for the Geometric Unification of All Known Forces in Nature

Wolfgang Osterhage

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Unification, Geometry, Quantization, GUT, ToE

Online: 10 May 2023 (09:57:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0032.v1

Henneaux-Teitelboim Gauge Symmetry and its Applications to Higher Gauge Theories

Mihailo Đorđević, Tijana Radenković, Pavle Stipsić, Marko Vojinović

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: gauge symmetry; trivial gauge transformations; nBF theory; Chern-Simons theory; diffeomorphism symmetry

Online: 2 May 2023 (00:53:08 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.1256.v1

Calculation of the Electrostatic Field of a Circular Cylinder with a Slot by the Wiener-Hopf Method

Seitkerim Bimurzaev, Seil Sautbekov, Zerde Sautbekova

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: time-of-flight mass spectrometer; electron microscope; electrostatic lens; electrostatic mirror; relativistic effect; system of singular integral equations; factorized functions; eigenfunctions; eigenvalues.

Online: 30 April 2023 (04:22:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0309.v2

From Black-Body Radiation to Gravity: Why Neutrinos are Left-Handed and Why the Vacuum is not Empty

Engel Roza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: neutrino; Fermi constant; parity violation; dark matter

Online: 24 April 2023 (10:49:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0155.v1

A New Interpretation of the Higgs Vacuum Potential Energy Based on a Planckion Composite Model for the Higgs

Christopher Pilot

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Winterberg model; Planck particles; positive and negative mass Planck particles; planckions; quantum vacuum; space as a superfluid/ supersolid; extended models for space; cosmological constant; Higgs field as a composite particle; Higgs boson; inherent length scale for the vacuum; dark energy

Online: 8 March 2023 (10:17:32 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0332.v2

On the Field Strength of Vacuum Energy and the Emergence of Mass

Mohammed Al-Fadhli

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Field strength of vacuum energy; Newtonian gravitational parameter

Online: 8 March 2023 (02:14:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0716.v2

Elementary Charge and Electron: One Entity Two Identities

Misheck Kirimi

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Charge; electricity; electron; electrodynamics; electrostatics; elementary charge

Online: 3 March 2023 (14:01:25 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0211.v2

The Upgraded Planck System of Units that Reaches from the Known Planck Scale All the Way Down to Subatomic Scales

Dimitris M. Christodoulou, Demosthenes Kazanas

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Atomic processes; Cosmological parameters; Cosmology: theory; Early Universe; Elementary particles; Galaxies: kinematics and dynamics; Gravitation.

Online: 27 February 2023 (02:04:10 CET)

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Natural systems of units $\{U_i\}$ need to be overhauled to include the dimensionless coupling constants $\{\upalpha_{U_i}\}$ of the natural forces. Otherwise, they cannot quantify all forces of nature in a unified manner. Thus, each force must furnish a system of units with at least one dimensional and one dimensionless constant. We revisit three natural systems of units (atomic, cosmological, and Planck). The Planck system is easier to rectify, and we do so in this work. The atomic system discounts $\{ G, \upalpha_G \}$, thus it cannot account for gravitation. The cosmological system discounts $\{ \slashed{h}, \upalpha_\slashed{h} \}$, thus it cannot account for quantum physics. Here, the symbols have their usual meanings; in particular, $\upalpha_G$ is the gravitational coupling constant and $\upalpha_\slashed{h}$ is Dirac's fine-structure constant. The speed of light $c$ and the impedance of free space $Z_0$ are resistive properties imposed by the vacuum itself, thus they must be present in all systems of units. The upgraded Planck system with fundamental units $${\rm UPS} \,:=\,\{ c, Z_0, G, \upalpha_G, \slashed{h}, \upalpha_\slashed{h}, \,\dots\,\!\},$$ describes all physical scales in the universe---it is nature's system of units. As such, it reveals a number of properties, most of which have been encountered previously in seemingly disjoint parts of physics, and some of which have been designated as mere coincidences. Based on the UPS results, that relate (sub)atomic scales to the Planck scale and the fine-structure constant to the Higgs field, we can state with confidence that no observed/measured physical properties are coincidental in this universe. Furthermore, we derive from first principles Koide's $K=2/3$ enigmatic constant and additional analogous quark and vector boson constants. These are formal mathematical proofs that justify a posteriori the use of geometric means in deriving the quark/boson mass ladder. This ladder allows us to also calculate the Higgs couplings to the vector bosons and the Weinberg angle in terms of only $K$.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0313.v1

Quality Assurance in Neutron Activation Analysis: Simulation and a Continuous Improvement Approach

Abdessamad Didi, Iliasse Aarab, Hamid Bounouira, Hamid Amsil, Abdelouahab Badague, Khalid Laraki, Hamid Marah, Hassane Dekhissi

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Iso 17025; NAA; Efficiency; Resolution; Gamma activation

Online: 17 February 2023 (14:52:02 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0257.v3

The Gravitational Mass of the Rarefied Cloud of the Relativistic Material Particles

Wladimir Belayev

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Relativistic material particles; active gravitational mass; Lorentz transformations; isotropic Schwarzschild metric; geodesics equations

Online: 25 January 2023 (11:44:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0332.v1

On the Field Strength of Vacuum Energy and the Emergence of Mass

Mohammed Al-Fadhli

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Field strength of vacuum energy, Newtonian gravitational parameter.

