Abstract: Interest in non-centrosymmetric crystalline materials exhibiting second harmonic genera-tion (SHG) has increased due to their potential applications in optical sensing and bio-sensing. Saccharide-based metal complexes are particularly attractive systems, as chiral sugars can promote non-centrosymmetric crystal packing. In this work, a new lantha-num–β-D-fructose compound, [La(C₆H₁₂O₆)(H₂O)₅]Cl₃ (LaFRUCl), was synthesized by a simple and low-cost method and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P2₁2₁2₁ and consists of infinite (La³⁺–fructose)ₙ chains extending along the [001] direction, forming a one-dimensional metal–organic framework. The nonlinear optical response was evaluated using the Kurtz–Perry powder technique with a Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) and compared to a sucrose ref-erence. The measured SHG efficiency is comparable to that of previously reported alkaline earth metal–sugar analogues. While the SHG emission is significant, evaluation of the compound’s structural stability under aqueous or physiological conditions would be re-quired before considering biological applications.

Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) have fundamentally transformed the landscape of Natural Language Processing (NLP), subsuming and redefining tasks that were once addressed by specialized, modular pipelines. This paper surveys the role of classical and contemporary NLP within modern LLM architectures, examining how foundational techniques — tokenization, syntactic parsing, semantic representation, and discourse modeling — have been absorbed into, and continue to inform, the pre-training and fine-tuning paradigms of transformer-based models. We further investigate the critical challenge of linguistic inclusivity, focusing on low-resource and morphologically complex languages that remain underserved by dominant English-centric corpora. Drawing on recent advances in cross-lingual transfer learning, multilingual pre-training, and data augmentation, we assess the progress and persistent gaps in extending LLM capabilities to such languages. Case studies on Southeast Asian, African, and indigenous language NLP toolkits illustrate practical strategies and remaining bottlenecks. We conclude by outlining open research directions at the intersection of structural NLP and generative AI.

Abstract: Harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by Karenia brevis (K. brevis) present a persistent ecological and public health challenge across coastal Florida. This study develops a regionally integrated machine learning framework to predict weekly K. brevis bloom occurrence using environmental data from both the Peace and Caloosahatchee Rivers, combined with coastal bloom records from Southwest Florida and Tampa Bay to enhance the spatial and temporal continuity of the response record. A Random Forest classifier was trained on a multi-decadal dataset incorporating river discharge, nutrient concentrations (total nitrogen and total phosphorus), wind forcing, sea surface temperature, salinity, and sea surface height anomalies as a proxy for Loop Current variability. The model achieved strong predictive performance on a chronologically withheld test set, with an overall accuracy of ~90%, balanced accuracy of 87.6%, and high precision and recall for bloom events. Bloom timing and persistence were captured with strong agreement during ongoing bloom periods, while non-bloom conditions were identified with low false-positive rates. Feature-response analyses indicated that bloom probability increased most sharply under moderate discharge and nutrient conditions, with diminished sensitivity at higher extremes. Learning curve analysis demonstrated robust training performance and stable generalization, with validation accuracy plateauing near 84%, suggesting a data-limited ceiling on forecast skill. By aggregating nutrient inputs across multiple watersheds and integrating spatially aligned bloom observations, this study demonstrates the utility of multi-source machine learning frameworks for regional-scale HAB prediction. The results support the development of early warning tools and provide a reproducible foundation for evaluating how combined watershed loading and physical forcing are associated with K. brevis bloom occurrence in complex estuary systems with watershed and coastal coupling.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: The aim is to assess public stigma related to people with mental health problems and to observe the influence of sociodemographic factors on it. Methods: This observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 404 participants who completed a self-administered online questionnaire that included sociodemographic variables and the Community Attitudes towards Mental Illness Scale (CAMI-S, Spanish version). Non-parametric tests, multiple linear regression, and statistical power analyses were applied. Results: The mean CAMI-S total score was 84.89 (SD = 11.122), indicating a generally positive attitude towards community integration. Statistically significant associations (p-value ≤ 0.05) were found between CAMI-S scores and variables such as gender, age, place of residence, educational level, mental health disorder, and close contact with someone with mental health disorders. The regression model revealed four significant predictors of lower stigma: identifying as female (β = 2.523; p = 0.037), having a medium or higher educational level (β = 5.061; p = 0.002), experiencing a mental health diagnosis (β = 4.535; p = 0.014), and a close contact (β = 4.183; p < 0.001). Conclusions: These findings underscore the need for targeted anti-stigma strategies and reinforce the role of nursing in promoting mental health inclusion.

