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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0293.v1

Biologically Relevant Murine Models of Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Respiratory Infection

Aoife M Rogers, Jaime Lindsay, Avril Monahan, Alice V Dubois, Aduragbemi A Faniyi, Barry J Plant, Marcus A. Mall, Miquel B Ekkelenkamp, J Stuart Elborn, Rebecca J Ingram

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; chronic infection; respiratory; murine model; in vivo; S. aureus

Online: 5 June 2023 (09:50:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0270.v1

The Impact of CC16 on Pulmonary Epithelial-Driven Host Responses during Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection

Natalie Iannuzo, Alane Blythe C. Dy, Stefano Guerra, Paul R. Langlais, Julie G. Ledford

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Mycoplasma pneumoniae; CC16; CCSP; CC10; mass spectrometry; remodeling

Online: 5 June 2023 (08:28:04 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0189.v1

Analysis of Transcriptomics Data from COVID-19 Patients: Pilot Research

Dominik Hadzega, Klaudia Babisova, Michaela Hyblova, Peter Sabaka, Pavol Janega, Gabriel Minarik

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: RNA-seq; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; gene enrichment analysis; enriched pathways; differentially expressed genes; transcriptomics

Online: 2 June 2023 (11:12:22 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.2212.v1

Group B Streptococci Recto-Vaginal Colonization, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern and Associated factors among Pregnant Women at Selected Health Facilities of Wolaita Sodo Town, Southern Ethiopia

Abera Kumalo Shano, Biruk Gebre Takele, Shimelis Shiferaw Jejaw, Wokil Wolde Dana, Tamirayehu Shonde Jagiso

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: GBS; Antibiotic susceptibility pattern; pregnant women; Wolaita Sodo; Ethiopian

Online: 2 June 2023 (04:53:16 CEST)

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Background: Streptococcus agalactiae or Group B Streptococcal colonization of the gastrointestinal and genital tracts of pregnant women usually remains asymptomatic; even if it is the critical determinant of infection in neonates and young infants. It causes early and late onset of invasive Group B Streptococcus (GBS) disease manifesting as septicemia, meningitis and pneumonia. Now it is recognized as an important cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world including Ethiopia where the magnitude of the problem has been little studied. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of GBS colonization, to identify associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among pregnant women at selected health facilities of Wolaita Sodo Town, Southern Ethiopia. Methodology: A health facility based cross-sectional study design was conducted at WSUCSH & Wolaita Sodo Health Center from June to August, 2022. A total of 279 pregnant women who were in ANC follow up with at 35-37 weeks of gestation were included. For GBS isolation, recto-vaginal swabs were inoculated in 1ml Todd-Hewitt broth medium supplemented with 10μg/ml colistin and 15μg/ml nalidixic acid and followed by identification of isolates based on colonial morphology, gram stains, catalase reaction and CAMP tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using modified Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. All collected data were organized in Epi info 4.6.0.2, then transfer tabulated using SPSS version 20. Logistic regression analysis was used to see the association between variables. Finally, the p-value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: In present study, 279 pregnant mothers included and their age was between 15 to 38 years with a mean of 26.5 ± 4.5 years. Of all participants, the highest 120 (43.01%) were housewives. The overall carriage rate of GBS was 67(24.0%). GBS colonization showed a statistically significant association with college and above levels of maternal education [AOR= 6.610, 95% CI (1.724 - 25.349), P=0.01]. High susceptibility of GBS isolate was seen to Penicillin G & Chloramphenicol (92.5%) for each, Ampicillin, and Ceftriaxone (89.6%) each, following Vancomycin (74.62%), and Erythromycin (77%). Relatively, GBS showed high resistance to Tetracycline (88 %). Conclusion: In this study, the overall prevalence of GBS colonization was 24.0%. College and above educational level was statistically significant with GBS colonization. This study used to give attention to the management of pregnant women by making GBS culture one of the routine diagnoses during ANC follow-up and to prevent infection by early detection.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.2247.v1

One-Step Soft Agar Enrichment and Isolation of Human Lung Bacteria Inhibiting the Germination of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia

Fabio Palmieri, Margo Magnin, Jérémy Diserens, Manon Gresse, Eric Bernasconi, Julie Pernot, Apiha Shanmuganathan, Aurélien Trompette, Christophe Von Garnier, Thomas Junier, Samuel Neuenschwander, Saskia Bindschedler, Marco Pagni, Angela Koutsokera, Niki Ubags, Pilar Junier

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: lung microbiome; bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); antagonistic bacteria; biocontrol; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; aspergillosis

Online: 31 May 2023 (12:52:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.2229.v1

MALDI-TOF MS KPC Direct Detection from Patients’ Positive Blood Culture Bottles, Short-term Cultures and Colonies at the Hospital

Agustina Costa, Roque Arnulfo Figueroa-Espinosa, Jerson Andrés Martínez, Liliana Fernández-Canigia, María Ivana Maldonado, Silvina Bergese, Ana Schneider, Carlos Vay, Carlos Hernán Rodriguez, Marcela Nastro, Gabriel Osvaldo Gutkind, José Alejandro Di Conza

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: KPC; blood culture; short-term culture; MALDI-TOF MS

Online: 31 May 2023 (10:50:42 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.2205.v1

Maternal and Infant Histo-Blood Group Antigens (Hbga) Profiles and It’s Influence on Oral Rotavirus Vaccine (Rotarix®) Immunogenicity Among Infants in Zambia

Adriace Chauwa, Natasha Makabilo Laban, Samuel Bosomprah, Bernard Phiri, Mwelwa Chibuye, Obvious Nchimunya Chilyabanyama, Sody Munsaka, Michelo Simuyandi, Innocent Mwape, Cynthia Mubanga, Masuzyo Chirwa, Caroline Chisenga, Roma Chilengi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Rotavirus; vaccines; histo-blood groups; immunogenicity; Zambia

Online: 31 May 2023 (08:43:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.2193.v1

Awareness and Perception of Drug Resistant TB Among Healthcare Providers in the Public (Government) and Private Sectors in Northern and Central India: An Exploratory Survey

Pratibha Kohli, Ramendra Pandey, Mohan P. Kohli, Salil Bhargava, V. Samuel Raj

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Tuberculosis; Drug Resistant; Management; Awareness

Online: 31 May 2023 (08:00:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.2104.v1

Leukocyte Imbalances in Mucopolysaccharidoses Patients

Nuno Lopes, Maria Luz, Catia Pereira, Inês Mondragão-Rodrigues, Esmeralda Martins, Rosa Ribeiro, Ana Gaspar, Patrício Aguiar, Paula Garcia, Maria Teresa Cardoso, Esmeralda Rodrigues, Elisa Leão-Teles, Roberto Giugliani, Maria Francisca Coutinho, Sandra Alves, Fatima Macedo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Lysosomal storage diseases; Mucopolysaccharidoses; Glycosaminoglycans; Leukocytes; Lymphocytes

Online: 30 May 2023 (10:01:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1994.v1

T lymphocyte-derived IFN- facilitates breast cancer cells to pass the blood-brain barrier: an in vitro study corroborating translational data.

Rute M.S.M. Pedrosa, Johan M. Kros, Benjamin Schrijver, Cor Berrevoets, Rute B. Marques, Casper C.H.J. Van Eijck, Reno Debets, Pieter J.M. Leenen, Willem A. Dik, Dana A.M. Mustafa

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: brain; metastasis; breast cancer; interferon-; blood-brain barrier; immune response; T lymphocytes

Online: 29 May 2023 (08:24:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1853.v1

CAR-Modified Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells Propagated Using a Novel Bisphosphonate Prodrug for Allogeneic Adoptive Immunotherapy

Yizheng Wang, Linan Wang, Naohiro See, Satoshi Okumura, Tae Hayashi, Yasushi Akahori, Hiroshi Fujiwara, Yasunori Amaishi, Sachiko Amaishi, Junichi Mineno, Yoshimasa Tanaka, Takuma Kato

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: CAR-T; CEA, γδ-T cell; off-the-shelf; GITR signaling

Online: 26 May 2023 (04:45:32 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1841.v1

Detection of ADCC-Supporting Antibodies by NK-92-CD16A Cell Externalization of CD107a: Recognition of Antibody Afucosylation and Assay Optimization

Judith Cruz Amaya, Bruce Walcheck, Julie Smith-Gagen, Vincent C. Lombardi, Dorothy Hudig

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; ADCC; NK-92 cells; CD16A; CD107a; fucosylation; GA101

Online: 26 May 2023 (04:18:25 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.1171.v2

Particulate Matter as One of Air Pollutants Impacts Asthma via the Tricellular Tight Junction Protein, LSR

Da Yeon Hwang, Min-Hyeok An, Pureun-Haneul Lee, Jung-Hyun Kim, Yunha Nam, Shinhee Park, Ae-Rin Baek, An-Soo Jang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Tricellular tight junction protein; LSR; RAGE; Bronchial asthma; Titanium dioxide