Online: 18 January 2023 (09:58:28 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0211.v1

The Upgraded Planck System of Units that Reaches from the Known Planck Scale All the Way Down to Subatomic Scales

Dimitris M. Christodoulou, Demosthenes Kazanas

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Atomic processes; Cosmological parameters; Cosmology: theory; Early Universe; Elementary particles; Galaxies: kinematics and dynamics; Gravitation.

Online: 12 January 2023 (06:08:29 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0068.v2

Matter as Pure 'Atoms' of Electricity

Misheck Kirimi

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: electric charge; electricity; electron; elementary particle; gravity; matter; unification

Online: 10 January 2023 (09:56:45 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0068.v1

Matter as Pure 'Atoms' of Electricity

Misheck Kirimi

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: electric charge; electricity; electron; elementary particle; gravity; matter

Online: 4 January 2023 (06:13:37 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0538.v2

The Higgs Trilinear Coupling and the Scale of New Physics for the SM-Axion-Seesaw-Higgs portal inflation (SMASH) Model

C.R. Das, Katri Huitu, Timo Kärkkäinen

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Higgs portal inflation; Beyond the Standard Model; SMASH; Higgs triple coupling; Higgs trilinear coupling

Online: 4 January 2023 (02:16:15 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0211.v2

From Black-Body Radiation to Gravity: Why Quarks Are Magnetic Electrons and Why Gluons Are Massive Photons

Engel Roza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: gluon; strong interaction; weak interaction; topquark; gravity; SU(2) and SU(3)

Online: 3 January 2023 (11:24:26 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0450.v1

Klein-Gordon, Dirac and Schrodinger Equations, Matter and Wave Function Collapses, Photon Momenta and the Gamma Ray Burst based on the 4-D Euclidean Space

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: P4 = TcP symmetry; Matter collapse; Wave function collapse; Klein paradox; Continuity equations; Negative energy solutions; Gamma ray burst; Photon momenta

Online: 23 December 2022 (07:57:12 CET)

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The negative energy solutions of the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations have been used to define the antiparticle with the positive energy from the Feynman - Stueckelberg interpretation in the standard model based on the 4-D Minkowski space with the relative time. The negative energy solutions of the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations are used to define the antiparticles with the negative energy in the present 3-D quantized space model. Note that all the present results are based on the 4-D Euclidean space with the absolute time (t) and relative time (t_l). Then the particle with the positive energy and antiparticle with the negative energy have the 4-D P₄ = TCP = T_cP symmetry. The continuity equations are derived from the Klein-Gordon, Dirac and Schrodinger equations. The Klein-Gordon and Schrodinger equations with the potential barriers are solved. The Klein paradox is explained by using the pair production of the electron with the positive energy and positron with the negative energy under the P₄ = _TcP symmetry, The effective velocity ( c_eff=√2 " c " ) and effective energy ("Etl =" √2 E ) along the relative time axis (ctl) give the relative time momentum of "p_tl"=E_tl/c_eff =(√2 E)/(√2 c)=E/c=p_t=p_x. This indicates that the photons with the energy of E have the constant photon velocity of c and the constant photon momentum of "ptl"=E_tl/c_eff =(√2 E)/(√2 c)=E/c=p_t=p_x. For the negative energy particles, the space momentum directions are opposite to the particle velocity directions because the energy is negative. And the matter collapse to the photons at the very high particle velocity is discussed from the length expansion. It is, for the first time, proposed that the gamma ray burst is originated from the matter collapse to the photons near the black hole. Also, the wave function collapse is explained from the length expansion. The wave function collapse takes place when the measurement makes the particle velocity to be zero. It is concluded that the negative energy solutions of the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations support the existence of the partner antimatter universe with the negative energy and negative time direction. Our matter universe has the positive energy and the positive time direction.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0366.v1

The Evolution of the Majorana Neutrino Mass Renormalization Group in the Super-Weak Theory

Chitta Ranjan Das

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: super-weak theory; renormalization group; majorana neutrino mass

Online: 20 December 2022 (10:25:56 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0309.v1

From Black-Body Radiation to Gravity:Why Neutrinos are Left-Handed and Why the Vacuum is not Empty

Engel Roza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: neutrino; Fermi constant; parity violation; dark matter

Online: 19 December 2022 (01:20:58 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0221.v10

Proposed Method of Combining Continuum Mechanics With Einstein Field Equations

Piotr Ogonowski

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: general relativity; cosmology; continuum mechanics; fluid dynamics; field theory; electrodynamics; Hamiltonian mechanics

Online: 16 December 2022 (04:30:07 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0538.v1

The Higgs Trilinear Coupling and the Scale of New Physics for the SM-Axion-Seesaw-Higgs portal inflation (SMASH) Model

