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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.1051.v9

Energy Renormalization in a Berry Geometrical Phase: Low-Energy Perturbations of the Strong Interaction and the QCD Mass Gap

Mark Gibbons

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Berry geometrical phase; dual superconductivity; scale- and gauge-invariance; hyperbolic curvature; strong gravity; renormalization; QCD mass gap

Online: 18 April 2024 (14:04:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0393.v4

Quantum Dynamics under Gravitational Potential; Insights from Gravitational-Redshift

Adegbite Inioluwa Precious

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: gravitational redshift; quantum mechanics; quantum-gravity; relativistic equations

Online: 15 April 2024 (14:39:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0393.v3

Quantum Dynamics under Gravitational Potential; Insights from Gravitational-Redshift

Adegbite Inioluwa Precious

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: gravitational redshift; quantum mechanics; quantum-gravity; relativistic equations

Online: 15 April 2024 (08:08:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0393.v2

Quantum Dynamics under Gravitational Potential; Insights from Gravitational-Redshift

Adegbite Inioluwa Precious

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: gravitational redshift; quantum mechanics; quantum-gravity; relativistic equations

Online: 9 April 2024 (09:03:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0809.v3

Elementary Particles and Their Interaction with Space-Time Curvature

Eran Magshim Lavi

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: elementary particles; space-time; spacetime curvature; relativity; charges

Online: 9 April 2024 (08:55:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0393.v1

Quantum Dynamics under Gravitational Potential; Insights from Gravitational-Redshift

Adegbite Inioluwa Precious

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: gravitational redshift; quantum mechanics; quantum-gravity; relativistic equations

Online: 5 April 2024 (13:13:32 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0210.v1

Two Dark Clouds on the Space-Time Horizon

TEJINDER P. SINGH

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Gravitation; wide binaries; Modified Newonian Dynamics; dark matter; supraquantum nonlocal correlations; Bell's inequalities; CHSH inequality; fifth force; unification; quantum nonlocality; Popescu-Rohrlich bound

Online: 4 April 2024 (02:30:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.1051.v8

Energy Renormalization in a Berry Geometrical Phase: Low-Energy Perturbations of the Strong Interaction and the QCD Mass Gap

Mark Gibbons

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Berry geometrical phase; dual superconductivity; scale- and gauge-invariance; hyperbolic curvature; strong gravity; renormalization; QCD mass gap

Online: 26 March 2024 (08:22:30 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0809.v2

Elementary Particles and Space-Time Curvature

Eran Magshim Lavi

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: elementary particles; space-time; spacetime curvature; relativity; charges

Online: 22 March 2024 (11:40:19 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0547.v1

Hawking Radiation as a Manifestation of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking

Ivan Arraut

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Hawking radiation; Spontaneous symmetry breaking; Black Holes

Online: 11 March 2024 (09:28:07 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1032.v3

Description of the Electron in the Electromagnetic Field: The Dirac Type Equation and the Equation for the Wave Function in Spinor Coordinate Space

Pavel Gorev

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: relativistic wave equation; Dirac equation; Pauli matrices; Schrö; dinger equation; second quantization

Online: 27 February 2024 (12:24:22 CET)

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Physical processes are usually described using four-dimensional vector quantities - coordinate vector, momentum vector, current vector. But at the fundamental level they are characterized by spinors - coordinate spinors, impulse spinors, spinor wave functions. The propagation of fields and their interaction takes place at the spinor level, and since each spinor uniquely corresponds to a certain vector, the results of physical processes appear before us in vector form. For example, the relativistic Schrödinger equation and the Dirac equation are formulated by means of coordinate vectors, momentum vectors and quantum operators corresponding to them. In the Schrödinger equation the wave function is represented by a single complex quantity, in the Dirac equation a step forward is taken and the wave function is a spinor with complex components, but still coordinates and momentum are vectors. For a closed description of nature using only spinor quantities, it is necessary to have an equation similar to the Dirac equation in which momentum, coordinates and operators are spinors. It is such an equation that is presented in this paper. Using the example of the interaction between an electron and an electromagnetic field, we can see that the spinor equation contains more detailed information about the interaction than the vector equations. This is not new for quantum mechanics, since it describes interactions using complex wave functions, which cannot be observed directly, and only when measured goes to probabilities in the form of squares of the moduli of the wave functions. In the same way spinor quantities are not observable, but they completely determine observable vectors.In Section 2 of the paper, we analyze the quadratic form for an arbitrary four-component complex vector based on Pauli matrices. The form is invariant with respect to Lorentz transformations including any rotations and boosts. The invariance of the form allows us to construct on its basis an equation for a free particle combining the properties of the relativistic wave equation and the Dirac equation. For an electron in the presence of an electromagnetic potential it is shown that taking into account the commutation relations between the momentum and coordinate components allows us to obtain from this equation the known results describing the interactions of the electron spin with the electric and magnetic field. In section 3 of the paper this quadratic form is expressed through momentum spinors, which makes it possible to obtain an equation for the spinor wave function in spinor coordinate space by replacing the momentum spinor components by partial derivative operators on the corresponding coordinate spinor component. At the end of the paper the question on a possibility of second quantization of the electron field in the spinor coordinate space is touch upon. The statement that the electron and positron have the same, and exactly positive energy, and have opposite signs of charge and opposite signs of mass is also justified. Accordingly, in the process of annihilation their total energy, momentum, charge and mass do not change. It is shown that if we take as an axiom the conservation at interaction of the total mass of the system of particles taking into account its sign, then it is possible to explain the difference between bosons and fermions in the statistics to which they obey.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.1051.v7

Net Energy Gain from a Berry Geometrical Phase: Low-Energy Perturbations of the Strong Interaction and the QCD Mass Gap

Mark Gibbons

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Berry geometrical phase; dual superconductivity; scale- and gauge-invariance; hyperbolic curvature; QCD mass gap; gravity-mediated entanglement

Online: 27 February 2024 (08:03:44 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1408.v1

Six-fold discrete symmetry of the QED Lagrangian

Avraham Nofech

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: quantum field theory, dark matter, QED, Lagrangian, discrety symmetry, fermion fields

Online: 26 February 2024 (09:38:03 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0809.v1

Elementary Particles and Space-Time Curvature

Eran Magshim Lavi

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: elementary particles; space-time; spacetime curvature; relativity; charges

Online: 16 February 2024 (09:49:18 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0881.v1

Pseudo-Instantaneous Action-at-a-Distance with Weberian Potentials

Juan Manuel Montes Martos

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Weber’s electrodynamics; electromagnetism; special relativity; fundamental physics

Online: 16 February 2024 (05:32:31 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1032.v2

Description of the Electron in the Electromagnetic Field: The Dirac Type Equation and the Equation for the Wave Function in Spinor Coordinate Space

Pavel Gorev

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: relativistic wave equation; Dirac equation; Pauli matrices; Schrö; dinger equation; second quantization

Online: 29 January 2024 (08:43:41 CET)