Online: 25 May 2023 (09:30:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1747.v1

Assessing Contact Time and Concentration of Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil on Antibacterial Efficacy In Vitro

Michela Galgano, Francesco Pellegrini, Daniela Mrenoshki, Paolo Capozza, Ahmed Hassan Omar, Anna Salvaggiulo, Michele Camero, Gianvito Lanave, Maria Tempesta, Annamaria Pratelli, Alessio Buonavoglia

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Gram +; Gram -; Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil; contact time; bacterial growth

Online: 25 May 2023 (07:10:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1707.v1

Combined Inhibition of the TGF-β1/Smad Pathway by Prevotella copri And Lactobacillus murinus to Reduce Inflammation And Fibrosis in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

Yu Shen, Baorong Jiang, Chenchen Zhang, Qian Wu, Lei Li, Ping Jiang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Prevotella copri; Lactobacillus murinus; PSC; inflammation; fibrosis; TGF-β1/Smad path-way

Online: 24 May 2023 (10:32:01 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1682.v1

The Bacterial Spore as a Mucosal Vaccine Delivery System

Anella Saggese, Loredana Baccigalupi, Giuliana Donadio, Ezio Ricca, Rachele Isticato

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: spores; mucosal vaccines; vaccine delivery; Bacillus subtilis; Spore surface display.

Online: 24 May 2023 (04:07:33 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1591.v1

Antigenic Cartography Indicates That Omicron BA.1 and BA.4/BA.5 Variants Remain Antigenically Distant to Ancestral SARS-CoV-2 After Sputnik V Vaccination Followed by Homologous (Sputnik V) or Heterologous (Comirnaty) Revaccination

Ekaterina A Astakhova, Alexey A Morozov, Maria G Byazrova, Maria M Sukhova, Artem A Mikhailov, Andrey A Gorchakov, Alexander V Filatov

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; revaccination; virus-neutralization; antigenic cartography

Online: 23 May 2023 (07:18:07 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1582.v1

Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Trap: The Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Tuberculosis

Luiz Henrique Agra Cavalcante-Silva, Fernanda Silva Almeida, Arthur Gomes de Andrade, Fernando Cézar Comberlang, Leonardo Lima Cardoso, Shayenne Eduarda Ramos Vanderley, Tatjana S. L. Keesen

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: NETs; innate immunity; mycobacteria.

Online: 23 May 2023 (05:30:13 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1442.v1

The Dark Side of Nosocomial Infections in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients

Carmelo Biondo, Elena Ponzo, Angelina Midiri, Giuseppe Bernardo Ostone, Mancuso Giuseppe

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: COVID-19; co-infection; secondary infection; multidrug resistance; alternative strategies

Online: 19 May 2023 (12:02:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1424.v1

Isoespintanol Antifungal Activity Involves Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Inhibition of Biofilm Formation, and Damage to Cell Wall Integrity in Candida tropicalis

Orfa Inés Contreras Martínez, Alberto Angulo Ortíz, Gilmar Santafé Patiño, Ana Peñata-Taborda, Ricardo Berrio Soto

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: antifungal mechanism; isoespintanol; Candida tropicalis; antibiofilm activity

Online: 19 May 2023 (10:04:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1380.v1

Systematic Surveillance and Meta-Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance

Himanshu K, Riya Mukherjee, Jasmina Vidic, Marisa Manzano, Saheem Ahmad, V. Samuel Raj, Ramendra Pandey, Chung-Ming Chang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), Antibiotics; Surveillance; India; Taiwan

Online: 19 May 2023 (05:01:35 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1366.v1

Human Regulatory Macrophages Derived From THP-1 Cells Using Arginylglycylaspartic Acid and Vitamin D3

Hoang Lan Pham, Thi Xoan Hoang, Jae Young Kim

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: regulatory macrophage; arginylglycylaspartic acid; vitamin D3; anti-inflammation; xenotrans-plantation

Online: 19 May 2023 (03:26:46 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1007.v1

In Vivo Functional Properties of Dairy Microorganisms

Giuseppe Aprea, Ilaria Del Matto, Patrizia Tucci, Lucio Marino, Silvia Scattolini, Franca Rossi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: dairy microorganisms; SLAB; NSLAB, propionibacteria; minor species; in vivo studies

Online: 15 May 2023 (09:29:41 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0976.v1

Chromobacterium violaceum: Model for Evaluating Anti-Quorum Sensing Activity of Plant Substances

Petya D. Dimitrova, Tsvetozara Damyanova, Tsvetelina Paunova-Krasteva

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: quorum sensing; quorum sensing inhibitors; Chromobacterium violaceum; plant extracts

Online: 15 May 2023 (05:07:34 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0771.v1

Engineered Bacteriophages: A Panacea Against Pathogenic and Drug Resistant Bacteria

Anuja Kakkar, Garima Kandwal, Tanmayee Nayak, Rakesh Kumar Singh, Lav Kumar Jaiswal, Ankush Gupta

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Antimicrobial Resistance; Phage engineering; endolysins; phage therapy

Online: 10 May 2023 (15:11:24 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0760.v1

Could a Non-Cellular Molecular Interactome in the Blood Circulation Influence Pathogens’ Infectivity?

Eugenio Hardy, Hassan Sarker, Carlos Fernandez-Patron

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Nanoparticles; virus; bacteria; protein corona; glucocorticoid; innate immunity

Online: 10 May 2023 (14:25:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0747.v1

Clinical Data and In Silico Analysis Provided New Insights About COVID-19 Behavior in smokers

Luzia Soares Dias, Nylane Maria Nunes Alencar, Felipe Pantoja Mesquita, Daiane Maria da Silva Brito, Márcio Viana Ramos, Pedro Filho Noronha Souza

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: antibodies; bioinformatics; immunoinflammation; Nicotiana tabacum

Online: 10 May 2023 (11:17:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0615.v1

Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil from Croton Pluriglandulosus Carn. Leaves against Microorganisms of Clinical Interest

Rayara J. P. Carvalho, Pedro F. N. Souza, Ellen A. Malveira, Nilton A. S. Neto, Romério R.S. Silva, Gabriel L. C. Melo, Ayrles F. B. Silva, Leandro B. Lima, Cynthia C. Albuquerque, Rafael W Bastos, Gustavo H. Goldman, Cleverson D. T. Freitas

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Croton; yeast; inhibition; chemical composition and action mechanisms

Online: 9 May 2023 (08:46:49 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0521.v1

Application of Adsorption-Extraction and Nanotrap® Microbiome A Particles Workflows for Detection and Quantification of Indicator, Enteric, and Respiratory Viruses in Aircraft Lavatory Wastewater

Warish Ahmed, Wendy Smith, Ananda Tiwari, Aaron Bivins, Stuart Simpson

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Aircraft; Wastewater; Surveillance; Indicator viruses; Enteric viruses; Respiratory viruses

Online: 8 May 2023 (10:39:58 CEST)

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The effective detection of viruses in aircraft wastewater is crucial to establish surveillance programs for monitoring virus spread via aircraft passengers. This study aimed to compare the performance of two virus concentration workflows, adsorption-extraction (AE) and Nanotrap® Microbiome A Particles (NMAP), in detecting the prevalence and concentrations of 15 endogenous viruses in aircraft lavatory wastewater samples. The viruses tested include two indicator viruses, four enteric viruses, and nine respiratory viruses. The results showed that cross-assembly phage (crAssphage), human polyomavirus (HPyV), rhinovirus A (RhV A), and rhinovirus B (RhV B) were detected in all wastewater samples using both workflows. However, enterovirus (EV), human norovirus (HNoV GII), human adenovirus (HAdV), bocavirus (BoV), parechovirus (PeV), epstein-barr virus (EBV), influenza A virus (IAV), and respiratory syncytial virus B (RsV B) were infrequently detected by both workflows, and hepatitis A virus (HAV), influenza B virus (IBV), and respiratory syncytial virus B (RsV A) were not detected in any samples. The NMAP workflow had greater detection rates of EV, PeV, and RsV B than the AE workflow, while the AE workflow had greater detection rates of HAdV, BoV, and EBV than the NMAP workflow. The concentration of each virus was also analyzed, and the results showed that CrAssphage had the highest mean concentration (6.76 log₁₀ GC/12.5 mL) followed by HPyV (5.46 log₁₀ GC/12.5 mL using the AE workflow, while the mean concentrations of enteric and respiratory viruses ranged from 2.48 to 3.63 log₁₀ GC/12.5 mL. Using the NMAP workflow, the mean concentration of crAssphage was 5.18 log₁₀ GC/12.5 mL and the mean concentration of HPyV was 4.20 log₁₀GC/12.5 mL, while mean concentrations of enteric and respiratory viruses ranged from 2.55 to 3.74 log₁₀GC/12.5 mL. The mean concentrations of CrAssphage, HPyV, RhV A, and RhV B between the two workflows were statistically significant (p < 0.05). In summary, the present study provides valuable insights into the performance of virus concentration workflows in detecting and quantifying different viruses in aircraft lavatory wastewater samples. The findings can aid in the selection of an appropriate concentration workflow for virus surveillance studies and contribute to the development of efficient and reliable virus detection methods.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0492.v1