C.R. Das, Katri Huitu, Timo Kärkkäinen

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Higgs portal inflation; Beyond the Standard Model; SMASH; Higgs triple coupling; Higgs trilinear coupling

Online: 29 November 2022 (07:04:06 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0221.v9

Proposed Method of Combining Continuum Mechanics With Einstein Field Equations

Piotr Ogonowski

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: general relativity; cosmology; continuum mechanics; fluid dynamics; field theory; electrodynamics; Hamiltonian mechanics

Online: 29 November 2022 (03:59:30 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0221.v8

Proposed Method of Combining Continuum Mechanics With Einstein Field Equations

Piotr Ogonowski

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: general relativity; cosmology; continuum mechanics; fluid dynamics; field theory; electrodynamics; Hamiltonian mechanics

Online: 3 November 2022 (07:03:12 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0478.v1

Phenomenological Theory of the Stern-Gerlach Experiment

Sergey Rashkovskiy

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Stern-Gerlach experiment; phenomenological theory of spin behavior in a magnetic field; classical field theory; self-consistent Maxwell-Pauli theory

Online: 31 October 2022 (10:02:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0227.v1

Nonlinear Pauli Equation

Sergey Rashkovskiy

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: classical field theory; unified Maxwell-Pauli theory; non-linear Pauli equation; non-linear Schrödinger equation; spin behavior in a magnetic fiel

Online: 17 October 2022 (04:52:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0203.v1

Absolute Time, Length Expansion, Particle Mass Origins, Quantum Entanglement, Pauli Exclusion Principle and Higgs Boson on the 4-D Euclidean Space

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Absolute time; Length expansion; Absolute time simultaneity; Twin paradox; Quantum entanglement; 4-D Euclidean space; Pauli exclusion principle; Higgs boson; Time clicking; Quantum base

Online: 14 October 2022 (03:52:31 CEST)

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The absolute time and relative time are defined in terms of the 4-D Euclidean space. Our universe is the 3-D x₁x₂x₃ quantized photon space which follows the absolute time simultaneity when the universe moves along the absolute time axis of ct. The length expansion of Dx = gDx₀ is derived under the condition of the absolute time (ct) simultaneity. From the similarity between this length expansion of Dx = gDx₀ and the energy increasing of E = gE₀, it is assumed that the energy is proportional to the particle size of Dx. The extension of this assumption to the 4-D Euclidean space gives the new definition that the particle energy (E) is the 4-D volume. Then, the particle mass energy is defined as E= mc² = cDtDV = gE₀. The masses of the elementary particles are originated from the 4-D warped volume of the photon space because the particle is the warped photon space with the velocity of v < c. Therefore, the Higgs boson concept in the standard model (SM) is not needed in the present 3-D quantized space model (TQSM). The scalar boson with the spin of zero, photon with the spin of 1 and graviton with the spin of 2 are the two-boson states. Therefore, the observed Higgs boson is reinterpreted as the two-boson state of the scalar boson with the spin of zero. The cosmic muon observation and twin paradox are explained by using the absolute time and relative time. The relative time is the observed time in the twin paradox and cosmic muon observation. In the twin paradox, a person who travels the long distance is more aged than a person on the earth in terms of the relative time ages because of the space and time conversion effect (STCE effect) of the moving space distance (x). But twins are in the same ages in terms of the absolute time without STCE effect. The fast-moving cosmic muon has the expanded half-life from the time expansion of the relative time. Also, the quantum entanglement and Pauli exclusion principle are explained. The quantum base of the photon space line connects two entangled particles. Two particles and quantum base system is fluctuated along the absolute time axis by the time clicking when one particle is measured. Another particle is instantly selected by the time clicking. This is called as the quantum entanglement. The photons which are the flat photon space with the constant speed of c along the space axis and absolute time axis have the 4-D photon velocity of c_eff = 2^0.5 c. Total 10-D Euclidean space including three 3-D quantized spaces and one absolute time axis is required for the electric charges (EC), lepton charges (CC) and color charges (CC) of the elementary particles. The 3-D photon space is very stiff along the absolute time (ct) axis and very soft along the space axes. The Coulomb force through the photons (2EM waves) of the space fluctuations is much stronger than the Gravitational force through the gravitons (G waves) of the time fluctuations between two electrons.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0001.v1

The Upgraded Planck System of Units

Dimitris M. Christodoulou, Demosthenes Kazanas

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Atomic processes, Cosmological parameters, Cosmology: theory, Elementary particles, Gravitation.