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Physical processes are usually described using four-dimensional vector quantities - coordinate vector, momentum vector, current vector. But at the fundamental level they are characterized by spinors - coordinate spinors, impulse spinors, spinor wave functions. The propagation of fields and their interaction takes place at the spinor level, and since each spinor uniquely corresponds to a certain vector, the results of physical processes appear before us in vector form. For example, the relativistic Schrödinger equation and the Dirac equation are formulated by means of coordinate vectors, momentum vectors and quantum operators corresponding to them. In the Schrödinger equation the wave function is represented by a single complex quantity, in the Dirac equation a step forward is taken and the wave function is a spinor with complex components, but still coordinates and momentum are vectors. For a closed description of nature using only spinor quantities, it is necessary to have an equation similar to the Dirac equation in which momentum, coordinates and operators are spinors. It is such an equation that is presented in this paper. Using the example of the interaction between an electron and an electromagnetic field, we can see that the spinor equation contains more detailed information about the interaction than the vector equations. This is not new for quantum mechanics, since it describes interactions using complex wave functions, which cannot be observed directly, and only when measured goes to probabilities in the form of squares of the moduli of the wave functions. In the same way spinor quantities are not observable, but they completely determine observable vectors.In Section 2 of the paper, we analyze the quadratic form for an arbitrary four-component complex vector based on Pauli matrices. The form is invariant with respect to Lorentz transformations including any rotations and boosts. The invariance of the form allows us to construct on its basis an equation for a free particle combining the properties of the relativistic wave equation and the Dirac equation. For an electron in the presence of an electromagnetic potential it is shown that taking into account the commutation relations between the momentum and coordinate components allows us to obtain from this equation the known results describing the interactions of the electron spin with the electric and magnetic field. In section 3 of the paper this quadratic form is expressed through momentum spinors, which makes it possible to obtain an equation for the spinor wave function in spinor coordinate space by replacing the momentum spinor components by partial derivative operators on the corresponding coordinate spinor component. At the end of the paper the question on a possibility of second quantization of the electron field in the spinor coordinate space is touch upon. The statement that the electron and positron have the same, and exactly positive energy, and have opposite signs of charge and opposite signs of mass is also justified. Accordingly, in the process of annihilation their total energy, momentum, charge and mass do not change. It is shown that if we take as an axiom the conservation at interaction of the total mass of the system of particles taking into account its sign, then it is possible to explain the difference between bosons and fermions in the statistics to which they obey.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1352.v1

Bilocal Field Theory for Composite Scalar Bosons

Christopher Hill

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: bilocal field theory; Composite Scalar Bosons

Online: 18 January 2024 (10:33:44 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1032.v1

Description of the Electron in the Electromagnetic Field: The Dirac Type Equation and the Equation for the Wave Function in Spinor Coordinate Space

Pavel Gorev

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: relativistic wave equation; Dirac equation; Pauli matrices; Schrö; dinger equation; second quantization

Online: 14 January 2024 (15:56:12 CET)

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Physical processes are usually described using four-dimensional vector quantities - coordinate vector, momentum vector, current vector. But at the fundamental level they are characterized by spinors - coordinate spinors, impulse spinors, spinor wave functions. The propagation of fields and their interaction takes place at the spinor level, and since each spinor uniquely corresponds to a certain vector, the results of physical processes appear before us in vector form. For example, the relativistic Schrödinger equation and the Dirac equation are formulated by means of coordinate vectors, momentum vectors and quantum operators corresponding to them. In the Schrödinger equation the wave function is represented by a single complex quantity, in the Dirac equation a step forward is taken and the wave function is a spinor with complex components, but still coordinates and momentum are vectors. For a closed description of nature using only spinor quantities, it is necessary to have an equation similar to the Dirac equation in which momentum, coordinates and operators are spinors. It is such an equation that is presented in this paper. Using the example of the interaction between an electron and an electromagnetic field, we can see that the spinor equation contains more detailed information about the interaction than the vector equations. This is not new for quantum mechanics, since it describes interactions using complex wave functions, which cannot be observed directly, and only when measured goes to probabilities in the form of squares of the moduli of the wave functions. In the same way spinor quantities are not observable, but they completely determine observable vectors.In Section 2 of the paper, we analyze the quadratic form for an arbitrary four-component complex vector based on Pauli matrices. The form is invariant with respect to Lorentz transformations including any rotations and boosts. The invariance of the form allows us to construct on its basis an equation for a free particle combining the properties of the relativistic wave equation and the Dirac equation. For an electron in the presence of an electromagnetic potential it is shown that taking into account the commutation relations between the momentum and coordinate components allows us to obtain from this equation the known results describing the interactions of the electron spin with the electric and magnetic field. In section 3 of the paper this quadratic form is expressed through momentum spinors, which makes it possible to obtain an equation for the spinor wave function in spinor coordinate space by replacing the momentum spinor components by partial derivative operators on the corresponding coordinate spinor component. At the end of the paper the question on a possibility of second quantization of the electron field in the spinor coordinate space is touch upon.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0705.v1

Generalization of the Standard Model. Theory of Everything (T.O.E.)

Hector Gerardo Flores, Maria Isabel Gonçalves de Souza, Harshit Jain

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: RLC electrical model; RC electrical model; cosmology; astronomy; astrophysics; background radiation; Hubble’ s law; Boltzmann´; s constant; dark energy; dark matter; black hole; Big Bang; cosmic inflation; early universe; quantum gravity; CERN; LHC; Fermilab; general relativity; particle physics; condensed matter physics; M theory; super string theory; extra dimensions.

Online: 9 January 2024 (10:21:01 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0557.v1

Particle Physics and Cosmology Intertwined

Pran Nath

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: particle physics; cosmology

Online: 8 January 2024 (11:16:02 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.1472.v5

General Quantum Gravity: Quantum Einstein Field Equation from (3 + 1)D Quantum Mechanics & Extra Eleven Dimensions within (3 + 1)D Quantum State Spaces

Shashwata Vadurie

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quantum Gravity; Quantum state spaces; Quantum geometry; Dimension Theory

Online: 26 December 2023 (09:58:36 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0679.v2

Elliptical Space as the Possible Origin of Matter

Vladimir N. Yershov

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: elliptical space; de Sitter metric; Schwartzschild metric; wormholes; gravitational redshift; type-Ia supernovae

Online: 25 December 2023 (13:21:32 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.1260.v1

Dynamic Clustering and Scaling Behavior of Active Particles under Confinement

Matthew Becton, Jixin Hou, Yiping Zhao, Xianqiao Wang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: active particles; simulation; aggregation; confined environment

Online: 18 December 2023 (08:16:00 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0580.v2

Computational Approaches to Quark-Gluon Dynamics

Kamil Khan, Muhammad Sher Shah, Sardar Nabi, Marwa BiBi, Amir Hamza, Laibaali Reshael, Muhammad Bilal, Jawad khan

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quantum Chromo dynamics (QCD); Parton distribution functions (PDFs); DGLAP evolution equation; Quarks and gluons; Monte Carlo simulations; Uncertainties in α s (MZ)