COVID-19 Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products

Zhaoxuan Low, Rafidah Lani, Vunjia Tiong, Chitlaa Poh, Sazaly AbuBakar, Pouya Hassandarvish

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; antiviral; therapeutics; natural products; traditional Chinese medicines; plant extracts

Online: 8 May 2023 (09:34:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0305.v1

DUSP2 Deletion Inhibits Macrophages Migration by Inhibiting ERK Activation in Zebrafish

Yu-Jiao Li, Xin- Liang Wang, Ling-Yu Shi, Zong-Yi Wang, Zi-Ang Zhao, Shu-Chao Ge, Bing Hu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Zebrafish; Macrophages; Migration; DUSP2; ERK

Online: 5 May 2023 (05:16:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0242.v1

An In vitro Model of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Human Dendritic Cells

Zoe Mallonga, Luis Filgueira

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Chlamydia trachomatis; elementary bodies; human dendritic cells; in vitro; reticulate bodies

Online: 4 May 2023 (08:57:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0163.v1

The Interaction of Ribosomal Protein L22 with Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded RNA-1 in Intracellular Transport

Zubaida Hassan, Pretty S. Philip, Bincy Baby, M. Kalim Akhtar, Anatoliy Shmygol, Gulfaraz Khan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: EBER1; Intracellular transport; RPL22; Secretion; Structure

Online: 4 May 2023 (02:48:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0132.v1

MRP8/14 is a Molecular Signature Triggered by Dopamine in HIV Latent Myeloid Targets that Increases HIV Transcription and Distinguishes HIV+ Methamphetamine Users with Detectable CSF Viral Load and Brain Pathology

Liana V Basova, Alexander Lindsey, AnneMarie McGovern, Peter Jesse Gaskill, Ashley M Rosander, Violaine Delorme-Walker, Wael ElShamy, Ved Vasishtha Pendyala, Ronald Ellis, Mariana Cherner, Jennifer Iudicello, Maria Cecilia G Marcondes

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: HIV; dopamine; latency reversal; methamphetamine; macrophages; substance use

Online: 3 May 2023 (10:36:07 CEST)

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There is a significant overlap between HIV infection and substance use disorders. Dopamine (DA) is the most abundantly upregulated neurotransmitter in Methamphetamine abuse, with receptors (DRD1-5) that are expressed by neurons as well as by a large diversity of cell types, including innate immune cells that are targets of HIV infection, making them responsive to the hyperdopaminergic environment that is characteristic of stimulant drugs. Therefore, the presence of high levels of dopamine may affect the pathogenesis of HIV, particularly in the brain. The stimulation of HIV-latently infected U1 promonocytes with DA significantly increased viral p24 levels in the supernatant at 24 hrs, suggesting effects on activation and replication. Using selective agonists to different DRDs, we found that DRD1 played a major role in activating viral transcription, followed by DRD4, which increased p24 with a slower kinetic. Transcriptome and systems biology analyses led to the identification of a cluster of genes responsive to DA, where S100A8 and S100A9 were most significantly correlated with the early increase of p24 levels following DA stimulation. Conversely, DA increased the expression of these genes’ transcripts at the protein level, respectively MRP8 and MRP14, which form a complex also known as Calprotectin. Interestingly, MRP8/14 was able to stimulate HIV transcription in latent U1 cells, and this occurred via binding to the receptor for advanced glycosylation end-product (RAGE). Using selective agonists, both DRD1 and DRD4 increased MRP8/14 on the surface and in the cytoplasm, as well as secreted in the supernatants. On the other hand, while DRD1/5 did not affect the expression of RAGE, DRD4 stimulation caused its downregulation, offering a mechanistic for the delayed effect via DRD4 on p24 increase. To cross-validate MRP8/14 as a DA signature with biomarker value, we tested its expression in HIV+ Meth users’ brains and peripheral cells. MRP8/14+ cells were more frequently identified in mesolimbic areas such as basal ganglia of HIV+ Meth+ cases compared to HIV+ non-Meth users or to controls. Likewise, MRP8/14+ CD11b+ monocytes were more frequent in HIV+ Meth users, particularly in participants with detectable viral load in the CSF. Overall, our results suggest that the MRP8 and MRP14 complex may serve as a signature to distinguish subjects using addictive substances in the context of HIV, and that this may play a role in aggravating HIV pathology by promoting viral replication in people with HIV who use Meth.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0106.v1

Molecular Evolutionary Analyses of the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp) Region and VP1 Gene in Human Norovirus Genotypes GII.P6-GII.6 and GII.P7-GII.6

Tomoko Takahashi, Ryusuke Kimura, Tatsuya Shirai, Mitsuru Sada, Toshiyuki Sugai, Kosuke Murakami, Kazuhiko Harada, Kazuto Ito, Yuki Matsushima, Fuminori Mizukoshi, Kaori Okayama, Yuriko Hayashi, Mayumi Kondo, Tsutomu Kageyama, Yoshiyuki Suzuki, Haruyuki Ishii, Akihide Ryo, Kazuhiko Katayama, Kiyotaka Fujita, Hirokazu Kimura

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Human norovirus; RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region; VP1 gene; epitope mapping; molecular evolution

Online: 3 May 2023 (07:27:28 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0068.v1

Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated From Children Under 5 Years With and Without Diarrhoea in Two Hospitals in Dschang, Cameroon

Lethicia Danaelle Mafo Kamga, Raspail Carrel Founou, Michel Noubom, Brice Davy Dimani, Jessica Ravanola Zemtsa, Patrice Landry Koudoum, Aurelia Djeumako Mbossi, Thibau Flaurant Tchouangueu, Diomede Noukeu, Luria Leslie Founou, Donatien Gatsing

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: ESBLs; CTX-M; E. coli; Children; Cameroon

Online: 2 May 2023 (07:37:53 CEST)

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Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) mediating resistance in Enterobacterales is a global public health issue, especially in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as Cameroon. ESBL-producing Enterobacterales reduce therapeutic options and lead to the use of last resort drugs such as carbapenems even in vulnerable populations like children under five years. This study aims at determining the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) isolated from children under five years with and without diarrhoea in two health care facilities in Dschang. A cross-sectional study was conducted from 3 February to 19 May 2022 in two hospitals in the city of Dschang, Cameroon. Stool collected were cultured on Eosine Methylen Blue (EMB) medium. Enterosystem 18 R kit was used for bacterial identification. Evaluation of the resistance patterns and detection of ESBL production were performed with, the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method and CHROMagar® ESBL medium, respectively. The genomic DNA of ESBL-Ec was extracted using the boiling method and subjected to conventional and multiplex PCRs for detection of blaSHV, blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes. Data were entered into ExcelTM 2016. Epi info and R software were used for statistical analyses with a p-value <0.05 considered statistically significant. Out of the 125 children enrolled, 67.2% (84/125) were colonized by E. coli. Among these, 57.14% (48/84) were colonized by ESBL-Ec. ESBL- Ec isolates showed high levels of resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (96.22%), cefotaxime (75.47%), ceftriaxone (73.58%), ofloxacin (67.92%), levofloxacin (56.6%) and ciprofloxacin (54.71%). Children aged between 1-3 years (47.62%, p=0.09) and those who had taken an antibiotic one week prior to collection (70.83%, p=0.04) had a higher prevalence of ESBL-Ec with statistical significance. The majority of ESBL-Ec isolates (52.83%; 28/53) were co-producers of blaCTX-M and blaTEM. Infection prevention and control measures coupled with antimicrobial stewardship strategies need to be strengthened to reduce emergence and dissemination of ESBL-Ec among this vulnerable population.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0021.v1

Patterns of Global Genetic Diversity of Streptococcus pneumoniae Inferred Based on Archived Multilocus Sequence Typing Data

Jezreel Dalmieda, Megan Hitchcock, Jianping Xu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: pneumococcal disease; serotype; geographic differentiation; vaccination; temporal variation; recombination

Online: 1 May 2023 (10:15:32 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.1233.v1

Eradication of Drug-Tolerant Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2022: Where We Stand

Alessio Lanni, Angelo Iacobino, Lanfranco Fattorini, Federico Giannoni

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; tuberculosis; drug-resistance; drug combinations; drug-tolerance; persisters; differentially detectable cells; mice models; tuberculosis therapy; clinical trials

Online: 29 April 2023 (09:54:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.1216.v1