Online: 1 October 2022 (05:35:29 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0396.v1

The Electromagnetic Wave Without a Magnetic Component: A Thought Experiment

Sherif Tawfik

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: foundations of physics; electrodynamics; electromagnetic wave; magnetic field; electric field; Ampere; Biot-Savart

Online: 26 September 2022 (11:04:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0221.v7

Proposed Method of Combining Continuum Mechanics With Einstein Field Equations

Piotr Ogonowski

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: general relativity; cosmology; continuum mechanics; fluid dynamics; field theory; electrodynamics; Hamiltonian mechanics

Online: 16 September 2022 (07:11:49 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0211.v1

From Black-Body Radiation to Gravity: Why Quarks Are Magnetic Electrons and Why Gluons Are Massive Photons

Engel Roza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: gluon; strong interaction; weak interaction; topquark; gravity; SU(2) and SU(3)

Online: 14 September 2022 (15:45:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0449.v1

A New Solution for Measuring Planck's Constant using Compton Scattering

David Humpherys

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Planck constant; metrology; Compton scattering; natural units; Kibble balance; Compton wavelength; electron mass

Online: 26 August 2022 (04:57:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201902.0021.v2

Analytical Calculations of Quark Confinement, Linear Interaction Potential, and Net Spin in a Proton Using a Quark Rotational Model

Shinichi Ishiguri

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: quark; linear interactive potential; mass of a proton; spin; quark confinement; pi-meson

Online: 22 August 2022 (15:50:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0145.v2

Light Dispersion in Gravitational Field

Yin Zhu

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: dispersion of light; gravitational field; fundamental physics constant; vacuum; speed of light; spectroscopic binary system; double gravitational lens

Online: 19 August 2022 (08:04:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0221.v6

Proposed Method of Combining Continuum Mechanics With Einstein Field Equations

Piotr Ogonowski

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: general relativity; cosmology; continuum mechanics; fluid dynamics; field theory; electrodynamics; Hamiltonian mechanics

Online: 16 August 2022 (05:24:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0257.v2

Gravitational Mass of the Rarefied Cloud of Relativistic Material Particles

Wladimir Belayev

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Relativistic material particles; active gravitational mass; Lorentz transformations; isotropic Schwarzschild metric; geodesics equations

Online: 8 August 2022 (05:27:29 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0221.v5

Proposed Method of Combining Continuum Mechanics With Einstein Field Equations

Piotr Ogonowski

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: General relativity; Cosmology; Continuum mechanics; Fluid dynamics; Field theory; Electrodynamics; Hamiltonian mechanics

Online: 18 July 2022 (10:56:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0221.v4

Proposed Method of Combining Continuum Mechanics With Einstein Field Equations

Piotr Ogonowski

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: General relativity; Cosmology; Continuum mechanics; Fluid dynamics; Field theory; Electrodynamics; Hamiltonian mechanics

Online: 11 July 2022 (09:41:10 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0145.v1

Light Dispersion in Gravitational Field

Yin Zhu

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: dispersion of light; gravitational field; fundamental physics constant; vacuum; speed of light; spectroscopic binary system

Online: 11 July 2022 (02:25:35 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0114.v1

Quantum Non-Locality and the CMB: what Experiments say

Maurizio Consoli, Alessandro Pluchino, Paola Zizzi

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quantum Non-Locality; Cosmic Microwave Background; Ether Drift Experiments

Online: 7 July 2022 (07:44:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0053.v1

Design of a 9.4 T Superconducting Magnet for 400 MHz Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Yong Ren, Da Li, Yuquan Chen

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Magnetic field homogeneity; NMR coil; Superconducting magnet; Stress

Online: 4 July 2022 (12:17:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0221.v3

Proposed Method of Combining Continuum Mechanics With Einstein Field Equations

Piotr Ogonowski

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: General relativity; Cosmology; Continuum mechanics; Fluid dynamics; Field theory; Electrodynamics; Hamiltonian mechanics

Online: 1 July 2022 (12:37:08 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0525.v3

Nonlinear Generalisation of Quantum Mechanics

Alireza Jamali

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: quantum mechanics; foundations of quantum mechanics; nonlinear equation; nonlinear quantum mechanics; nonlinear schrödinger equation

Online: 1 July 2022 (10:49:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0221.v2

Proposed Method of Combining Continuum Mechanics With Einstein Field Equations

Piotr Ogonowski

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: General relativity; Cosmology; Continuum mechanics; Fluid dynamics; Field theory; Electrodynamics; Hamiltonian mechanics

Online: 27 June 2022 (14:30:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0256.v1

Unified Theory of Gravity, Electromagnetic Force, Strong and Weak Forces and Their Applications

Sheng Qin

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: unified theory of force; Gravitation; Electromagnetic force; Weak force; Strong force; Inverse square law; Galaxy rotation curve; The origin of magnetic field; Charged particle radiation; Maxwell displacement current; Black hole structure; Radiation effect of moving magnet

Online: 20 June 2022 (03:03:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0221.v1

Proposed Method of Combining Continuum Mechanics With Einstein Field Equations

Piotr Ogonowski

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: General relativity; Cosmology; Continuum mechanics; Fluid dynamics; Field theory; Electrodynamics; Hamiltonian mechanics

Online: 15 June 2022 (10:16:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0257.v1

Gravitational Mass of the Rarefied Cloud of Relativistic Material Particles

Wladimir Belayev

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Relativistic material particles; active gravitational mass; Lorentz transformations; isotropic Schwarzschild metric; geodesics equations

Online: 19 May 2022 (08:57:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0073.v1

Bayesian Inference of Phenomenologycal EoS of Neutron Stars with Recent Observations