Online: 12 December 2023 (17:27:25 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0679.v1

Elliptical Space as the Possible Origin of Matter

Vladimir N. Yershov

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: elliptical space; de Sitter metric; Schwartzschild metric; wormholes; gravitational redshift; type-Ia supernovae

Online: 11 December 2023 (09:24:30 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0580.v1

Computational Approaches to Quark-Gluon Dynamics

Kamil Khan, Muhammad Sher Shah, Sardar Nabi, Marwa BiBi, Hamza Khan

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quantum Chromo dynamics (QCD); Parton distribution functions (PDFs); DGLAP evolution equation; Quarks and gluons; Monte Carlo simulations; Uncertainties in α s (MZ)

Online: 9 December 2023 (23:32:39 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.1051.v6

Net Energy Gain from a Berry Geometrical Phase: Low-Energy Perturbations of the Strong Interaction and the QCD Mass Gap

Mark Gibbons

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Berry geometrical phase; symmetry groups; self-organized criticality; dual superconductivity; scale- and gauge-invariance; hyperbolic curvature; false vacuum; QCD mass gap

Online: 7 December 2023 (12:19:06 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1863.v1

A Review of Axion Lasing in Astrophysics

Liang Chen, Thomas W. Kephart

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: axions; laser; maser; parametric resonance; superradiance; Kerr black holes

Online: 29 November 2023 (10:50:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1824.v1

A Variational Approach to Excited Fermions on Kinks

Herbert Weigel, Danial Saadatmand

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Kinks; fermions; Dirac sea; vacuum polarization energies; variational methods

Online: 29 November 2023 (09:47:58 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.1472.v4

General Quantum Gravity

Shashwata Vadurie

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quantum Gravity; M-theory; Dark Energy; Dark Matter

Online: 22 November 2023 (12:12:12 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1386.v1

Experimental Parameters for Detection of Spin Entanglement via Quantum Gravity: Implications and Proposed Models

Anhad Kohli

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: quantum gravity; gravitational entanglement; semiclassical gravity

Online: 22 November 2023 (05:46:21 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201907.0326.v2

Demonstration to Unify 4 Interactions in Particle Physics with the Zero‐Point Energy and Quantized Spacetime

Shinichi Ishiguri

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: zero‐point energy; quantized spacetime; static electromagnetic field; gravity field; weak interaction; strong interaction; masses of W and Z; β collapse; quantized Einstein gravity equation

Online: 9 November 2023 (13:40:49 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.1051.v5

Net Energy Gain from a Berry Geometrical Phase: Low-Energy Perturbations of the Strong Interaction and the QCD Mass Gap

Mark Gibbons

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Berry geometrical phase; symmetry groups; self-organized criticality; dual superconductivity; scale- and gauge-invariance; hyperbolic curvature; false vacuum; QCD mass gap

Online: 3 November 2023 (04:50:01 CET)

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A Berry geometrical phase is identified in a strongly metastable system containing dynamically responsive clathrate hydrate structures within a crystal-fluid material. High energy degeneracy in the associated chemistry produces local stability and false vacuum conditions that lead to non-extensive and non-additive contributions in the fundamental thermodynamic relation. The reciprocating action of a piston expander confirms a net energy gain despite the crystal-fluid material maintaining almost constant density. The property of asymptotic freedom is uncovered in the associated condensed matter and quantum mechanical descriptions providing evidence for scale-invariance that dominates both the macro- and micro-scales of an associated Ginzburg-Landau superconducting phase transition. Application of Ginzburg-Landau theory and the scaling laws reveal a coherence length and a penetration depth for a macro-scale dual superconductor. The coherence length determines non-extensive volume changes whilst its inverse gives the Higgs mass. The penetration depth determines the extent of QCD vacuum suppression whilst its inverse gives the vector boson mass together with its indirect manifestation as non-additive hyperbolic curvature. External pressure perturbations of the low-energy system initiate ‘rolling’ critical responses that see energy and momentum conserved across a synchronized U(2) symmetry group whilst a complex gauge field is also exposed. Simultaneous emergence of the Ginzburg-Landau superconducting phase transition is consistent with gauge-invariant coupling of this scalar field to the Yang-Mills action of QCD. The discovery of an energy gap in the gradient energy term of the system Lagrangian is associated with a critical correlation length revealed in the transition from a gapped to a gapless superconducting state. Together with the emergence and absorption of the Higgs-like scalar field, a mechanism for describing the QCD mass gap arises.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.2001.v1

Mass Creation via the Phase Transition of the Higgs Field

Dimitris M. Christodoulou, Demosthenes Kazanas

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: cosmology; critical phenomena; higgs production; non-equilibrium field theory; particle astrophysics; first-order and second-order phase transitions

Online: 31 October 2023 (07:51:10 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1499.v1

A Note on the Solar Neutrino Problem

M. Apostol

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: solar neutrinos; neutrino oscillations; coupled dirac equations; interaction with matter; admixture angle; superfluid correlations

Online: 24 October 2023 (07:45:06 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1124.v1

Contour Gauge: Introduction to Theory and Applications in a Nutshell

Igor V. Anikin

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: SU(3) and U(1) gauge symmetries; gauge invariance; DVCS; contour gauge; geometry of gluons

Online: 18 October 2023 (10:07:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1129.v1

Machine Learning-Based Spectrum Reconstruction and Modeling Beam Perturbation Effects on Betatron Radiation

Monika Yadav, Maanas Hemanth Oruganti, Brian Naranjo, Jack Phillips, Sunny Liang, Kyla Letko, Gerard Andonian, James Rosenzweig

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Plasma wakefields; electron beam; betatron radiation; FACET-II; beam diagnostics; multi-shot radiation; Compton spectrometer; pair spectrometer

Online: 18 October 2023 (08:24:49 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.1472.v3

General Quantum Gravity

Shashwata Vadurie

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quantum Gravity, M-theory, Dark Energy, Dark Matter

Online: 17 October 2023 (08:00:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0343.v1

A New Solution to the Strong CP Problem

Sergey Larin

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quantum Chromodynamics; renormalizability; axions; CP violation; charge conjugation C; space reflection P

Online: 7 October 2023 (02:58:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.1472.v2

General Quantum Gravity

Shashwata Vadurie

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quantum Gravity, M-theory, Dark Energy, Dark Matter

Online: 5 October 2023 (10:51:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1679.v1

Explaining the Ratios of Masses of all Three Generations of Leptons and Quarks and Predicting the Mass Eigenstates of Neutrinos

Nikola Perkovic

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: higgs mechanism; yukawa coupling; fine structure constant; leptons, quarks

Online: 25 September 2023 (11:02:52 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0558.v1

Neutrino Masses in Supersymmetric Models with R-Symmetry

Marcos Cardoso Rodriguez, Ion Vasile Vancea

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: neutrino mass; supersymmetric models; R-symmetry

Online: 7 September 2023 (15:32:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.1051.v4