Bacteria Contamination of Fresh Water-Based Paint Samples

Akerele Adetunji

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: contamination; CFU/ml; biocide; microorganisms

Online: 29 April 2023 (05:36:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.1111.v1

Simple, Fast and Convenient Magnetic Bead-based Sample Preparation for Detecting Viruses via Raman-Spectroscopy

Susanne Pahlow, Marie Richard-Lacroix, Franziska Hornung, Nilay Koese-Vogel, Thomas G. Mayerhoefer, Julian Hniopek, Oleg Ryabchykov, Thomas Bocklitz, Karina Weber, Ralf Ehricht, Bettina Löffler, Stefanie Deinhardt-Emmer, Juergen Popp

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: viruses; SARS-CoV-2; Raman spectroscopy; magnetic beads; sample preparation

Online: 28 April 2023 (04:46:10 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.1091.v1

Changes in Antigen-Reactive Antibody Level at Various Time Spans after COVID-19 Vaccination Using Machine Learning

QingLan Ma, FeiMing Huang, Wei Guo, KaiYan Feng, Tao Huang, Yu-Dong Cai

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Antigen; COVID-19 vaccination; machine learning

Online: 28 April 2023 (03:23:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.1090.v1

Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and PD-L1 Expression in Pleomorphic Lobular Breast Carcinoma

Menekse Göker, Koen Van de Vijver, Hannelore Denys, Geert Braems, Jo Van Dorpe, Liv Veldeman, Glenn Vergauwen, Chris Monten, Eline Naert, Rudy Van Den Broecke, Stephanie Deblaere

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Invasive lobular cancer; pleomorphic invasive lobular cancer; tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; programmed cell death 1; programmed cell death ligand 1; 22C3 assay; SP142 assay; survival

Online: 28 April 2023 (03:22:03 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.1082.v1

Bacterial Spore-Based Delivery System: 20 Years of a Versatile Approach for Innovative Vaccines

Rachele Isticato

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: bacterial spores; spore display system technology; mucosal vaccine; spore engineering; Bacillus subtilis

Online: 27 April 2023 (15:31:29 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0477.v3

Expression of Concern With Regards to the Current Stages of Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Zoonotic Spillover Into Humans

Theodor-Nicolae Carp

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: H5N1; Influenza A; first-line immunity; interferon; mucosal antibodies; immune evasion; sialic acid receptor; natural lymphocytes; adaptive lymphocytes; monocytes; macrophages; cytokines

Online: 27 April 2023 (02:56:58 CEST)

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The Influenza A Virus (IAV) represents an enveloped, positive-sense and single-stranded RNA-based virus that infects mammals mainly via the respiratory system, although other bodily systems are also infected and undergo various extents of inflammatory pathogenesis. There are two well-known strains of IAV that cause life-threatening disease in mammals; H1N1 and H5N1, and the first strain caused the 1918 IAV H1N1 pandemic that claimed between 30 and 50 million human lives. Due to the significant ability of IAV to evade important immune recognition, the virus was observed to favor the onset of secondary microbial infections (i.e. bacterial or fungal), as the overall performance of the immune system became transiently weakened during the viral infection. During the IAV H1N1 pandemic, many patients died as a result of bacterial pneumonia, as pathogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, gained a wider opportunity to colonize and infect vital areas of the lower respiratory tract, and such a phenomenon led to the excessive, prophylactic usage of antibiotics due to the increased levels of panic, which in turn favored the natural selection of bacteria with genes that became resistant to such antibiotics. Antibiotics might be required for usage solely when bacteria are known to be colonizing vital areas of the human body, and this aspect is tricky, as colonization is asymptomatic and screening is consequently rare. Recently, new variants of the avian IAV H5N1 strain were transmitted from live, infected birds to mammals, including humans in some isolated cases, and given that there have already been several zoonotic spillover events overall since the beginning of 2023, we are rapidly approaching the time when a zoonotic spillover into humans will mark the first epidemic outbreak of the avian flu in humans. A lethality rate of 60% was projected by the World Health Organization, as the virus was shown to favor the development of life-threatening hyper-inflammatory responses at the levels of alveolar tissues constituted by Type II pneumocytes. There are hints that novel variants of H5N1 are capable of infecting the intestinal layer, as recently, two dolphins died as a result of ingesting infected birds within the area of the British Isles. IAV is known to suppress the production and transmission of Type I Interferons by expressing various non-structural proteins (NSPs), such as NSP1, which was found to be also packaged into exosomes and transmitted to neighboring uninfected cells, thereby preventing them from responding to the virus in the first place. A more pronounced rate of innate immune evasion would probably be observed in H5N1 IAV infection than in the infection caused by recent variants of H1N1 IAV. The H5N1 strain of IAV was also found to secrete a higher concentration of NSP1 than SARS-CoV-2, indicating the existence of an association to the greater mortality rate of H5N1 IAV infection. A direct, prophylactic stimulation of the interferon system using a reduced oral or nasal dosage of recombinant anti-inflammatory and anti-viral interferon glycoproteins may represent the most viable approach to prevent an emergence of a life-threatening H5N1 IAV pandemic. A similar non-invasive approach could be developed for an Marburg Virus (MARV) and a Nipah Virus (NiV) infection of humans, as risks of the emergence of a Marburg epidemic and also of a Nipah epidemic may be substantial at this stage as well. Clinical testing of clinical approaches as such could be of critical importance at the moment. Animals could also benefit from related clinical approaches. Somatic natural and adaptive lymphocytes treated with IFN I and III could also constitute a substantial approach of immunization and heavily favor an indefinite shift in the evolutionary battle between the host organism and microbes of public health concern.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0961.v1

Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of SARS-COV-2 Isolated from COVID-19 Patients in Duhok Province, Iraq

Sherzad Majeed Taher, Jassim Mohammed Abdo, Muayad Aghali Merza

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: COVID-19 patient; whole Genome sequence; Of SARS-COV-2; phylogenetic analysis and Transmission supported

Online: 26 April 2023 (05:15:36 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0928.v1

Neutrophils in Cancer and Potential Therapeutic Strategies using Neutrophil-derived Exosomes

Abhishek Dutta, Shrikrishna Bhagat, Swastika Paul, Jonathan P Katz, Debomita Sengupta, Dharmendra Bhargava

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Neutrophils; Tumor associated neutrophils; neutrophil derived exosomes; immune suppression; metastasis; tumor microenvironment; Neutrophil extracellular trap; Trogocytosis; ADCC and ADCP

Online: 25 April 2023 (13:36:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0914.v1

Anti-Virulence Prospects of Metformin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A New Dimension to a Multifaceted Drug

Jatin Chadha, Lavanya Khullar, Pallavi Gulati, Sanjay Chhibber, Kusum Harjai

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Metformin; Quorum sensing; Quorum quenching; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Virulence; Drug repurposing; Anti-virulence therapy; Biofilm inhibition

Online: 25 April 2023 (09:54:20 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0807.v2

Countering and Tackling Advanced First-Line Immune Evasion Represents the Most Feasible and Precise Approach to Control and Eradicate Rabies

Theodor-Nicolae Carp

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: rabies; RABV; PRV; single-stranded RNA; RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase; viral self-camouflaging; glycoprotein; innate immunity; interferon system; natural lymphocytes; adaptive immunity; adaptive lymphocytes; IgA; IgM; IgG; primary dendritic cells; macrophages

Online: 25 April 2023 (07:38:14 CEST)