Abstract: Cruise calls in medium-sized Mediterranean ports concentrate visitor flows along short urban connectors, intensifying congestion and localized environmental externalities. This study evaluates cruise passengers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for an electric tram linking Gaženica Port with Zadar’s historic center, an intervention designed to cut travel time and reduce on-street crowding and emissions. A two-wave, two-site, face-to-face survey was administered over two seasons at the port and in the city center. The instrument adopts a double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation design with randomized starting bids calibrated via a pre-test that benchmarked prevailing transport prices. Primary WTP estimates are obtained from a binary choice model with socio-demographic and environmental covariates; inference relies on cluster-robust errors. Robustness is assessed through three complementary checks that do not require additional data: (i) a bivariate specification to accommodate within-respondent correlation between first and follow-up bids; (ii) Turnbull nonparametric bounds for the interval-censored WTP distribution; and (iii) starting-point tests via bid-set indicators and split-sample estimation. Where applicable, a spike adjustment based on “no–no at the lowest bid” responses is explored. Beyond methodological contribution, this research advances the sustainable tourism development discourse by quantifying visitors’ monetary support for low-emission urban mobility infrastructure that mitigates environmental pressures while preserving resident quality of life. The findings provide a decision-ready valuation input for port–city mobility planning in historic Mediterranean cores, aligning cruise tourism management with the broader objectives of resilient and sustainable urban destinations.

Abstract: Industrial emissions and legacy contamination from metallurgical activities can constrain sustainable land use by degrading soil quality and limiting vegetation establishment. This study combines a site-based contamination assessment with an early-stage plant tolerance screening to inform nature-based restoration planning in Central Kazakhstan. Soils were collected around three metallurgical complexes and analysed for heavy metals; exceedance relative to maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) was used to prioritise contaminants of concern. Seven locally occurring plant species were then screened in controlled Petri-dish assays using metal salt solutions (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd and Ni), and germination percentage, germination dynamics, seedling shoot length and a growth inhibition index were quantified. Soil results showed elevated metal loads with frequent MPC exceedance, supporting the selection of these metals for biological screening. Plant responses were strongly species-specific: Brassica juncea and Medicago sativa maintained comparatively higher germination and early growth across treatments, whereas Suaeda salsa, Artemisia absinthium and Trifolium repens exhibited very low germination. These findings provide an evidence-based shortlist of candidate species for subsequent soil-based trials (including uptake and stabilisation assessment) and support risk-informed revegetation strategies for contaminated industrial landscapes.

Abstract: Background and Objectives: Bladder cancer (BCa) is characterized by high rates of re-currence and progression, underscoring the need for reliable non-invasive biomarkers. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are covalently closed non-coding RNAs generated by back-splicing and are stable in biological fluids, including urine. Increasing evidence im-plies circRNAs in BCa pathogenesis; however, identification of clinically relevant circRNAs remains labor-intensive. This study aimed to streamline circRNA selection and identify functionally relevant urinary circRNAs in BCa. Methods: Using a database-screening ap-proach, we identified circRNAs with high predicted affinity to miR-101-3p, a tu-mor-suppressive microRNA in BCa. Candidate circRNAs were prioritized based on: (i) strong miR-101-3p binding potential; (ii) derivation from genes involved in BCa tumor-igenesis; and (iii) origination from exonic or long non-coding RNA sequences. The po-tential contribution of Argonaute-2 (Ago2) binding sites to circRNA–miRNA complex sta-bility was also evaluated. Expression levels were assessed in urine samples and BCa cell lines, and functional relevance was examined using molecular and cellular assays. Results: circCIAO1(5) and circMALAT1 fulfilled all prioritization criteria and exhibited distinct Ago2-binding site profiles. Both circRNAs were upregulated in urine from BCa patients and in aggressive BCa cell lines and showed differential expression between remission and recurrent disease. CircCIAO1(5) demonstrated higher-affinity binding to miR-101-3p, while RNA immunoprecipitation confirmed interactions of both circRNAs with miR-101-3p and Ago2. Functional assays revealed enhanced proliferation, motility, and invasion upon circRNA expression, consistent with miR-101-3p sequestration and derepression of miR-101-3p target oncogene-EZH2. Conclusions: circCIAO1(5) and circMALAT1 represent promising urinary biomarkers for BCa, illustrating the value of bioinformatics-guided circRNA discovery and significance of circRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms in BCa biology.