Emanuel Chimanski, Ronaldo Lobato, Andre Goncalves, Carlos Bertulani

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Bayesian Inference; MCMC; Equation of State; Heteroscedastic; Neutron Star; Astrophysics

Online: 6 May 2022 (10:23:28 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0280.v2

The Multi-Level Model for Quarks and Leptons as the Symbiosis of Segal’s Chronometry with the Standard Model

Alexander Levichev, Andrey Palyanov

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Standard and Multi-Level Models; Wigner-Segal method; quark matter; generations of quarks and leptons; chronometric proton’s wave function; proton shape

Online: 20 April 2022 (09:10:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0359.v2

On the Emergence of Spacetime and Matter from Model Sets

Marcelo Amaral, Fang Fang, Raymond Aschheim, Klee Irwin

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quantum Gravity; Problem of Time; Particle Physics; Emergence; Holographic Principle; Model Sets

Online: 23 March 2022 (09:26:42 CET)

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Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0190.v1

Are Tensorial Affinities Possible?

Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Weyl Geometry; Tensorial affine; unified field theory

Online: 14 March 2022 (14:48:08 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0026.v1

Physical Properties of Elementary Particles, Photon Space and Quantum Wave Functions

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Tc symmetry; CTP symmetry; Photon space; Elementary particles; Quantum wave functions; Modified Lorenz transformations; Left-handed neutrinos; Right-handed dark matters

Online: 1 March 2022 (15:01:52 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0340.v2

Spin g Factors and Neutrino Magnetic Moment of Elementary Fermions

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Anomalous spin g factor; Lepton charge (LC); Neutrino magnetic moment; Weak force decay; EC and LC partial masses; Three-dimensional quantized space model (TQSM)

Online: 1 March 2022 (11:25:10 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0280.v1

The Multi-Level Model for Quarks and Leptons as the Symbiosis of Segal’s Chronometry with the Standard Model

Alexander Levichev, Andrey Palyanov

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Standard and Multi-Level Models; Wigner-Segal method; quark matter; generations of quarks and leptons; chronometric proton’s wave function; proton shape

Online: 22 February 2022 (16:01:51 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0071.v1

Testing A Conjecture On Quantum Electrodynamics

Christoph Schiller

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: quantum electrodynamics; electron mass; fine structure constant; strand conjecture; tangle model.

Online: 4 February 2022 (10:50:03 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0147.v4

The Impact of the Quark’s Monopole Properties on the Unification of the Fundamental Physical Forces

Engel Roza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Grand Unification; Magnetic Monopole; Pseudo-tachyon; Higgs Field

Online: 27 January 2022 (11:32:31 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0276.v1

Design of an Advanced Plasmonic Sensor (Consisting of a Quadrilateral Cavity, Three Rings With Different Dimensions and Two Waveguides) Using Refractive Index Change

Hamid Abbasi

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: plasmonics; Surface plasmon polaritons; Metal-Insulator Metal; refractive index sensor.

Online: 19 January 2022 (14:26:34 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0076.v5

The Spin-Spin Interaction Mechanism between Quarks and Its Impact on the Mass Spectrum of Mesons

Engel Roza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: quarks; spin-spin interaction; hadronization limit; topquark; eta-etaprime puzzle; mass spectrum

Online: 17 January 2022 (15:49:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0066.v1

Symmetries of Thirring Models on 3D Lattices

Andreas Wilhelm Wipf, Julian Johannes Lenz

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Model field theory; chiral symmetry breakin; parity breaking; dynamical fermions; four-Fermi theories; Thirring models

Online: 6 January 2022 (10:20:20 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0340.v1

Spin g Factors and Neutrino Magnetic Moment of Elementary Fermions

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Anomalous spin g factor; Lepton charge (LC); Neutrino magnetic moment; Weak force decay; EC and LC partial masses; Three-dimensional quantized space model (TQSM).

Online: 21 December 2021 (13:49:29 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0015.v2

Equations of Electrodynamics

Pavel Gorev

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: electrodynamics; plane electromagnetic wave; spherical electromagnetic wave; group of transformations; Aharonov-Bohm effect; equation of motion; alternator; impulse current generator

Online: 13 December 2021 (16:27:24 CET)

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Maxwell’s equations are valid only for a stationary observation point, therefore, to adequately describe real processes so far we have had to move to a moving reference frame. This paper presents the equations of electrodynamics for the moving observation point, it is shown that plane and spherical electromagnetic waves are their solutions, while the spherical wave propagates only outward, which cannot be said about Maxwell’s equations. The fields of uniformly moving charges are also solutions of the equations. Now there is no need to move to a moving reference frame, to use four-dimensional space and covariant form of equations. The question of finding a universal form of the equations that allows a solution in the form of the field of an arbitrarily moving charge remains open. This raises the question of the existence of a two-parameter group of transformations of electromagnetic fields along with the known one-parameter group has been posed. The phenomena derived from the equations, which make an additional contribution to the phase overrun in the Aharonov-Bohm effect are considered. The equation of motion of a charged particle in an electromagnetic field without simplifying approximations is considered, which allows us to take into account the radiation effects. It is shown that the fields in a moving observation point depend on its velocity and acceleration. In particular, although in a constant uniform electric field a force qE acts on a motionless charged particle, but on the same motionless but not fixed particle the force 4/3qE acts already, because it has a nonzero acceleration and the electric field at this point is larger. As the speed increases, the field decreases, and when it reaches the speed of light, when the particle stops accelerating, the force again becomes equal to qE The principle of operation of an unconventional alternator in a constant electric field and its corresponding engine, as well as new types of direct and impulse current generators, predicted by the equations, are described.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0199.v1