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Despite being a rare disease worldwide, rabies has the highest morbidity and mortality rates, with roughly 99% of symptomatic cases leading to coma and death. Rabies represents an infectious disease caused by the Rabies virus (RABV), which is part of the Lyssavirus group and the Rhabdoviridae family, and it mainly spreads through the bite and scratch of an infected mammal, but particularly of wild animals, such as bats, foxes, wolves and racoons, and of domestic animals, such as dogs and cats, in rabies-prone areas of the world. Airborne transmission has been deemed as extremely rare, and no clinical case as such has been recorded worldwide yet, except in the enclosed environment, such as research laboratories and caves where infected bats are present. Domestic mammals, such as dogs and ferrets, represent other important reservoirs of disease transmission, and the human cases of Asia and Africa amount approximately 95% of all human cases worldwide. Infected animals most commonly start transmitting the virus once the first symptoms have occurred, and if they experience disease aggravation and death within 10 days, a case of rabies is registered, more easily if the incidence occurred in the urban area and then, any person or animal that had been potentially exposed are strongly recommended to receive the inoculation. It is rare for asymptomatic mammals to transmit the illness. Most First-World and several Second-World countries have recently been declared dog rabies-free by the World Health Organization. The disease can only be treated prophylactically, with three doses of a vaccine containing an inactivated form of RABV, or with five doses of the vaccine and two doses of anti-RABV immunoglobulins within 28 days if the patient is believed to have been exposed to the virus beforehand. It has been projected that, once the viral load reaches elements of the central nervous system, prophylactic approaches are no longer effective, even if symptoms have not begun yet, and this highlights the urgent trait of the medical condition, strongly recommending exposed people to receive the prophylactic doses immediately after the potential exposure to the virus. The pathogen first infects the bodily fluids, before reaching the peripheral nervous system, from where it will gradually move toward the spinal cord or the encephalon, at a speed of movement ranging from 1 to 40 cm per day. It was also found, in extremely rare circumstances, to infect the nasopharyngeal cavity and the lungs. The primary cause of a successful, gradual advance of the viral load toward the point of clinical no-return for the patient - the CNS - is a complex mechanism of induced innate immune evasion, with the interferon system being heavily targeted and silenced by RABV proteins. The ‘Milwaukee’ protocol is locally believed to decrease the mortality rate of the clinical illness to approximately 80%, although significantly more research is required in this sense. First-line immune evasion represents the central mechanism developed by viruses during their evolutionary process to gain control over human immunity, so it could be the development and adjustment of a counter-offensive to this evolutionary operating system that could address the core elements of the problem. Human recombinant Type I and Type III Interferons were found to be significant vaccine adjuvants and to considerably delay the clinical onset of the disease. Despite their central role in natural immunity-based prophylaxis, vaccine support and, in often cases, vaccination per se, a local administration of IFNs as such may not be enough to tackle the core problem of the endemic disease, and a specific and systemic treatment of potential host cells with IFN I and III, as well as IFN-stimulating proteins, may constitute a major research requirement in the coming years of disease investigation, as the inoculation efforts with the inactivated virus and immunoglobulin administration continue. The administration of a relatively low dosage of somatic Natural Killer cells, gamma-interferon and perhaps, of somatic helper CD4+ and somatic cytotoxic CD8+ T-lymphocytes treated with alpha-, beta- and lambda-interferon could be merged with the administration of a similar dosage of alpha-, beta- and lambda-interferon during the efforts to develop an effective and less costly prophylactic vaccine against rabies. A combination of a nasal substance containing a low dosage of IFN I and III with a reduced concentration of neutralized RABV copies, and/or with a low dose of anti-RABV IgA antibodies, could also be tested for humans for the purposes of pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0834.v1

Antifungal Susceptibility of Oral Candida Isolates From Mother-Infant Dyads to Nystatin, Fluconazole, and Caspofungin.

Naemah A Alkhars, Anthony Gaca, Yan Zeng, Nisreen Al-Jallad, Elena Rustchenko, Tong Tong Wu, Eli Eliav, Jin Xiao

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Antifungal agent; in vitro susceptibility; oral Candida; nystatin; fluconazole; caspofungin

Online: 24 April 2023 (07:49:36 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0807.v1

Countering and Tackling Advanced First-Line Immune Evasion Represents the Most Feasible and Precise Approach to Control and Eradicate Rabies

Theodor-Nicolae Carp

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: rabies; RABV; PRV; single-stranded RNA; RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase; viral self-camouflaging; glycoprotein; innate immunity; interferon system; natural lymphocytes; adaptive immunity; adaptive lymphocytes; IgA; IgM; IgG; primary dendritic cells; macrophages

Online: 23 April 2023 (14:31:39 CEST)

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Despite being a rare disease worldwide, rabies has the highest morbidity and mortality rates, with roughly 99% of symptomatic cases leading to coma and death. Rabies represents an infectious disease caused by the Rabies virus (RABV), which is part of the Lyssavirus group and the Rhabdoviridae family, and it mainly spreads through the bite and scratch of an infected mammal, but particularly of wild animals, such as bats, foxes, wolves and racoons, and of domestic animals, such as dogs and cats, in rabies-prone areas of the world. Airborne transmission has been deemed as extremely rare, and no clinical case as such has been recorded worldwide yet, except in the enclosed environment, such as research laboratories and caves where infected bats are present. Domestic mammals, such as dogs and ferrets, represent other important reservoirs of disease transmission, and the human cases of Asia and Africa amount approximately 95% of all human cases worldwide. Infected animals most commonly start transmitting the virus once the first symptoms have occurred, and if they experience disease aggravation and death within 10 days, a case of rabies is registered, more easily if the incidence occurred in the urban area and then, any person or animal that had been potentially exposed are strongly recommended to receive the inoculation. It is rare for asymptomatic mammals to transmit the illness. Most First-World and several Second-World countries have recently been declared dog rabies-free by the World Health Organization. The disease can only be treated prophylactically, with three doses of a vaccine containing an inactivated form of RABV, or with five doses of the vaccine and two doses of anti-RABV immunoglobulins within 28 days if the patient is believed to have been exposed to the virus beforehand. It has been projected that, once the viral load reaches elements of the central nervous system, prophylactic approaches are no longer effective, even if symptoms have not begun yet, and this highlights the urgent trait of the medical condition, strongly recommending exposed people to receive the prophylactic doses immediately after the potential exposure to the virus. The pathogen first infects the bodily fluids, before reaching the peripheral nervous system, from where it will gradually move toward the spinal cord or the encephalon, at a speed of movement ranging from 1 to 40 cm per day. It was also found, in extremely rare circumstances, to infect the nasopharyngeal cavity and the lungs. The primary cause of a successful, gradual advance of the viral load toward the point of clinical no-return for the patient - the CNS - is a complex mechanism of induced innate immune evasion, with the interferon system being heavily targeted and silenced by RABV proteins. The ‘Milwaukee’ protocol is locally believed to decrease the mortality rate of the clinical illness to approximately 80%, although significantly more research is required in this sense. First-line immune evasion represents the central mechanism developed by viruses during their evolutionary process to gain control over human immunity, so it could be the development and adjustment of a counter-offensive to this evolutionary operating system that could address the core elements of the problem. Human recombinant Type I and Type III Interferons were found to be significant vaccine adjuvants and to considerably delay the clinical onset of the disease. Despite their central role in natural immunity-based prophylaxis, vaccine support and, in often cases, vaccination per se, a local administration of IFNs as such may not be enough to tackle the core problem of the endemic disease, and a specific and systemic treatment of potential host cells with IFN I and III, as well as IFN-stimulating proteins, may constitute a major research requirement in the coming years of disease investigation, as the inoculation efforts with the inactivated virus and immunoglobulin administration continue. The administration of a relatively low dosage of somatic Natural Killer cells, gamma-interferon and perhaps, of somatic helper CD4+ and somatic cytotoxic CD8+ T-lymphocytes treated with alpha-, beta- and lambda-interferon could be merged with the administration of a similar dosage of alpha-, beta- and lambda-interferon during the efforts to develop an effective and less costly prophylactic vaccine against rabies. A combination of a nasal substance containing a low dosage of IFN I and III with a reduced concentration of neutralized RABV copies, and/or with a low dose of anti-RABV IgA antibodies, could also be tested for humans for the purposes of pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0591.v1

Multiple Bacterial Strategies to Survive Antibiotic Pressure: A Review

Nur Fatihah Sholehah Zakaria, Mohd fakharul zaman raja Yahya, Norashirene Mohamad Jamil

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: antibiotics; antibiotic resistance; multidrug resistance genes; molecular mechanisms

Online: 19 April 2023 (10:54:50 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0555.v1

Helicobacter Pylori and Its Role in Gastric Cancer

Victor E. E. Reyes

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Gastric Cancer; Helicobacter pylori; cag Pathogenicity Island; Cytotoxin-Associated Gene A; Oncoprotein; Vacuolating Toxin A; Immune Evasion

Online: 19 April 2023 (07:14:39 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0339.v1

Small RNA Bvs091 in Bacillus velezensis Targets with galT2 mRNA and Contributes to Salt Tolerance

Ying xiang Li, Ting ting Xu, Jin yuan Zheng, Yuan Meng, Zi fan Gong, Chen Peng, Zhen yu Liu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Bacillus velezensis; salt stress; sRNA3; Bvs091; galT2

Online: 14 April 2023 (03:28:20 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0166.v1

Glutathione Modulates Efficacious Changes in the Immune Response Against Tuberculosis

Arbi Abnousian, Joshua Vasquez, Kayvan Sasaninia, Melissa Kelley, Vishwanath Venketaraman

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: glutathione; tuberculosis; mycobacteria; interferons; interleukins; tumor necrosis factor; trans-forming growth factor

Online: 10 April 2023 (10:16:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0153.v1

Isolation of a PRD1-like Phage Uncovers the Carriage of Three Putative Conjugative Plasmids in Clinical Burkholderia Contaminans

Cassandra R Stanton, Steve Petrovski, Steven Batinovic

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Burkholderia cepacia complex; bacteriophage; PRD1-like phage; conjugative plasmid

Online: 10 April 2023 (05:46:13 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0477.v2

Expression of Concern With Regards to the Current Stages of Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Zoonotic Spillover Into Humans