Abstract: Web agents must complete long-horizon browsing tasks while controlling heterogeneous operational costs (e.g., API calls, latency, and monetary fees) and avoiding catastrophic failures (e.g., irreversible clicks, account deletion, payment submission). We formulate web interaction as a constrained MDP with a multi-dimensional cumulative cost vector and a tail-risk objective on failure penalties. We propose DCAPPO, a dual-constrained policy optimization method that (i) enforces multi-cost budgets via primal–dual Lagrangian updates with per-cost adaptive multipliers, and (ii) minimizes CVaRα_\alphaα​ of episodic failure loss using quantile regression on trajectory returns. To stabilize training under sparse success rewards, DCAPPO integrates a self-imitation buffer and a failure-aware advantage shaping that down-weights high-variance steps. We recommend evaluation on BrowserGym/WebArena-style environments with 1,200–1,800 tasks spanning 40–80 website templates, reporting (a) task success rate, (b) mean cost per success, (c) CVaR0.1_{0.1}0.1​ failure loss, and (d) constraint violation frequency. In ablations, DCAPPO isolates gains from CVaR control and per-cost dual updates, targeting a consistent reduction in tail failures under fixed cost budgets.

Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a silently escalating global crisis, presenting a specific challenge for the One Health approach. Landscapes can serve as reservoirs of AMR, while synurban wildlife may act as vectors of bidirectional exchange. However, these species can also be utilised as sentinels of landscape AMR load. Herbivorous avian bioindicators, such as the Common Wood Pigeon (Columba palumbus), continuously sample the landscape during foraging and drinking, providing unbiased data on the state of AMR. This study aimed to investigate the potential of this species for assessing the impact of landscape diversity on bacterial communities and their AMR patterns. Toward this objective, two landscape units of 4-km-diameter located at an upstream and a downstream section of a river, relative to a provincial town, were compared using 16 cloacal samples per site. Heterotrophic plate count techniques resulted in 60 isolates, of which 48 were identified, and 35 were tested for AMR using the VITEK 2 Compact system. Rényi diversity profiles of landscape compositions, bacterial communities, and AMR patterns revealed that higher landscape diversity was associated with lower bacterial but higher AMR pattern diversity. Additionally, the structure of more diverse bacterial communities shifted toward Gram-negative taxa. These findings support the hypothesis that culture-based methods using Common Wood Pigeons, complemented by Rényi diversity analysis and the determination of Gram-positive/Gram-negative ratios, provide valuable data on landscape health, even with small sample sizes.

Abstract: Lipoblastomas are rare, rapidly growing benign tumors rising from embryonic white fatty cells that continue to proliferate in the postnatal period. We presented a case of a toddler with an undifferentiated myxoid neoplasm with features of a minimally differentiated lipoblastoma. Our patient was an 18-month-old female with a painless solid tumefaction in the middle third of the right leg. Histopathologically, the nodular tumor mass consisted of lipobastic cells embedded in a myxoid stroma. Immunohistochemistry showed strong diffuse positivity for vimentin, S100, CD34, CD56, NSE and rare Ki67+ cells. FOXO1 polyploidy was detected in 30% of cells by FISH. Using target RNA sequencing, we detected a fusion gene, CHCHD7-PLAG1, in the tumor sample. Sequence analysis showed that the first exons of CHCHD7 were fused to either exon 2 or exon 3 of PLAG1. Our case demonstrates that due to the histomorphologic overlaps, the molecular diagnostics is essential for confirmation of lipoblastomas.