Using a Toy Model to Improve the Quantization of Gravity and Field Theories

John Klauder

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Affine quantization; Ashtekar-like variables; gravity and field theories

Online: 13 December 2021 (12:36:39 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0162.v1

Relativistic Mass of Gravitational Field

yin zhu

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Relativistic mass of gravitational field; Total mass of a galaxy; Constitution of the mass of a star with field

Online: 9 December 2021 (15:57:56 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0417.v2

Martensitic Phase Transition in Yttrium-Stabilized ZrO2 Nanopowders by Adsorption of Water

E. B. Asgerov, A. I. Beskrovnyy, N. V. Doroshkevich, C. Mita, D. M. Mardare, D. Chicea, D. Lazar, A. A. Tatarinova, S. I. Lyubchyk, S. B. Lyubchyk, A. I. Lyubchyk, A. S. Doroshkevich

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: nanopowders; zirconium oxide nanoparticles; adsorption phase transition; polymorphism in zirconium dioxide; size effect of structural stabilization

Online: 1 December 2021 (13:07:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0302.v2

Gravitational Field and Mass

Yin Zhu

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Super strong gravitational field; Mass-Gravitational field conversion; Graviton-photon conversion; Graviton-photon to electron-proton conversion; Vacuum fluctuation; Vacuum polarization

Online: 1 December 2021 (12:49:09 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0501.v1

Recovery of Global Symmetries in a 't Hooftian Universe

Alexandre Furtado Neto

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: cellular automaton; nonlocality; emerging gravity; unification; cardinality

Online: 26 November 2021 (10:50:18 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0459.v1

Unification through Generalised Proper Time: The Elementary Construction of the Theory

David Jackson

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Unification; extra dimensions; causal sets; proper time; Standard Model; dark sector; quantum gravity

Online: 24 November 2021 (13:11:05 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0431.v1

Dark Energy of the Photon Space, Inflation of the Charged Black Holes and Universe Evolution

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Dark energy; Photon flat space; Charged black holes; Big bang and inflation; Universe evolution; Vacuum energy crisis; Hubble’s constant puzzle; 4-D Euclidean space

Online: 23 November 2021 (15:04:41 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0417.v1

Martensitic Phase Transition in Yttrium-Stabilized ZrO2 Nanopowders by Adsorption of Water

E. B. Asgerov, A. I. Beskrovnyy, N. V. Doroshkevich, C. Mita, D. M. Mardare, D. Chicea, D. Lazar, A. A. Tatarinova, V. A. Alexandrov, S. I. Lyubchyk, S. B. Lyubchyk, A. I. Lyubchyk, A. S. Doroshkevich

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: nanopowders; zirconium oxide nanoparticles; adsorption phase transition; polymorphism in zirconium dioxide; size effect of structural stabilization

Online: 23 November 2021 (10:25:11 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0359.v1

On the Emergence of Spacetime and Matter from Model Sets

Marcelo Amaral, Fang Fang, Raymond Aschheim, Klee Irwin

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quantum Gravity; Problem of Time; Particle Physics; Emergence; Holographic Principle; Model Sets

Online: 19 November 2021 (14:32:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0054.v3

General Canonical Quantum Gravity Theory and that of the Universe and General Black Hole

C. Huang, Yong-Chang Huang, Xinfei Li

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: general relativity; Lagrangian; operators; quantum gravity; canonical quantization; commutation relation; general black hole

Online: 18 November 2021 (13:45:15 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0320.v6

Extended Field Equations for Conformally Curved Spacetime

Mohammed B. Al-Fadhli

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Conformal Einstein Field Equations; Boundary Terms; Brane-World.

Online: 18 November 2021 (13:17:29 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0115.v1

A Topological Approach to Shrinking Higher Dimensions of Space to Observable Space-Time: Can the Dimensional Anisotropy of Space Satisfy Mach’s Principle?