Theodor-Nicolae Carp

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: H5N1; Influenza A; first-line immunity; interferon; mucosal antibodies; immune evasion; sialic acid receptor; natural lymphocytes; adaptive lymphocytes; monocytes; macrophages; cytokines

Online: 10 April 2023 (04:45:04 CEST)

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The Influenza A Virus (IAV) represents a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA-based virus that infects mammals mainly via the respiratory system, although other bodily systems are also infected and undergo various extents of inflammatory pathogenesis. There are two well-known strains of IAV that cause life-threatening disease in mammals; H1N1 and H5N1, and the first strain caused the 1918 IAV H1N1 pandemic that claimed between 30 and 50 million human lives. Due to the significant ability of IAV to evade important immune recognition, the virus was observed to favor the onset of secondary microbial infections (i.e. bacterial or fungal), as the overall performance of the immune system became transiently weakened during the viral infection. During the IAV H1N1 pandemic, many patients died as a result of bacterial pneumonia, as pathogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, gained a wider opportunity to colonize and infect vital areas of the lower respiratory tract, and such a phenomenon led to the excessive, prophylactic usage of antibiotics due to the increased levels of panic, which in turn favored the natural selection of bacteria with genes that became resistant to such antibiotics. Antibiotics might be required for usage solely when bacteria are known to be colonizing vital areas of the human body, and this aspect is tricky, as colonization is asymptomatic and screening is consequently rare. Recently, new variants of the avian IAV H5N1 strain were transmitted from live, infected birds to mammals, including humans in some isolated cases, and given that there have already been several zoonotic spillover events overall since the beginning of 2023, we are rapidly approaching the time when a zoonotic spillover into humans will mark the first epidemic outbreak of the avian flu in humans. A lethality rate of 60% was projected by the World Health Organization, as the virus was shown to favor the development of life-threatening hyper-inflammatory responses at the levels of alveolar tissues constituted by Type II pneumocytes. There are hints that novel variants of H5N1 are capable of infecting the intestinal layer, as recently, two dolphins died as a result of ingesting infected birds within the area of the British Isles. IAV is known to suppress the production and transmission of Type I Interferons by expressing various non-structural proteins (NSPs), such as NSP1, which was found to be also packaged into exosomes and transmitted to neighboring uninfected cells, thereby preventing them from responding to the virus in the first place. A more pronounced rate of innate immune evasion would probably be observed in H5N1 IAV infection than in the infection caused by recent variants of H1N1 IAV. The H5N1 strain of IAV was also found to secrete a higher concentration of NSP1 than SARS-CoV-2, indicating the existence of an association to the greater mortality rate of H5N1 IAV infection. A direct, prophylactic stimulation of the interferon system using a reduced oral or nasal dosage of recombinant anti-inflammatory and anti-viral interferon glycoproteins may represent the most viable approach to prevent an emergence of a life-threatening H5N1 IAV pandemic. A similar non-invasive approach could be developed for an Marburg Virus (MARV) and a Nipah Virus (NiV) infection of humans, as risks of the emergence of a Marburg epidemic and also of a Nipah epidemic may be substantial at this stage as well. Clinical testing of clinical approaches as such could be of critical importance at the moment. Animals could also benefit from related clinical approaches. Somatic natural and adaptive lymphocytes treated with IFN I and III could also constitute a substantial approach of immunization and heavily favor an indefinite shift in the evolutionary battle between the host organism and microbes of public health concern.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0062.v1

Exosome Load Increases Systemically and Mediates Pro-tumoral M2 Macrophage Polarization in Lymphoma

Saima Syeda, Kavita Rawat, Anju Shrivastava

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Exosomes; lymphoma; LC-MS; pro-tumoral macrophages; cytokines

Online: 5 April 2023 (12:14:37 CEST)

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Macrophages are the key effector cells of innate immunity which show two polarized states: M1, classically activated and M2, alternatively activated. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) which usually show M2 polarization, are immunosuppressive cells that enhance tumor metastasis and invasion. Also, enrichment of TAMs is known to be closely associated with poor prognosis of cancer patients. Therefore, TAMs are considered to be promising targets for immunotherapy. Importantly, tumor-derived exosomes emerged as a crucial player in immune regulation which can remodel the tumor microenvironment towards immunosuppressive state. Of note, few studies have shown that exosomes could induce polarization of macrophages towards M2 type in tumor condition, while others showed activation of M1 or mixed phenotype. Considering the role of TAMs in cancer, there is an urgent need to decipher the exosome-mediated cross-talk between tumor cells and macrophages.For this, we used murine model of Dalton’s lymphoma (DL), wherein, firstly, we evaluated increased exosome burden by assessing exosome level in serum as well as in various tissues of tumor-bearing host. Next, proteomic profiling of lymphoma-derived exosomes was done which revealed the presence of immunomodulatory proteins. Of note, these proteins were known to alter the macrophage polarization. In order to assess the effect of these exosomes on macrophages, we performed in vitro study using RAW264.7 cells. In vitro study revealed that frequent uptake of exosomes mediated a morphological change in macrophages which reduced their phagocytic activity. In parallel, exosomes increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) level in macrophages. Also, exosomes upregulated the expression of arginase-1 (an M2 marker) in macrophages but decreased the LPS-induced nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) (an M1 marker) expression. Moreover, we observed a pro-tumoral cytokine profile in macrophages incubated with exosomes. Our study suggests that exosome load increases in lymphoma-bearing hosts systemically. Importantly, lymphoma-derived exosomes mediate the activation of macrophages towards pro-tumoral M2 type. Our results give an insight into the exosome-mediated tumor and immune cell cross-talk which could serve as an important prospect for targeting in cancer immunotherapy.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0052.v1

A Bibliometric Study of Machine Learning in Biofilm

Yuanzhao Ding

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Bibliometric analysis; Biofilm; Big data; Machine learning; Artificial intelligence

Online: 4 April 2023 (16:07:54 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0477.v1

Expression of Concern With Regards to the Current Stages of Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Zoonotic Spillover Into Humans

Theodor-Nicolae Carp

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: H5N1; Influenza A; first-line immunity; interferon; mucosal antibodies; immune evasion; sialic acid receptor; natural lymphocytes; adaptive lymphocytes; monocytes; macrophages; cytokines

Online: 28 March 2023 (09:20:04 CEST)

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The Influenza A Virus (IAV) represents a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA-based virus that infects mammals mainly via the respiratory system, although other bodily systems are also infected and undergo various extents of inflammatory pathogenesis. There are two well-known strains of IAV that cause life-threatening disease in mammals; H1N1 and H5N1, and the first strain caused the 1918 IAV H1N1 pandemic that claimed between 30 and 50 million human lives. Due to the significant ability of IAV to evade important immune recognition, the virus was observed to favor the onset of secondary microbial infections (i.e. bacterial or fungal), as the overall performance of the immune system became transiently weakened during the viral infection. During the IAV H1N1 pandemic, many patients died as a result of bacterial pneumonia, as pathogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, gained a wider opportunity to colonize and infect vital areas of the lower respiratory tract, and such a phenomenon led to the excessive, prophylactic usage of antibiotics due to the increased levels of panic, which in turn favored the natural selection of bacteria with genes that became resistant to such antibiotics. Antibiotics might be required for usage solely when bacteria are known to be colonizing vital areas of the human body, and this aspect is tricky, as colonization is asymptomatic and screening is consequently rare. Recently, new variants of the avian IAV H5N1 strain were transmitted from live, infected birds to mammals, including humans in some isolated cases, and given that there have already been several zoonotic spillover events overall since the beginning of 2023, we are rapidly approaching the time when a zoonotic spillover into humans will mark the first epidemic outbreak of the avian flu in humans. A lethality rate of 60% was projected by the World Health Organization, as the virus was shown to favor the development of life-threatening hyper-inflammatory responses at the levels of alveolar tissues constituted by Type II pneumocytes. There are hints that novel variants of H5N1 are capable of infecting the intestinal layer, as recently, two dolphins died as a result of ingesting infected birds within the area of the British Isles. IAV is known to suppress the production and transmission of Type I Interferons by expressing various non-structural proteins (NSPs), such as NSP1, which was found to be also packaged into exosomes and transmitted to neighboring uninfected cells, thereby preventing them from responding to the virus in the first place. A more pronounced rate of innate immune evasion would probably be observed in H5N1 IAV infection than in the infection caused by recent variants of H1N1 IAV. The H5N1 strain of IAV was also found to secrete a higher concentration of NSP1 than SARS-CoV-2, indicating the existence of an association to the greater mortality rate of H5N1 IAV infection. A direct, prophylactic stimulation of the interferon system using a reduced oral or nasal dosage of recombinant anti-inflammatory and anti-viral interferon glycoproteins may represent the most viable approach to prevent an emergence of a life-threatening H5N1 IAV pandemic. A similar non-invasive approach could be developed for an Marburg Virus (MARV) and a Nipah Virus (NiV) infection of humans, as risks of the emergence of a Marburg epidemic and also of a Nipah epidemic may be substantial at this stage as well. Clinical testing of clinical approaches as such could be of critical importance at the moment. Animals could also benefit from related clinical approaches.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0413.v1