Net Energy Gain from a Berry Geometrical Phase: Low-Energy Perturbations of the Strong Interaction and the QCD Mass Gap

Mark Gibbons

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Berry geometrical phase; symmetry groups; self-organized criticality; dual superconductivity; scale- and gauge-invariance; hyperbolic curvature; false vacuum; QCD mass gap

Online: 25 August 2023 (08:49:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0258.v3

A Unified Spinor Description of the Photon and Electron Relativistic Fields

Pavel Gorev

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: quantum field theory; Minkowski space; electromagnetic potential calibration; Lorentz force; Casimir operators; wave equation; Dirac equation

Online: 17 August 2023 (08:03:53 CEST)

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We propose a description of the electromagnetic field in the form of a four-component complex spinor, from which a vector of electromagnetic potential with two degrees of freedom, calibrated by two conditions - zero length and zero component along the y-axis - is obtained by using Pauli matrices. A similar approach is applied to the field of a fermion, in particular, the electron. It is known that the quantum field of the electron and the electron itself is a four-component complex spinor, so, existing in the Minkowski vector space, we cannot observe it directly. But with the help of Pauli matrices a vector is formed from the electron spinor, which is known to us as an electric current vector, and this current vector describes exactly a single particle. As a vector, it is available to us for observation in our vector space. Similarly, the electromagnetic field and its photon particle is also a four-component spinor, from which the universal formula using Pauli matrices produces a vector, it is known to us as the electromagnetic potential vector, and it too describes even a single photon. All the differences in the properties of the current vector and the electromagnetic potential vector, and hence the electron and the electromagnetic field, are due only to a slight difference in the structures of their four-component spinors and inextricable linked to them momentum spinors and coordinate spinors. Expressions for the electric and magnetic fields of a photon during its interaction with an electron.Thus, a unified way to describe bosons and fermions in spinor space is proposed. Each spinor using the same formula corresponds to a vector, in the case of a fermion it is a current vector, in the case of a boson it is a vector, for example, of the electromagnetic potential. Each spinor of a field is matched with a spinor of coordinates and a spinor of momentum, which are transformed by the same Lorentz transformations and which have the same structure as their corresponding field spinor, that is, the momentum and coordinates of boson have a bosonic spinor structure, while momentum and coordinates of fermion are a spinor with a fermionic structure. Field, coordinates and momentum vectors of boson automatically have a zero length, while in the case of fermion they all have a nonzero length, so the fermion, in contrast to the boson, has a nonzero mass, nonzero charge and moves with a sub light speed.While quantum mechanics treats probability as a real number, quantum field theory deals with probability as a four-dimensional real vector. The place of the probability amplitude, which in quantum mechanics is a complex number, in quantum field theory is taken by a complex spinor.In the same way as in quantum mechanics the processes of propagation and interaction are described at the level of complex probability amplitudes, and the final result is translated into a real probability value, so in quantum field theory all processes should be described in terms of complex spinor space, and the result is translated into the form of a real vector in Minkowski space.The presented approach, at its proper development, makes it possible to carry out calculations of the interaction of particles in two-dimensional spinor space, and to interpret in terms of the Minkowski vector space only the final results.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.1051.v3

Net Energy Gain from a Berry Geometrical Phase – Low-Energy Perturbations of the Strong Interaction and the QCD Mass Gap

Mark Gibbons

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Berry geometrical phase; symmetry groups; self-organized criticality; dual superconductivity; gauge-invariance; hyperbolic curvature; false vacuum; QCD mass gap

Online: 14 August 2023 (10:04:48 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.2125.v4

Tachyonic Neutrinos: From the Cosmic Rays to Extragalactic Supernovae

Robert Ehrlich

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: cosmic rays; tachyons; tachyonic neutrinos; neutrino line; monochromatic neutrinos; SN 1987A; supernova; dark matter; Laniakea

Online: 8 August 2023 (07:14:47 CEST)

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The question of whether some neutrinos are tachyons remains unresolved although various evidence from cosmic ray and other data exists that the electron neutrino has an effective $m_\nu^2\approx -0.25 eV^2,$ which would require that one or more mass states is also tachyonic. In 2013 the $3+3$ model of the neutrino masses, which includes one tachyonic mass state, was proposed based on supernova SN 1987A neutrino data. Here we update evidence for tachyonic electron neutrinos and the $3+3$ model and discuss one test which could prove conclusive. The update of earlier evidence includes many new elements, including new data which makes the earlier cosmic ray evidence more robust, new results on cosmic ray composition, the ankle of the spectrum, leptonic cosmic ray data, and the statistical significance of finding the three large neutrino masses stipulated in the $3+3$ model. Barring a galactic supernova, which occur only around twice a century, a decisive test of the $3+3$ model could involve observing an extragalactic supernova neutrino burst, that is a cluster of neutrinos in a specific time window well beyond what chance would predict. Even though existing searches for such bursts have yielded only upper limits on the extragalactic supernova frequency within a certain distance, it is shown that the choice of a one-day window for possible neutrino clusters in time might be far more sensitive. A search using a one day time window could be done using existing data, and if a signal is found it would confirm the $3+3$ model. Of course, the absence of any day-long neutrino burst would not disprove the model, since it could mean only that the nearest supernova during the period when detectors were active was simply too far to be detected. Finally, apart from testing the 3 + 3 model, an alternative type of search is suggested using existing hadronic cosmic ray data (from the IceCube Collaboration) that might verify the tachyonic neutrino hypothesis.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.2125.v3

Tachyonic Neutrinos: From the Cosmic Rays to Extragalactic Supernovae

Robert Ehrlich

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: cosmic rays; tachyons; tachyonic neutrinos; neutrino line; monochromatic neutrinos; SN 1987A; supernova; dark matter; Laniakea

Online: 4 August 2023 (08:28:59 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.2125.v2

Tachyonic Neutrinos: From the Cosmic Rays to Extragalactic Supernovae

Robert Ehrlich

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: cosmic rays; tachyons; tachyonic neutrinos; neutrino line; monochromatic neutrinos; SN 1987A; supernova; dark matter; Laniakea

Online: 2 August 2023 (07:15:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0145.v3

Light Dispersion in Gravitational Field

Yin Zhu

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: dispersion of light; gravitational field; fundamental physics constant; vacuum; speed of light; spectroscopic binary system; double gravitational lens

Online: 2 August 2023 (02:29:05 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.2125.v1

Tachyonic Neutrinos: From the Cosmic Rays to Extragalactic Supernovae

Robert Ehrlich

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: cosmic rays; tachyons; tachyonic neutrinos; neutrino line; monochromatic neutrinos; SN 1987A; supernova; dark matter; Laniakea

Online: 31 July 2023 (11:33:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.1051.v2

Net Energy Gain from a Berry Geometrical Phase – Low-Energy Perturbations of the Strong Interaction and the QCD Mass Gap

Mark Gibbons

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Berry geometrical phase; symmetry groups; self-organized criticality; dual superconductivity; gauge-invariance; hyperbolic curvature; false vacuum; QCD mass gap