Eva Deli, James F. Peters

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Mach's principle; GR; Borsuk-Ulam theorem; topology; Page and Wootters mechanism; dimensional anisotropy

Online: 5 November 2021 (10:58:49 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0015.v1

Equations of Electrodynamics

Pavel Gorev

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: electrodynamics; plane electromagnetic wave; spherical electromagnetic wave; group of transformations; equation of motion; alternator; impulse current

Online: 1 November 2021 (12:42:10 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0525.v2

Nonlinear Generalisation of Quantum Mechanics

Alireza Jamali

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: quantum mechanics; foundations of quantum mechanics; nonlinear equation; nonlinear quantum mechanics; nonlinear schrödinger equation

Online: 14 October 2021 (15:11:22 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0395.v2

Asymptotic Freedom, Quark Confinement, Proton Spin Crisis, Neutron Structure, Dark Matters, and Relative force strengths

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quark confinement; Asymptotic freedom; Relative force strength; Dark matters; Proton crisis; Deep inelastic scattering; Neutron structure; Two lepton system

Online: 13 October 2021 (10:31:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0467.v2

Unified Explanation of Big Bang, Inflation, Charged Black Hole Decay, Galaxy Formation, Proton Spin Crisis and Elementary Particle Masses

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Elementary particles; Galaxy structures; Charged black hole decay; Big bang and inflation; Super-massive black holes; Coulomb forces; Proton spin crisis; Dark matters; 4-D Euclidean space.

Online: 11 October 2021 (11:46:24 CEST)

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Space-time evolution is briefly explained by using the 3-dimensional quantized space model (TQSM) based on the 4-dimensional (4-D) Euclidean space. The energy (E=cDtDV), charges (|q|= cDt) and absolute time (ct) are newly defined based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The big bang is understood by the space-time evolution of the 4-D Euclidean space but not by the sudden 4-D Minkowski space-time creation. The big bang process created the matter universe with the positive energy and the partner anti-matter universe with the negative energy from the CPT symmetry. Our universe is the matter universe with the negative charges of electric charge (EC), lepton charge (LC) and color charge (CC). This first universe is made of three dark matter -, lepton -, and quark - primary black holes with the huge negative charges which cause the Coulomb repulsive forces much bigger than the gravitational forces. The huge Coulomb forces induce the inflation of the primary black holes, that decay to the super-massive black holes. The dark matter super-massive black holes surrounded by the normal matters and dark matters make the galaxies and galaxy clusters. The spiral arms of galaxies are closely related to the decay of the 3-D charged normal matter black holes to the 1-D charged normal matter black holes. The elementary leptons and quarks are created by the decay of the normal matter charged black holes, that is caused by the Coulomb forces much stronger than the gravitational forces. The Coulomb forces are very weak with the very small Coulomb constants (k₁(EC) = k_dd(EC) ) for the dark matters and very strong with the very big Coulomb constants (k₂(EC) = k_nn(EC)) for the normal matters because of the non-communication of the photons between the dark matters and normal matters. The photons are charge dependent and mass independent. But the dark matters and normal matters have the similar and very weak gravitational forces because of the communication of the gravitons between the dark matters and normal matters. The gravitons are charge independent and mass dependent. Note that the three kinds of charges (EC, LC and CC) and one kind of mass (m) exist in our matter universe. The dark matters, leptons and quarks have the charge configurations of (EC), (EC,LC) and (EC,LC,CC), respectively. Partial masses of elementary fermions are calculated, and the proton spin crisis is explained. The charged black holes are not the singularities.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0147.v3

The Impact of the Quark’s Monopole Properties on the Unification of the Fundamental Physical Forces

Engel Roza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Grand Unification; Magnetic Monopole; Pseudo-tachyon; Higgs Field

Online: 8 October 2021 (09:06:53 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0529.v1

Magnonic Crystal with Strips of Magnetic Nanoparticles: Modeling and Experimental Realization via a Dip-coating Technique

Zorayda Lazcano-Ortiz, Cesar L. Ordóñez-Romero, Jorge Luis Domínguez-Juárez, Guillermo Monsivais Monsivais, Rafael Quintero-Torres, Daniel Matatagui, Naser Qureshi, Oleg Kolokoltsev

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: magnonic crystal; spin waves; magnetite nanoparticles

Online: 30 September 2021 (16:22:49 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0512.v1

The Dark Sector and the Standard Model from a Local Generalisation of Extra Dimensions

David Jackson

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Standard Model; dark matter; dark energy; unification; extra dimensions

Online: 30 September 2021 (12:25:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0467.v1

Unified Explanation of Big Bang, Inflation, Charged Black Hole Decay, Galaxy Formation, Proton Spin Crisis and Elementary Particle Masses

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Elementary particles; Galaxy structures; Charged black hole decay; Big bang and inflation; Super-massive black holes; Coulomb forces; Proton spin crisis; Universe evolution; 4-D Euclidean space.