Revolutionizing Coral Research: The Power of Holo-Omics

Mohammad M. Binsarhan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Coral; Holo-omics; Omics; Meta-omics; microbiota

Online: 23 March 2023 (11:15:45 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0234.v2

Nature of the Interaction of Alpha-D-Mannose and Escherichia coli Bacteria, and Implications for Its Regulatory Classification. A Delphi Panel European Consensus Based on Chemistry and Legal Evidence

Francesco Scaglione, Paola Minghetti, Francesco Ambrosio, Beat Ernst, Vicenzo Ficarra, Marco Gobbi, Kurt Naber, Huub Schellekens

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: D-mannose; urinary tract infection; FimH adhesin; product classification

Online: 21 March 2023 (03:42:04 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0301.v1

Autochthonous Cultures to Improve Safety and Stabilize Quality of Traditional Dry Fermented Meats

Franca Rossi, Patrizia Tucci, Ilaria Del Matto, Lucio Marino, Carmela Amadoro, Giampaolo Colavita

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: traditional dry fermented sausages; protection policy; desired microbiota; lactic acid bacteria; coagulase negative staphylococci; autochthonous cultures; safety; sensory quality

Online: 16 March 2023 (09:02:51 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0290.v1

Exploring the Microbiome of Marmara Sea Mucilage: A Shotgun Metagenomics Study

Aycan Gundogdu, Özkan Ufuk Nalbantoğlu, Gizem Karis, Ilknur Sarikaya, Meryem Nisa Erdogan, Mehmet Hora, Herdem Aslan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Mucilage microbiome; Shotgun-metagenome sequencing; Comparative marine microbiome

Online: 15 March 2023 (15:24:58 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0266.v1

Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Study of Klebsiella pneumoniae Strain: Possible Inhibitory Mechanism of Rutin on Strain Growth

Zhibin Wang, Wanxia Shen, Yuejiao Li, Xiaoyun Wang, Fan Jiang, Xiaolin Zhong, Xueping Huang, Jinbo Liu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: drug resistance; flavonoids; RNA-seq; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Rutin; antibacterial agents

Online: 15 March 2023 (02:03:17 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0263.v1

Characterisation of Some Rhizobium EPS and Their Biopreservative Potentials on Shelf Life Extension of Musa Species

Stephanie Clara Akpeji, Bukola Christianah AdebayoTayo, Chukwunalu Okolie Ossai

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Exopolysaccharides; Rhizobial; Musa paradisiaca; Musa balbisiana Musa acuminata; EPS-producing Rhizobia

Online: 15 March 2023 (01:35:16 CET)

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Exopolysaccharides-EPS are long-chain biopolymer with branched, recurring unit of sugars and non-carbohydrate constituents connected to exterior of cells. Rhizobial, a legume nodulating organism is capable of producing EPS. This study investigated the characteristics’ of some Rhizobium EPS and their effects in shelf life extension of some Musa spp. Rhizobial-EPS was produced using yeast extract mineral medium purified by standard methods. The EPS was characterized to determine functional group, thermal stability, chemical compounds and the monosaccharide component using Fourier Transform Infra-red, Spectroscopy, thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry and HPLC and their bio-preservative property on post-harvest quality of plantain and different banana was done. The Rhizobial-EPS functional groups were hydroxyl, carboxyl, amine, methyl and ethers associated with polysaccharides. Pentadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, oleic acid and heptacosanoic acid, and varied concentration of monosaccharides were detected in the exopolysaccharides. The TGA of the EPS shows a constant loss in weight with two quasi-sharp alterations and almost steady plateau. The EPS coated samples had the lowest weight loss across the samples and as such edible coating was effective in delaying weight loss. The weight loss of Musa paradisiaca (plantain) coated with (EPSA obtained from USDA 110), (EPSB USDA 532C) and (EPSC S2) at the first day were 314 and 314.5g. The initial weight loss of coated and uncoated Musa sp. (Apple Banana), Musa acuminata (Lady Finger), and Musa balbisiana (Cooking Banana), ranged from 72 – 72.7g, 96 – 97g and 95 – 98g respectively. The total sugar of EPS Coated Musa sp. ranges from 0.381 – 0.528mg/L, 0.392 – 0.576 mg/L and 0.41 – 0.598 mg/L at days 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The highest Titratable acidity and pH was observed in EPS coated sample. The results obtained from this study proves that EPS solution is a valuable product for fruit preservation and viable for commercial applications.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0253.v1

Capsid Specific Antibody Responses of Domestic Pigs Immunized with Low Virulent African Swine Fever Virus

Priscilla Y.L. Tng, Laila Al-Adwani, Egle Pauletto, Joshua Y.K. Hui, Christopher L. Netherton

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: ASFV; humoral responses; ASFV capsid proteins; ASFV vaccines; ASFV immunity; antigen discovery; luciferase antibody capture assay; luciferase immunoprecipitation assay; viral hemorrhagic fever.

Online: 14 March 2023 (09:43:57 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0098.v2

Antibacterial Potency of Fractions from Psidium guajava Leaves and Bark Crude Extracts against Bacterial Isolates Responsible for Foodborne Infection

JAMES A. NDAKO, , Emmanuel O Oludipe, Surajudeen A. Junaid, Rachael F. Echemita, Victor O. Fajobi, Victor T. Dojumo, Precious J. Ndako, Adedamola O. Omole

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Antibacterial activity; Psidium guajava; phytochemical screening; liquid-liquid fractionation

Online: 14 March 2023 (04:07:51 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0218.v1

Bacteriological Analysis of Sachet Water Sold in Obi Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria

Monday Oboh, Blessing Olotu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Analysis; bacterial; pathogens,bacteriology; human health

Online: 13 March 2023 (06:23:55 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0204.v1

Copper-Contaminated Substrate Biosorption by Penicillium sp. Isolated From Kefir Grains

Antonio Ferreira de Oliveira, Raquellyne Baia Machado, Adriana Maciel Ferreira, Iracirema da Silva Sena, Maria Eduarda Silveira, Ana Maria Santos de Almeida, Francinaldo S. Braga, Alex Bruno Lobato Rodrigues, Roberto Messias Bezerra, Irlon Maciel Ferreira, Alexandro Cezar Florentino

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Bioremediation; copper nitrate; Penicillium sp.; kefir; inorganic contaminant.

Online: 13 March 2023 (02:18:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0175.v1

Description of a Novel Fish Pathogen, Plesiomonas shigelloides subsp. Oncorhynchi, Isolated From Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): First Genome Analysis and Comparative Genomics

Muhammed Duman, Elena Garcia Valdes, Hilal Ay, Soner ALTUN, Izzet Burcin Saticioglu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Whole genome sequence; Plesiomonas genus; Plesiomoniasis; Aquaculture

Online: 9 March 2023 (09:56:40 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0173.v1

Predicting the Growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Oysters Under Varying Ambient Temperature

Iker Fernández-Vélez, Gorka Bidegain, Tal Ben-Horin

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Vibrio; Oysters; Post-harvest; Modelling; Temperature; Ice-treatment

Online: 9 March 2023 (09:40:44 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0160.v1

Hiit Induces Acute Inflammatory Profile in Older Adults In-Volving Il-17 and Il-10 Secretion: A Randomized Controlled Trial Study

Fabiana Rodrigues Scartoni, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Andrea Carmem Guimarães, Brisa D'Louar Costa Maia, Estevao Scudese, Fabio Nascimento Da Silva, Delson Lustosa Figueiredo, Divaldo Martins de Souza, Carlos Soares Pernambuco, Rayana Nascimento Matos, Elizabeth Carvalho Lugão, Angela Maria Moed Lopes, Larissa Deadame Figueiredo-Nicolete, João Rafael Valentim-Silva

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Exercise; IL-17; IL-10; Interleukin. Exercise-Induced Inflammatory State

Online: 9 March 2023 (02:11:14 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0144.v1

Humulus lupulus and Microbes: Exploring Biotic Causes for Hop Creep

Jessica Young, William R.M. Oakley, Glen Fox

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Humulus lupulus; hop creep; beer; brewing; plant microbial community; glycosyl hydrolase; hop processing

Online: 8 March 2023 (03:38:36 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0140.v1

Autoimmune Inflammatory Reactions Triggered by the COVID-19 Genetic Vaccines in Terminally Differentiated Tissues

Panagis Polykretis, Alberto Donzelli, Janci C. Lindsay, David Wiseman, Anthony M. Kyriakopoulos, Michael Mörz, Paolo Bellavite, Masanori Fukushima, Stephanie Seneff, Peter A. McCullough