Online: 31 July 2023 (04:59:36 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.1888.v1

Universality in the Exact Renormalization Group: Comparison to Perturbation Theory

Jose Gaite

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: renormalization group; universality; nonperturbative field theory

Online: 27 July 2023 (08:43:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.1051.v1

Net Energy Gain from a Berry Geometrical Phase – Low-Energy Perturbations of the Strong Interaction and the QCD Mass Gap

Mark Gibbons

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Berry geometrical phase; symmetry groups; self-organized criticality; dual superconductivity; gauge-invariance; hyperbolic curvature; false vacuum; QCD mass gap

Online: 17 July 2023 (05:04:25 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0707.v1

B meson Decays in Confined Covariant Quark Model

Stanislav Dubnička, Anna Zuzana Dubničková, Mikhail Alekseevich Ivanov, Andrej Liptaj

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: quark model; symmetry; B meson decay

Online: 12 July 2023 (02:56:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0258.v2

A Unified Spinor Description of the Photon and Electron Relativistic Fields

Pavel Gorev

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: quantum field theory; Minkowski space; electromagnetic potential calibration; Lorentz force; Casimir operators; wave equation; Dirac equation

Online: 25 June 2023 (02:49:16 CEST)

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We propose a description of the electromagnetic field in the form of a four-component complex spinor, from which a vector of electromagnetic potential with two degrees of freedom, calibrated by two conditions - zero length and zero component along the y-axis - is obtained by using Pauli matrices. A similar approach is applied to the field of a fermion, in particular, the electron. It is known that the quantum field of the electron and the electron itself is a four-component complex spinor, so, existing in the Minkowski vector space, we cannot observe it directly. But with the help of Pauli matrices a vector is formed from the electron spinor, which is known to us as an electric current vector, and this current vector describes exactly a single particle. As a vector, it is available to us for observation in our vector space. Similarly, the electromagnetic field and its photon particle is also a four-component spinor, from which the universal formula using Pauli matrices produces a vector, it is known to us as the electromagnetic potential vector, and it too describes even a single photon. All the differences in the properties of the current vector and the electromagnetic potential vector, and hence the electron and the electromagnetic field, are due only to a slight difference in the structures of their four-component spinors and inextricable linked to them momentum spinors and coordinate spinors. Expressions for the electric and magnetic fields of a photon during its interaction with an electron, including the Pauli matrices and momentum spinors of these particles, are presented.Thus, a unified way to describe bosons and fermions in spinor space is proposed. The consequences of the Dirac equation for the electron spinor are considered and the existence of a similar first-order equation for the photon spinor is assumed. Each spinor using the same formula corresponds to a vector, in the case of a fermion it is a current vector, in the case of a boson it is a vector, for example, of the electromagnetic potential. Each spinor of a field is matched with a spinor of coordinates and a spinor of momentum, which are transformed by the same Lorentz transformations and which have the same structure as their corresponding field spinor, that is, the momentum and coordinates of boson have a bosonic spinor structure, while momentum and coordinates of fermion are a spinor with a fermionic structure. Field, coordinates and momentum vectors of boson automatically have a zero length, while in the case of fermion they all have a nonzero length, so the fermion, in contrast to the boson, has a nonzero mass, nonzero charge and moves with a sub light speed.The presented approach, in the long run, makes it possible to carry out calculations of the interaction of particles in two-dimensional spinor space, and to interpret in terms of the Minkowski vector space only the final results. While quantum mechanics treats probability as a real number, quantum field theory deals with probability as a four-dimensional real vector. The place of the probability amplitude, which in quantum mechanics is a complex number, in quantum field theory is taken by a complex spinor.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.1472.v1

General Quantum Gravity

Shashwata Vadurie

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quantum Gravity; Dark Energy; Dark Matter

Online: 21 June 2023 (10:01:50 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.1299.v1

Proposition of FSR Photon Suppression Employing a Two Positron Decay Dark Matter Model To Explain Positron Anomaly in Cosmic Rays

Ramin Barak, Konstantin Belotsky, Ekaterina Shlepkina

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Dark matter; positron anomaly; IGRB; FSR suppression; MC generators

Online: 19 June 2023 (05:25:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0258.v1

A Unified Spinor Description of the Photon and Electron Relativistic Fields

Pavel Gorev

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: quantum field theory; Minkowski space; electromagnetic potential calibration; Lorentz force; Casimir operators; wave equation; Dirac equation

Online: 5 June 2023 (07:55:10 CEST)

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We propose a description of the electromagnetic field in the form of a four-component complex spinor, from which a vector of electromagnetic potential with two degrees of freedom, calibrated by two conditions - zero length and zero component along the y-axis - is obtained by using Pauli matrices. A similar approach is applied to the field of a fermion, in particular, the electron. It is known that the quantum field of the electron and the electron itself is a four-component complex spinor, so, existing in the Minkowski vector space, we cannot observe it directly. But with the help of Pauli matrices a vector is formed from the electron spinor, which is known to us as an electric current vector, and this current vector describes exactly a single particle. As a vector, it is available to us for observation in our vector space. Similarly, the electromagnetic field and its photon particle is also a four-component spinor, from which the same formula using Pauli matrices produces a vector, it is known to us as the electromagnetic potential vector, and it too describes even a single photon. All the differences in the properties of the current vector and the electromagnetic potential vector, and hence the electron and the electromagnetic field, are due only to a slight difference in the structures of their four-component spinors and inextricable linked to them momentum spinors and coordinate spinors.Thus, a unified way to describe bosons and fermions in spinor space is proposed. The consequences of the Dirac equation for the electron spinor are considered and the existence of a similar first-order equation for the photon spinor is assumed. Each spinor by means of a uniform formula corresponds to a vector, in the case of a fermion it is a current vector, in the case of a boson it is a vector, for example, of the electromagnetic potential. Each spinor of a field is matched with a spinor of coordinates and a spinor of momentum, which are transformed by the same Lorentz transformations and which have the same structure as their corresponding field spinor, that is, the momentum and coordinates of boson have a bosonic spinor structure, while momentum and coordinates of fermion are a spinor with a fermionic structure. Field vectors, coordinates and momentum of boson automatically have a zero length, while in the case of fermion they all have a nonzero length, so the fermion, in contrast to the boson, has a nonzero mass, nonzero charge and moves with a sub light speed.The presented approach, in the long run, makes it possible to carry out calculations of the interaction of particles in two-dimensional spinor space, and to interpret in terms of the Minkowski vector space only the final results.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0251.v1

Quantum Spacetime Geometrization in QED and Beyond: Towards the Standard Model

Piero Chiarelli

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Quantum gravity; Quantum electrodynamics; Standard Model; quantum cosmology

Online: 5 June 2023 (07:27:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.2109.v1

Universe Mass Ratio Golden Rule of Dark Energy, Dark Matters, Leptons, Quarks, Neutrinos and Ordinary Matters