Online: 28 September 2021 (11:26:45 CEST)

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Space-time evolution is briefly explained by using the 3-dimensional quantized space model (TQSM) based on the 4-dimensional (4-D) Euclidean space. The energy (E=cDtDV), charges (|q|= cDt) and absolute time (ct) are newly defined based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The big bang is understood by the space-time evolution of the 4-D Euclidean space but not by the sudden 4-D Minkowski space-time creation. The big bang process created the matter universe with the positive energy and the partner anti-matter universe with the negative energy from the CPT symmetry. Our universe is the matter universe with the negative charges of electric charge (EC), lepton charge (LC) and color charge (CC). This first universe is made of three dark matter -, lepton -, and quark - primary black holes with the huge negative charges which cause the Coulomb repulsive forces much bigger than the gravitational forces. The huge Coulomb forces induce the inflation of the primary black holes, that decay to the super-massive black holes. The dark matter super-massive black holes surrounded by the normal matters and dark matters make the galaxies and galaxy clusters. The spiral arms of galaxies are closely related to the decay of the 3-D charged normal matter black holes to the 1-D charged normal matter black holes. The elementary leptons and quarks are created by the decay of the normal matter charged black holes, that is caused by the Coulomb forces much stronger than the gravitational forces. The Coulomb forces are very weak with the very small Coulomb constants (k₁(EC) = k_dd(EC) ) for the dark matters and very strong with the very big Coulomb constants (k₂(EC) = k_nn(EC)) for the normal matters because of the non-communication of the photons between the dark matters and normal matters. The photons are charge dependent and mass independent. But the dark matters and normal matters have the similar and very weak gravitational forces because of the communication of the gravitons between the dark matters and normal matters. The gravitons are charge independent and mass dependent. Note that the three kinds of charges (EC, LC and CC) and one kind of mass (m) exist in our matter universe. The dark matters, leptons and quarks have the charge configurations of (EC), (EC,LC) and (EC,LC,CC), respectively. Partial masses of elementary fermions are calculated, and the proton spin crisis is explained. The charged black holes are not the singularities.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0462.v1

Renormalizable and Unitary Lorentz Invariant Model of Quantum Gravity

S. A. Larin

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: modified theories of gravity; renormalizability; unitarity; astrophysical and cosmological scales

Online: 28 September 2021 (10:39:47 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Gravitational Field and Mass

Yin Zhu

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Super strong gravitational field; Mass-Gravitational field conversion; Graviton-photon conversion; Graviton-photon to electron-proton conversion; Vacuum fluctuation; Vacuum polarization

Online: 17 September 2021 (10:07:22 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0607.v2

Gravitational-Magnetic-Electric Interaction in Controlling Relative Permittivity and Permeability

Yin Zhu

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Gravitational-electric-magnetic interaction; Controlling permittivity and permeability; Superconductivity

Online: 13 September 2021 (12:31:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0083.v1

Is the Higgs Field a Positive and Negative Mass Planckion Condensate, and Does the LHC Produce Extreme Dark Energy?

Christopher Pilot

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Winterberg Model; Quantum Vacuum; Higgs Condensate/Composite Model; Two-Component Superfluid/Supersolid Model for the Vacuum; Positive/Negative Planckion Mass, Q-Theory; Non- Linear Heisenberg Spinor Theory; LHC Energies, Dark Energy; Lattice Substructure for Space

Online: 6 September 2021 (10:38:45 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Baryogenesis in the Desert between Electroweak and Grand Unification Scale

Biping Gong

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: cosmology; inflation; baryogenesis; magnetic monopole

Online: 3 September 2021 (15:55:43 CEST)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0024.v1

Terahertz Microscopy with Oblique Subwavelength Illumination in near Field

Igor V. Minin, Oleg V. Minin

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: photonic hook; terajet; oblique illumination; image contrast

Online: 1 September 2021 (14:32:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0543.v1

Connection Between Maxwell's Equations and the Dirac Equation

Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Dirac equation; Maxwell's equation; Proca theory

Online: 30 August 2021 (12:17:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0525.v1

Nonlinear Generalisation of Quantum Mechanics

Alireza Jamali

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: quantum mechanics; foundations of quantum mechanics; nonlinear equation; nonlinear quantum mechanics; nonlinear schrödinger equation

Online: 27 August 2021 (14:03:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0684.v3

Some Results for a Time Interval Approach to Field Theory and Gravitation

Harmen Henricus Hollestelle

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Time interval; equilibrium; field theory; complementarity; field operator; gravitation; wave propagation surface; emission source; cosmology

Online: 18 August 2021 (14:34:08 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0147.v2

The Impact of the Quark’s Monopole Properties on the Unification of the Fundamental Physical Forces

Engel Roza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Grand Unification; Magnetic Monopole; Pseudo-tachyon; Higgs Field

Online: 18 August 2021 (10:00:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0252.v1

Spacetime Quantization Illustrates General Relativity and Quantum Theory

Yazeed Alharbi

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quantum Gravity

Online: 11 August 2021 (10:57:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0275.v3

On the Second Dipole Moment of Dirac’s Particle

Engel Roza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: anomalous electric dipole moment; isospin; gravitational Dirac particle

Online: 26 July 2021 (12:07:54 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0054.v2

Solutions to the Puzzles of Quantum Gravity and General Theory of Quantum Gravity and Quantum Gravity of the Universe and General Black Hole

C. Huang, Yong-Chang Huang, Xinfei Li

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: general relativity, Lagrangian, operators, quantum gravity, the universe, general black hole

Online: 8 July 2021 (13:17:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0275.v2

On the Second Dipole Moment of Dirac’s Particle

Engel Roza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: anomalous electric dipole moment; isospin; gravitational Dirac particle

Online: 8 July 2021 (13:16:31 CEST)

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