Abstract: This paper investigates the seasonal and daily responses of the zonal‑mean O₃ mass‑mixing ratio to polar‑vortex disturbances during the boreal winter of 2023/2024, using MERRA‑2 data for the period 1 October 2023–30 April 2024. In addition to the expected latitudinal coupling during SSW events, the seasonal ozone field exhibited a pronounced zonally asymmetric distribution, referred to as the zonally asymmetric ozone oscillation (ZAOO), most evident in the lower stratosphere throughout the winter months. The seasonal behaviour of the ozone tendency was also investigated. To provide a plausible explanation for the observed features, a combination of the Quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), dynamical transport, and photochemical processes was considered. For the first time, TEM diagnostics were applied to individual winter seasons and specific SSW events, enabling detailed examination of ozone‑tendency variability across latitude and altitude. The results provide clear quantification of the dynamical and net chemical contributions to both the seasonal (October–April) and specific SSW event ozone tendencies. These findings support systematic assessments of each intriguing winter and SSW event, offering new opportunities to identify links between SSW type and the dominant mechanisms shaping the ozone‑tendency response.

Abstract: The increasing prevalence of peri-implantitis has led to a growing clinical use of implantoplasty, a procedure involving intraoral machining of the dental implant sur-face to remove biofilm. The absence of standardized clinical protocols may contribute to premature fatigue failure of dental implants. The present study aimed to determine the influence of machining depth on the cyclic mechanical behavior of dental im-plants. A total of 250 commercially pure Grade 3 titanium dental implants were dis-tributed into four groups according to machining depth: untreated (original), 0.2 mm, 0.4 mm, and 0.6 mm wall reduction. The implant system featured an internal connec-tion with a thread height of 0.4 mm. Finite element analysis was performed for each machining depth to evaluate Von Mises stress distribution and to simulate fatigue be-havior. The numerical models were validated through experimental fatigue testing using a servohydraulic MTS Bionix testing machine under ISO 14801:2016 standard conditions. Fractographic analysis was conducted by scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that maximum Von Mises stresses were concentrated at the junc-tion between the implant thread and the implant body. The fatigue limit of the un-treated implants was approximately 400 N. Implants subjected to 0.4 mm machining exhibited a fatigue limit of 350 N, whereas lower fatigue limits were observed for 0.2 mm (290 N) and 0.6 mm (180 N) reductions. These findings demonstrate the signifi-cant mechanical effect of thread removal. At higher applied loads, fracture occurred in the coronal region of the implant, whereas at lower loads failure shifted to the im-plant–abutment connection. Finite element predictions showed high agreement with experimental results. The findings highlight a clinically relevant criterion: implanto-plasty depth should not exceed the original thread height, as excessive wall reduction markedly compromises fatigue resistance and long-term mechanical reliability.

Abstract:

For every prime p and every integer a, the backward finite difference δp(a) := aᵖ − (a − 1)ᵖ equals the cyclotomic binary form Φp(a, a − 1) and hence the norm N_Q(ζp)/Q(a − ζp(a − 1)). For p = 3 this specialises to δ3(a) = N_Z[ω](a − ω(a − 1)), connecting the individual cubic finite difference — obtained by differencing the classical sum formula of Nicomachus of Gerasa (∼100 CE) — with the Eisenstein norm that appears in Euler's factorisation of a³ + b³.Starting from the historical identity S3(n) = Tₙ² where Tₙ = n(n + 1)/2, and applying the backward finite difference operator ∇f(n) := f(n) − f(n − 1) — formalised by Taylor (1715) and systematised by Boole (1860) — the Cubic Identity is derived: n³ = (n²/4)[(n + 1)² − (n − 1)²] = Tₙ² − Tₙ₋₁².This identity is extended to all p ≥ 1 via the Universal Faulhaber–Bernoulli Identity (UFBI): nᵖ = 1/(p+1) Σⱼ₌₀ᵖ C(p+1,j) Bⱼ⁺ δp+1−j(n), δm(n) := nᵐ − (n−1)ᵐ.The central contribution of this work is the Unified Chain Formula: ∇Tₙ² = δ3(a) = N_Z[ω](a − ω(a−1)) = Φ3(a, a−1) = N_Q(ζ3)/Q(a − ζ3(a−1)), which connects, in a single proved identity, five centuries of mathematics: Nicomachus (1st century), Boole (19th century), Euler/Eisenstein (18th century), and Gauss/cyclotomic theory (19th–20th centuries). This chain is not present as such in the existing literature; its originality lies in the explicit articulation of these connections, not in the individual equalities, each of which follows from classical results.Beyond the Unified Chain, the following new elements are introduced: (i) the Tower of Norms a³ = Σₖ₌₁ᵃ N(αk), making explicit how each perfect cube is a stack of hexagonal norms; (ii) the Cyclotomic Compatibility Index ICC(n, p), which quantifies the arithmetic obstruction to hᵖ = aᵖ + bᵖ having integer solutions; (iii) the Window Incompatibility Theorem, formalising why the hexagonal windows {a−1, a, a+1} and {b−1, b, b+1} can never merge into a single window {h−1, h, h+1} in Z[ω] for a, b ≥ 2; (iv) the Order Theorem for δm(n), providing a complete characterisation of prime divisibility of finite differences via multiplicative orders; (v) the Extreme Reduction Theorem (ERT), showing that the Order Filter eliminates every pair (a, b) with a ≥ 2 from the equation a³ + b³ = c³, reducing the problem to the case a = 1; (vi) the Fermatian Rigidity Index R(p), a quantitative measure of how far (aᵖ + bᵖ)^(1/p) is from an integer. All results are illustrated throughout by the single running example a = 6, b = 10, and the key number 91 = 7 × 13. Verified over 179,700 pairs with 50-digit precision: zero exceptions. This work does not claim to prove Fermat's Last Theorem, definitively established by Wiles [1].

Abstract: This study examines predictors of workplace adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in a Norwegian employee sample (N = 196). Hierarchical logistic regression tested whether education, sector, sex, age, leadership, strengths-based leadership (SBL), training, and engagement predicted AI use. Education was the strongest predictor. Employees with a bachelor’s degree were 3.64 times, and those with a master’s degree more than 11.15 times, more likely to use AI than those with secondary education. Knowledge-intensive sector employees were 2.52 times more likely to adopt AI than those in skills-focused sectors. Men were 2.94 times more likely than women to use AI. Neither age nor leadership role showed significant effects. SBL independently predicted adoption (OR = 1.89). Training and engagement were unrelated to adoption. Overall, findings show that structural, sociodemographic, and organizational factors shape AI adoption, underscoring the need for targeted strategies to ensure equitable, effective uptake across the workforce.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Vaccination against respiratory viruses—such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), pneumococcal disease, influenza, and COVID-19—may reduce the risk of adverse outcomes in older adults with cardiovascular disease. This study conducted a scoping review of the effects of respiratory vaccines in older adults with cardiovascular disease. Methods: We included studies evaluating adults aged ≥60 years with cardiovascular disease who received different types of respiratory vaccines. Eligible designs comprised clinical trials, observational cohort studies, and other relevant studies. Editorials, commentaries, and non-original publications were excluded. A comprehensive and targeted literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science from database inception through January 2026. Results: A total of 26 studies were included, encompassing 1,782,787 adults aged ≥60 years with cardiovascular disease who received various respiratory vaccines. RSV vaccines were associated with a lower incidence of cardiorespiratory hospitalization and stroke among vaccinated individuals. Pneumococcal vaccines showed that sequential dual vaccination strategies were associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular events. Influenza vaccination was associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes, lower mortality, and reduced adverse events. COVID-19 vaccines were associated with reductions in mortality and hospitalizations. These benefits are particularly relevant in an older population with a high burden of comorbidities; therefore, complete vaccination schedules, including booster doses, should be considered a central strategy for prevention and comprehensive management in this high-risk group. Conclusions: Vaccination against respiratory viruses in older adults with cardiovascular disease demonstrates an overall favorable/acceptable profile of efficacy and safety, with reductions in mortality, hospitalizations, and cardiovascular events, without a significant increase in serious adverse events.