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Universe mass ratio golden rule; dark energy; dark matters; Planck mission; WMAP missions; Black holes; Cosmic background neutrinos; Universe evolution; Flat photon space

Online: 30 May 2023 (10:19:25 CEST)

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Our matter universe is made up of four components of dark energy (DE), dark matters (DMs), leptons and quarks which are created from the decay of the primary black hole through the inflation after big bang. In the three-dimensional quantized space model, the sum (DER) of the dark energy (DE) and radiations (R) is the flat photon space and there are 39 particles of 3 dark matters, 9 leptons and 27 quarks. Generally speaking, the mass ratio of the quarks with the 27 particles is smallest and the mass ratio of the DER photon space with the 1 massless photon is largest. Therefore, the mass ratios of DER, DMs, leptons and quarks are inversely proportional to the particle numbers of DER, DMs, leptons and quarks as the first assumption. This simple rule is called as the universe mass ratio golden rule in Fig. 12. This simple rule is successfully applied to the observed mass ratios of the Planck and WMAP missions. The best particle number combination (1, 3, 9, 27) of the four components (DER, DMs, Leptons, Quarks) to explain the Planck 2018 and WMAP results is the same as the particle number combination (1, 3, 9, 27) of the 3-dimensional quantized space model. The calculated mass ratios of DER, DMs, leptons and quarks are 67.5 %, 22.5 %, 7.5 % and 2.5 %, respectively. And the calculated mass ratios of neutrinos and ordinary matters are 5.0 % and 5.0 %, respectively. The mass ratios of the dark energy (68.47(23) %) and matters (31.53(23) %) obtained from the Planck 2018 results are consistent with the calculated mass ratios of the DER (67.5 %) and matters (32.5 %). The mass ratio of the dark energy (72.1(15) %) obtained from the WMAP 9 year results is explained as the summed mass ratio (72.5 %) of DER (67.5 %) and neutrinos (5.0 %). The universe evolution including the super-massive black holes (SMBHs) is shown in Fig. 4. The accelerated space expansion of our universe requires the addition of the new dark energy. If this new dark energy is added, the mass ratio of the dark energy is a little bit increased. The difference (0.97 %) between the observed value (68.47(23) %) and calculated value (67.5 %) is explained by adding the new dark energy in Figs. 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11. The corrected mass ratios of DER, DMs, leptons and quarks are 68.47 %, 21.8286 %, 7.2762 % and 2.4254 %, respectively. The corrected mass ratios of the neutrinos (called as cosmic background neutrinos) and ordinary matters (OMs) are 4.8508 % and 4.8508 %, respectively. These corrected mass ratios can explain the mass ratios obtained from the WMAP and Planck missions. In other words, the mass ratios calculated from the best particle number combination support the elementary particles, dark matters and dark energy (photon space) proposed by the three-dimensional quantized space model based on the 10-D Euclidean space.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1008.v1

The Width of f₀(980) in Isospin-Violating Decays

Yun Liang, Wencheng Yan, Demin Li

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: f0(980); isospin-violating; simultaneous fit; coupling constant

Online: 15 May 2023 (09:30:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0864.v1

The Neutrino Mass Problem: From Double Beta Decay to Cosmology

Osvaldo Civitarese

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: neutrino mass; axions neutrino mass; propagator

Online: 11 May 2023 (13:45:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0819.v1

Spin, Magnetic Moment, Structure, Shape and Sizes of an Electron, Muon, and Proton

Askar Abdukadyrov

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: rotational motion; angular momentum; spin; spin magnetic moment; vortex ring; closed vortex filaments

Online: 11 May 2023 (08:17:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0726.v1

Proposal for the Geometric Unification of All Known Forces in Nature

Wolfgang Osterhage

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Unification, Geometry, Quantization, GUT, ToE

Online: 10 May 2023 (09:57:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0032.v1

Henneaux-Teitelboim Gauge Symmetry and its Applications to Higher Gauge Theories

Mihailo Đorđević, Tijana Radenković, Pavle Stipsić, Marko Vojinović

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: gauge symmetry; trivial gauge transformations; nBF theory; Chern-Simons theory; diffeomorphism symmetry

Online: 2 May 2023 (00:53:08 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.1256.v1

Calculation of the Electrostatic Field of a Circular Cylinder with a Slot by the Wiener-Hopf Method

Seitkerim Bimurzaev, Seil Sautbekov, Zerde Sautbekova

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: time-of-flight mass spectrometer; electron microscope; electrostatic lens; electrostatic mirror; relativistic effect; system of singular integral equations; factorized functions; eigenfunctions; eigenvalues.

Online: 30 April 2023 (04:22:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0309.v2

From Black-Body Radiation to Gravity: Why Neutrinos are Left-Handed and Why the Vacuum is not Empty

Engel Roza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: neutrino; Fermi constant; parity violation; dark matter

Online: 24 April 2023 (10:49:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0155.v1

A New Interpretation of the Higgs Vacuum Potential Energy Based on a Planckion Composite Model for the Higgs

Christopher Pilot

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Winterberg model; Planck particles; positive and negative mass Planck particles; planckions; quantum vacuum; space as a superfluid/ supersolid; extended models for space; cosmological constant; Higgs field as a composite particle; Higgs boson; inherent length scale for the vacuum; dark energy

Online: 8 March 2023 (10:17:32 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0332.v2

On the Field Strength of Vacuum Energy and the Emergence of Mass

Mohammed Al-Fadhli

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Field strength of vacuum energy; Newtonian gravitational parameter

Online: 8 March 2023 (02:14:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0716.v2

Elementary Charge and Electron: One Entity Two Identities

Misheck Kirimi

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Charge; electricity; electron; electrodynamics; electrostatics; elementary charge

Online: 3 March 2023 (14:01:25 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0211.v2

The Upgraded Planck System of Units that Reaches from the Known Planck Scale All the Way Down to Subatomic Scales

Dimitris M. Christodoulou, Demosthenes Kazanas

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Atomic processes; Cosmological parameters; Cosmology: theory; Early Universe; Elementary particles; Galaxies: kinematics and dynamics; Gravitation.