Abstract: Bell tests and Bell's theorem used to interpret the test results opened the door to quantum information processing, such as quantum computation and quantum communication. Based on the erroneous interpretation of the test results, quantum information processing contradicts a well-established mathematical fact in point-set topology. In this study, the feasibility of quantum computation and quantum communication is investigated. The findings are as follows. (a) Experimentally confirmed statistical predictions of quantum mechanics are not evidence of experimentally realized quantum information processing systems. (b) Physical carriers of quantum information coded by quantum bits (qubits) do not exist in the real world. (c) Einstein's ensemble interpretation of wave-function not only will eliminate inexplicable weirdness in quantum physics but also can help us see clearly none of quantum objects in the real world carry quantum information. The findings lead to an inevitable conclusion: Without carriers representing quantum information, physical implementations of quantum information processing systems are merely an unrealizable myth. Examples are given for illustrating the reported results. For readers who are unfamiliar with point-set topology, the examples may alleviate difficulty in understanding the results.

Abstract: Background: Post-thyroidectomy vocal cord dysfunction (PT-VCD) is an important side effect of thyroid surgery. With the introduction of IONM, hopes have been raised that either the rate or severity of PT-VCD could be reduced. However, data to support these concepts are scarce. To better understand the relationship between IONM outcomes and the severity of PT-VCD, a detailed time course evaluation of recovery of PT-VCD was performed in a continuous clinical quality registry from a specialized high-volume endocrine surgery center. Methods: Retrospective analysis of prospectively documented data from a clinical quality assurance registry from June 2015 to May 2016 with a 12-month follow-up of all cases. All patients underwent vocal cord (VC) laryngoscopy (VCL) by independent ENT specialists before and after surgery. Cases with newly diagnosed PT-VCD were enrolled in a detailed follow-up program (recruiting from June 2015 to May 2016) and structured telephone interviews every 4-6weeks to assess the exact time course of PT-VCD recovery and VC status for periods of at least 12 months. Clinical data were analyzed for variables affecting the time course of recovery by univariate analysis. Results: From 6/2015 - 5/2016 there were 1097 consecutive thyroid procedures. During this period, there were 78 PT-VCD (1591 nerves at risk (NAR); 4,9 %) entered into the detailed follow-up-program. Of these, 3 PT-VCD persisted at 12 months (PT-VCD 0,18 % NAR), with 6 LOF (maximum rate of potentially persisting PT-VCD of 0,54% NAR). 15% of PT-VCD recovered within 4 weeks, mean recovery time was 4.4 months and 6 months after thyroidectomy 18 % still had impaired VC laryngoscopy tests. Individual cases were followed > 12 months showing late full recovery of PT-VCD, challenging the definition of permanent VCD. Logistic regression analysis revealed non-transitory loss of signal (ntLOS) (OR for recovery within 12 weeks 0.39 (95%CI 0.15-0.98), p= 0.046) and more specific, secondary ntLOS to be a significant independent predictor of PT-VCP recovery > 12 weeks (OR for recovery within 12 weeks 0.303 (95%CI 0.115-0.797), p= 0.016). Conclusion: For the first time, these data provide a detailed description of the time course of PT-VCD recovery in a large cohort and a correlation with operative data and IONM. We found that recovery takes a long time and non-transitory loss of signal – especially secondary ntLOS - during IONM was associated with prolonged PT-VCD recovery. Therefore, IONM provides an additional benefit and early initiation of speech therapy may be advisable for these patients.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Children’s social development is a significant aspect that supports appropriate behavior in the community, and parents, as the main caregivers, play a central role in developing children’s social skills. However, caregivers experiencing psychological distress – such as depression, anxiety, stress - may find it challenging to provide a nurturing rearing environment. This longitudinal study examined whether caregivers’ baseline mental health predicts children’s social skills 1 year later in an urban Indonesian context. Methods: A one-year follow-up study was conducted in an urban area of Indonesia in 2023–2024, inviting all nine kindergartens in the area to participate. Caregivers completed the demographic and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21), while teachers assessed children’s social skills using the Social Skills Scale (SSS). Linear mixed-effects models with random intercepts for kindergarten were estimated to account for clustering. Results: Finally, a total of 270 parent–child dyads were included. After adjusting for baseline social skills and covariates, higher levels of baseline caregiver depression (B = -0.15, p < .001), anxiety (B = -.22, p < .001), and stress (B = -.27, p < .001) were associated with lower children's social skills in the follow-up. Conclusions: Even subclinical variations in caregiver psychological distress may meaningfully influence children’s social development over time. Strengthening caregiver mental health support, particularly in urban communities, may represent an important pathway for promoting early social competence and long-term developmental outcomes.