Online: 27 February 2023 (02:04:10 CET)

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Natural systems of units $\{U_i\}$ need to be overhauled to include the dimensionless coupling constants $\{\upalpha_{U_i}\}$ of the natural forces. Otherwise, they cannot quantify all forces of nature in a unified manner. Thus, each force must furnish a system of units with at least one dimensional and one dimensionless constant. We revisit three natural systems of units (atomic, cosmological, and Planck). The Planck system is easier to rectify, and we do so in this work. The atomic system discounts $\{ G, \upalpha_G \}$, thus it cannot account for gravitation. The cosmological system discounts $\{ \slashed{h}, \upalpha_\slashed{h} \}$, thus it cannot account for quantum physics. Here, the symbols have their usual meanings; in particular, $\upalpha_G$ is the gravitational coupling constant and $\upalpha_\slashed{h}$ is Dirac's fine-structure constant. The speed of light $c$ and the impedance of free space $Z_0$ are resistive properties imposed by the vacuum itself, thus they must be present in all systems of units. The upgraded Planck system with fundamental units $${\rm UPS} \,:=\,\{ c, Z_0, G, \upalpha_G, \slashed{h}, \upalpha_\slashed{h}, \,\dots\,\!\},$$ describes all physical scales in the universe---it is nature's system of units. As such, it reveals a number of properties, most of which have been encountered previously in seemingly disjoint parts of physics, and some of which have been designated as mere coincidences. Based on the UPS results, that relate (sub)atomic scales to the Planck scale and the fine-structure constant to the Higgs field, we can state with confidence that no observed/measured physical properties are coincidental in this universe. Furthermore, we derive from first principles Koide's $K=2/3$ enigmatic constant and additional analogous quark and vector boson constants. These are formal mathematical proofs that justify a posteriori the use of geometric means in deriving the quark/boson mass ladder. This ladder allows us to also calculate the Higgs couplings to the vector bosons and the Weinberg angle in terms of only $K$.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0313.v1

Quality Assurance in Neutron Activation Analysis: Simulation and a Continuous Improvement Approach

Abdessamad Didi, Iliasse Aarab, Hamid Bounouira, Hamid Amsil, Abdelouahab Badague, Khalid Laraki, Hamid Marah, Hassane Dekhissi

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Iso 17025; NAA; Efficiency; Resolution; Gamma activation

Online: 17 February 2023 (14:52:02 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0257.v3

The Gravitational Mass of the Rarefied Cloud of the Relativistic Material Particles

Wladimir Belayev

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Relativistic material particles; active gravitational mass; Lorentz transformations; isotropic Schwarzschild metric; geodesics equations

Online: 25 January 2023 (11:44:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0332.v1

On the Field Strength of Vacuum Energy and the Emergence of Mass

Mohammed Al-Fadhli

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Field strength of vacuum energy; Newtonian gravitational parameter

Online: 18 January 2023 (09:58:28 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0211.v1

The Upgraded Planck System of Units that Reaches from the Known Planck Scale All the Way Down to Subatomic Scales

Dimitris M. Christodoulou, Demosthenes Kazanas

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Atomic processes; Cosmological parameters; Cosmology: theory; Early Universe; Elementary particles; Galaxies: kinematics and dynamics; Gravitation.

Online: 12 January 2023 (06:08:29 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0068.v2

Matter as Pure 'Atoms' of Electricity

Misheck Kirimi

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: electric charge; electricity; electron; elementary particle; gravity; matter; unification

Online: 10 January 2023 (09:56:45 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0068.v1

Matter as Pure 'Atoms' of Electricity

Misheck Kirimi

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: electric charge; electricity; electron; elementary particle; gravity; matter

Online: 4 January 2023 (06:13:37 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0538.v2

The Higgs Trilinear Coupling and the Scale of New Physics for the SM-Axion-Seesaw-Higgs portal inflation (SMASH) Model

C.R. Das, Katri Huitu, Timo Kärkkäinen

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Higgs portal inflation; Beyond the Standard Model; SMASH; Higgs triple coupling; Higgs trilinear coupling

Online: 4 January 2023 (02:16:15 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0211.v2

From Black-Body Radiation to Gravity: Why Quarks Are Magnetic Electrons and Why Gluons Are Massive Photons

Engel Roza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: gluon; strong interaction; weak interaction; topquark; gravity; SU(2) and SU(3)

Online: 3 January 2023 (11:24:26 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0450.v1

Klein-Gordon, Dirac and Schrodinger Equations, Matter and Wave Function Collapses, Photon Momenta and the Gamma Ray Burst based on the 4-D Euclidean Space

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: P4 = TcP symmetry; Matter collapse; Wave function collapse; Klein paradox; Continuity equations; Negative energy solutions; Gamma ray burst; Photon momenta

Online: 23 December 2022 (07:57:12 CET)

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The negative energy solutions of the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations have been used to define the antiparticle with the positive energy from the Feynman - Stueckelberg interpretation in the standard model based on the 4-D Minkowski space with the relative time. The negative energy solutions of the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations are used to define the antiparticles with the negative energy in the present 3-D quantized space model. Note that all the present results are based on the 4-D Euclidean space with the absolute time (t) and relative time (t_l). Then the particle with the positive energy and antiparticle with the negative energy have the 4-D P₄ = TCP = T_cP symmetry. The continuity equations are derived from the Klein-Gordon, Dirac and Schrodinger equations. The Klein-Gordon and Schrodinger equations with the potential barriers are solved. The Klein paradox is explained by using the pair production of the electron with the positive energy and positron with the negative energy under the P₄ = _TcP symmetry, The effective velocity ( c_eff=√2 " c " ) and effective energy ("Etl =" √2 E ) along the relative time axis (ctl) give the relative time momentum of "p_tl"=E_tl/c_eff =(√2 E)/(√2 c)=E/c=p_t=p_x. This indicates that the photons with the energy of E have the constant photon velocity of c and the constant photon momentum of "ptl"=E_tl/c_eff =(√2 E)/(√2 c)=E/c=p_t=p_x. For the negative energy particles, the space momentum directions are opposite to the particle velocity directions because the energy is negative. And the matter collapse to the photons at the very high particle velocity is discussed from the length expansion. It is, for the first time, proposed that the gamma ray burst is originated from the matter collapse to the photons near the black hole. Also, the wave function collapse is explained from the length expansion. The wave function collapse takes place when the measurement makes the particle velocity to be zero. It is concluded that the negative energy solutions of the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations support the existence of the partner antimatter universe with the negative energy and negative time direction. Our matter universe has the positive energy and the positive time direction.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0366.v1

The Evolution of the Majorana Neutrino Mass Renormalization Group in the Super-Weak Theory

Chitta Ranjan Das

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: super-weak theory; renormalization group; majorana neutrino mass

Online: 20 December 2022 (10:25:56 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0309.v1

From Black-Body Radiation to Gravity:Why Neutrinos are Left-Handed and Why the Vacuum is not Empty

Engel Roza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: neutrino; Fermi constant; parity violation; dark matter

Online: 19 December 2022 (01:20:58 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0221.v10

Proposed Method of Combining Continuum Mechanics With Einstein Field Equations

Piotr Ogonowski

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: general relativity; cosmology; continuum mechanics; fluid dynamics; field theory; electrodynamics; Hamiltonian mechanics

Online: 16 December 2022 (04:30:07 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0538.v1

The Higgs Trilinear Coupling and the Scale of New Physics for the SM-Axion-Seesaw-Higgs portal inflation (SMASH) Model

C.R. Das, Katri Huitu, Timo Kärkkäinen

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Higgs portal inflation; Beyond the Standard Model; SMASH; Higgs triple coupling; Higgs trilinear coupling

Online: 29 November 2022 (07:04:06 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0221.v9

Proposed Method of Combining Continuum Mechanics With Einstein Field Equations

Piotr Ogonowski

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: general relativity; cosmology; continuum mechanics; fluid dynamics; field theory; electrodynamics; Hamiltonian mechanics

Online: 29 November 2022 (03:59:30 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0221.v8

Proposed Method of Combining Continuum Mechanics With Einstein Field Equations

Piotr Ogonowski

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: general relativity; cosmology; continuum mechanics; fluid dynamics; field theory; electrodynamics; Hamiltonian mechanics

Online: 3 November 2022 (07:03:12 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0478.v1

Phenomenological Theory of the Stern-Gerlach Experiment

Sergey Rashkovskiy

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Stern-Gerlach experiment; phenomenological theory of spin behavior in a magnetic field; classical field theory; self-consistent Maxwell-Pauli theory

Online: 31 October 2022 (10:02:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0227.v1

Nonlinear Pauli Equation

Sergey Rashkovskiy

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: classical field theory; unified Maxwell-Pauli theory; non-linear Pauli equation; non-linear Schrödinger equation; spin behavior in a magnetic fiel

Online: 17 October 2022 (04:52:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0203.v1

Absolute Time, Length Expansion, Particle Mass Origins, Quantum Entanglement, Pauli Exclusion Principle and Higgs Boson on the 4-D Euclidean Space

Jae-Kwang Hwang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Absolute time; Length expansion; Absolute time simultaneity; Twin paradox; Quantum entanglement; 4-D Euclidean space; Pauli exclusion principle; Higgs boson; Time clicking; Quantum base

Online: 14 October 2022 (03:52:31 CEST)

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The absolute time and relative time are defined in terms of the 4-D Euclidean space. Our universe is the 3-D x₁x₂x₃ quantized photon space which follows the absolute time simultaneity when the universe moves along the absolute time axis of ct. The length expansion of Dx = gDx₀ is derived under the condition of the absolute time (ct) simultaneity. From the similarity between this length expansion of Dx = gDx₀ and the energy increasing of E = gE₀, it is assumed that the energy is proportional to the particle size of Dx. The extension of this assumption to the 4-D Euclidean space gives the new definition that the particle energy (E) is the 4-D volume. Then, the particle mass energy is defined as E= mc² = cDtDV = gE₀. The masses of the elementary particles are originated from the 4-D warped volume of the photon space because the particle is the warped photon space with the velocity of v < c. Therefore, the Higgs boson concept in the standard model (SM) is not needed in the present 3-D quantized space model (TQSM). The scalar boson with the spin of zero, photon with the spin of 1 and graviton with the spin of 2 are the two-boson states. Therefore, the observed Higgs boson is reinterpreted as the two-boson state of the scalar boson with the spin of zero. The cosmic muon observation and twin paradox are explained by using the absolute time and relative time. The relative time is the observed time in the twin paradox and cosmic muon observation. In the twin paradox, a person who travels the long distance is more aged than a person on the earth in terms of the relative time ages because of the space and time conversion effect (STCE effect) of the moving space distance (x). But twins are in the same ages in terms of the absolute time without STCE effect. The fast-moving cosmic muon has the expanded half-life from the time expansion of the relative time. Also, the quantum entanglement and Pauli exclusion principle are explained. The quantum base of the photon space line connects two entangled particles. Two particles and quantum base system is fluctuated along the absolute time axis by the time clicking when one particle is measured. Another particle is instantly selected by the time clicking. This is called as the quantum entanglement. The photons which are the flat photon space with the constant speed of c along the space axis and absolute time axis have the 4-D photon velocity of c_eff = 2^0.5 c. Total 10-D Euclidean space including three 3-D quantized spaces and one absolute time axis is required for the electric charges (EC), lepton charges (CC) and color charges (CC) of the elementary particles. The 3-D photon space is very stiff along the absolute time (ct) axis and very soft along the space axes. The Coulomb force through the photons (2EM waves) of the space fluctuations is much stronger than the Gravitational force through the gravitons (G waves) of the time fluctuations between two electrons.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0001.v1

The Upgraded Planck System of Units

Dimitris M. Christodoulou, Demosthenes Kazanas

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Atomic processes, Cosmological parameters, Cosmology: theory, Elementary particles, Gravitation.

Online: 1 October 2022 (05:35:29 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0396.v1

The Electromagnetic Wave Without a Magnetic Component: A Thought Experiment

Sherif Tawfik

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: foundations of physics; electrodynamics; electromagnetic wave; magnetic field; electric field; Ampere; Biot-Savart

Online: 26 September 2022 (11:04:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0221.v7

Proposed Method of Combining Continuum Mechanics With Einstein Field Equations

Piotr Ogonowski

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: general relativity; cosmology; continuum mechanics; fluid dynamics; field theory; electrodynamics; Hamiltonian mechanics

Online: 16 September 2022 (07:11:49 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0211.v1

From Black-Body Radiation to Gravity: Why Quarks Are Magnetic Electrons and Why Gluons Are Massive Photons

Engel Roza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: gluon; strong interaction; weak interaction; topquark; gravity; SU(2) and SU(3)

Online: 14 September 2022 (15:45:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0449.v1

A New Solution for Measuring Planck's Constant using Compton Scattering

David Humpherys

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Planck constant; metrology; Compton scattering; natural units; Kibble balance; Compton wavelength; electron mass

Online: 26 August 2022 (04:57:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201902.0021.v2

Analytical Calculations of Quark Confinement, Linear Interaction Potential, and Net Spin in a Proton Using a Quark Rotational Model

Shinichi Ishiguri

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: quark; linear interactive potential; mass of a proton; spin; quark confinement; pi-meson

Online: 22 August 2022 (15:50:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0145.v2

Light Dispersion in Gravitational Field

Yin Zhu

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: dispersion of light; gravitational field; fundamental physics constant; vacuum; speed of light; spectroscopic binary system; double gravitational lens

Online: 19 August 2022 (08:04:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0221.v6

Proposed Method of Combining Continuum Mechanics With Einstein Field Equations

Piotr Ogonowski

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: general relativity; cosmology; continuum mechanics; fluid dynamics; field theory; electrodynamics; Hamiltonian mechanics

Online: 16 August 2022 (05:24:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0257.v2

Gravitational Mass of the Rarefied Cloud of Relativistic Material Particles

Wladimir Belayev

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: Relativistic material particles; active gravitational mass; Lorentz transformations; isotropic Schwarzschild metric; geodesics equations

Online: 8 August 2022 (05:27:29 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0221.v5

Proposed Method of Combining Continuum Mechanics With Einstein Field Equations

Piotr Ogonowski

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: General relativity; Cosmology; Continuum mechanics; Fluid dynamics; Field theory; Electrodynamics; Hamiltonian mechanics

Online: 18 July 2022 (10:56:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0221.v4

Proposed Method of Combining Continuum Mechanics With Einstein Field Equations

Piotr Ogonowski

Subject: Physical Sciences, Particle And Field Physics Keywords: General relativity; Cosmology; Continuum mechanics; Fluid dynamics; Field theory; Electrodynamics; Hamiltonian mechanics

Online: 11 July 2022 (09:41:10 CEST)

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