Abstract: Telmisartan (TEL) is a non-peptide, orally administered antihypertensive agent primarily known as angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) blocker. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of how TEL modulates voltage-gated Na⁺ current (I_Na) and affects action potential (AP) firing behavior. TEL exerts differential stimulatory effects on the peak and late components of I_Na when subjected to brief depolarizing pulses across a range of cell types, such as mHippoE-14 hippocampal neuron, cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons, and HL-1 atrial cardiomyocytes. TEL can augment the inactivating (persistent) I_Na elicited by ascending long ramp pulse in mHippoE-14 cells. By using a parvalbumin-expressing interneuron-based modeled cell combined with bifurcation analysis, it is possible to predict how applied current influences subthreshold oscillations and the generation of somatic spiking in the presence of TEL. According to the Hodgkin-Huxley model, mimicking the action of TEL—characterized by an increased peak amplitude of I_Na and a slowed inactivation time course—leads to the emergence of periodic oscillations in membrane potential. Using a Markovian process, a separate model can also be mathematically constructed, showing that changes in certain rate constants can simulate the effect of TEL on I_Na in cardiac cells. The molecular docking prediction between TEL and the NaV1.7 channel was made by expected formation of hydrophobic interactions as well as hydrogen bonding. Beyond its antagonistic action on AT1 receptor and agonistic activation of peroxisome proliferator-activator-γ, the direct stimulation of I_Na may also contribute to its modulation of AP firing in various excitable cells. Current evidence supports TEL’s modulatory impact on Na_V channel activity and cellular excitability, while also acknowledging that the mechanism—whether direct or indirect—remains under investigation.

Abstract: Hydrophobic carbon quantum dots (hbCQDs) with tunable photoluminescence were synthesized via a solvothermal approach and further hybridized with Rhodamine B (RhB) to extend emission into the visible range. The hbCQDs exhibit quasi-spherical morphology with an average particle size of 8 nm and predominantly disordered graphitic structure, as confirmed by TEM and XRD analyses. FTIR and XPS characterizations reveal surface functional groups including C–N, C=O/C–O, and S–H, which govern the photoluminescence properties. Pure hbCQDs display blue emission at 453 nm under excitation, with a quantum yield (QY) of 6.2%. Incorporation of RhB leads to dual-emission behavior: the surface-state emission remains in the blue region, while molecular-state emission from RhB appears in the orange-red region. The 0.2 mL RhB–CQD composite exhibits optimal properties, including a QY of 13% and a production yield of 82%, emitting white light under 365 nm UV excitation. Increasing RhB loading to 0.4 mL results in a shift of emission peaks and a reduced QY (<9%), with weaker orange fluorescence. These findings demonstrate that controlled RhB hybridization effectively tunes the emission spectrum of hbCQDs, offering a simple and reproducible strategy to achieve dual-color and white-light emission. The optimized hbCQDs/RhB composites hold significant potential for applications in hydrophobic media-compatible optoelectronics, light-emitting devices, and bioimaging.