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: COVID-19; genetic vaccines; adverse reactions; autoimmunity; immunohistochemistry; spike protein

Online: 8 March 2023 (02:57:33 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0125.v1

New Species of Protists Involved in Meningitis and Encephalitis in Peru: Morphology Description

Alfonso Martín Cabello-Vílchez

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Amoeba; Meningitis; Meningoencephalitis; free-living amoeba; Peru

Online: 7 March 2023 (03:44:06 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0456.v2

Quantitative Image Processing for Three-Dimensional Episcopic Images of Biological Structures: Current State and Future Directions

Natalie Aroha Holroyd, Claire Walsh, Lucie Gourmet, Simon Walker-Samuel

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: episcopic; imaging; microscopy; annotation; quantification

Online: 6 March 2023 (13:52:22 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0098.v1

Antibacterial Potency of Fractions from Psidium guajava Leaves and Bark Crude Extracts against Bacterial Isolates Responsible for Foodborne Infection

JAMES A. NDAKO, , Emmanuel O Oludipe, Surajudeen A. Junaid, Rachael F. Echemita, Victor O. Fajobi, Victor T. Dojumo, Precious J. Ndako, Adedamola O. Omole

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Psidium guajava; phytochemical screening; liquid-liquid fractionation

Online: 6 March 2023 (07:21:06 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0085.v1

Mafosfamide combine with GMI-HBVac against HBV via Treg depletion in HBV-infected mice

Qing Lin, Yiwei Zhong, Bin Wang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Chronic hepatitis B infection; Therapeutic vaccines; Regulatory T cells; Functional cure; GMI-HBVac; Mafosfamide

Online: 6 March 2023 (03:37:38 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0080.v1

Novel Bacteriophage-Based Food Packaging: An Innovative Food Safety Approach

Rajesh V. Wagh, Ruchir Priyadarshi, Jong-Whan Rhim

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Virus-fortification; antimicrobial; active packaging films; bacteriophages

Online: 6 March 2023 (02:20:53 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0048.v1

A Deep Learning Method for Predicting the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Antimicrobial Peptides against Escherichia coli using Multi-Branch-CNN and Attention

Jielu Yan, Bob Zhang, Mingliang Zhou, Francois-Xavier Campbell-Valois, Shirley W.I. Siu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations; Deep Learning; Regression; Antimicrobial peptides; Drug Discovery

Online: 3 March 2023 (01:29:51 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0040.v1

The Demographic and Geographic Variations Mediate Fecal and Oral Microbial Dynamics Alteration in Human Population of District Faisalabad

Muhammad Aslam

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Gut microbiota; Dysbiosis; Demography; Firmicutes; Proteobacteria; Actinobacteria

Online: 2 March 2023 (10:06:05 CET)

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The gut microbiome offers numerous advantages to the hosts, through a variety of physiological mechanisms like firming up gut integrity or shaping the intestinal epithelium. Studies showed 2172 species are identified and isolated from human beings, ordered into twelve different phyla, of which 93.5% belonged to Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Out of the 12, three phyla are identified. Human microbial communities are affected by the host external factors like dietary patterns, lifestyle factors, antibiotic usage, internal factors gender, host genotype, age and race. To analyze the dysbiosis and bacterial variation in different areas of District Faisalabad 10,000 individuals of age 25–35 years were recruited from the two different rural and urban localities. The oral swab and fecal sample were collected according to prescribed manner. The collected samples from demographically and geographically distinct regions of District Faisalabad were subjected to DNA extraction and quantification. The amplification of 16s rRNA was carried out by PCR and visualized through a transilluminator. The results revealed significant elevated, % abundance of fecal microbial profile Blautia spp, Firmicutes, Ruminococcaceae, in rural population however non-significant difference % abundance of total Bifido, E. coli, Faecali bacteria, total Lactobacillus were identified in both demographically distinct regions. The pathogenic Gamma Protebacteria, Fusobacterium, Campylobacter coli were not detected in both study areas. Out of five orally detected microbial profiles, elevated % abundance of Firmicutes was detected in rural population however non-significant difference was observed in % abundance of total Bifido and E. coli in both populations. Total Lactobacillus and Fusobacterium were not detected in oral sample of both urban and rural population. Conclusively, this research accomplished the potential effects of demographic and geographical induced dysbiosis in the normal microbiome of the oral cavity and intestine that might cause dysbiosis associated disorders.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0030.v1

Coccidioidomycosis Osteoarticular Dissemination

Benedicte M Moni, Gabriela G Loots, Dina R Weilhammer

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Coccidioides; coccidioidomycosis dissemination; skeletal infection; fungal osteomyelitis; fungal synovitis; arthritis; knee joint

Online: 2 March 2023 (04:12:01 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0492.v1

Effect of a Blend of Phytogenic Compounds Addition on Rumen Microbiota and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency during the Supplementation of Grazing Nellore Cattle

Ronyatta Weich Teobaldo, Yury Tatiana Granja-Salcedo, Abmael da Silva Cardoso, Milena Tavares Lima Constancio, Thais Ribeiro Brito, Eliéder Prates Romanzini, Ricardo Andrade Reis

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: digestibility; essential oils; hydrolyzable tannins; rumen fermentation; ruminal bacteria.

Online: 28 February 2023 (02:41:58 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0462.v1

Factors Regulating the Differences in Frequency of Infiltration of Th17 and Treg of the Blood-Brain Barrier

Norwin Kubick, Mariusz Sacharczuk, Michel Mickael

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: CD4+ T cells; TCR repertoire; Th17; Treg; paracellular and transcellular

Online: 27 February 2023 (08:45:19 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0444.v1

Understanding the Relationship of the Human Bacteriome with COVID-19 Severity and Recovery

Hassan Zafar, Milton H. Saier, Jr.

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; bacteriome; immune system

Online: 27 February 2023 (06:15:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0423.v1

Tyrosine Kinase ALK/LTK Inhibitors Target B Lymphocytes

Valentyn Oksenych

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: B-cell; autoimmune disease; drug repurposing

Online: 24 February 2023 (09:11:37 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0416.v1

Diphtheria and the AB Toxin Group

Billy Pembroke, Robert C. Will, Archana Madhav, Vignesh Shetty, Ankur Mutreja

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: AB toxin; diphtheria; botulinum; tetanus; anthrax; cholera; pertussis; shiga toxin; vaccines

Online: 24 February 2023 (03:17:55 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0391.v1

Exposing the Small Protein Load of Bacterial Life

Laure Simoens, Igor Fijalkowski, Petra Van Damme

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: small ORF encoded polypeptides (SEPs); riboproteogenomics; bacterial pathogens; protein tagging; proteomics

Online: 23 February 2023 (01:25:52 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0332.v1

High-Throughput IgG Epitope Mapping of Tetanus Neurotoxin: Implications for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Design

Salvatore Giovanni De-Simone, Paloma Napoleão-Pêgo, Guilherme Curty Lechuga, Joao P.R.S. Carvalho, Larissa Rodrigues Gomes, Sergian Vianna Cardoso, Carlos Medicis Morel, David William Provance, Flavio Rocha Silva

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Tetanus neurotoxin; B-cell linear epitopes; immunological diagnostic; peptide ELISA

Online: 20 February 2023 (08:55:20 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0304.v1

Spatial Study of Enzymatic Activities from Bacterial Isolates in a Mediterranean Urban Park

Sergi Maicas, Jaume Segura-Garcia

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Urban garden; protease; lipase; DNAse; lipase; Spatial statistics.

Online: 17 February 2023 (07:44:32 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0246.v1

Interaction Analysis of Tobacco Leaf Microbial Community Structure and Volatiles during Cigar Stacking Fermentation

Qiaoyin Wu, Zheng Peng, Yong Pan, Liping Liu, Linlin Li, Juan Zhang, Jian Wang

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Cigar; stacking fermentation; microbial community; volatiles; interaction; aroma

Online: 15 February 2023 (01:49:13 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0234.v1

Review of Lipid Metabolic Pathways and Calcium Signaling in the Apicomplexan Families and their Importance in Drug Discovery

Joseph A. Ayariga, Iddrisu Ibrahim, Soumyakrishnan Syamala, Daniel Abugri, James Abugri

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: lipid metabolism; Apicomplexa; drug discovery; calcium signaling; acidocalcisomes; parasite

Online: 14 February 2023 (04:42:12 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0227.v1

Repurposing Simvastatin in Parkinson's Disease Model: Protection is throughout Modulation of the Neuro-inflammatory Response in the Substantia Nigra

Moisés Rubio-Osornio, Carmen T. Goméz-De León, Sergio Montes, Carmen Rubio, Camilo Ríos, Antonio Monroy-Noyola, Jorge Morales-Montor

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Parkinson’s Disease; MPP+; Neuroinflammation; Oxidative Stress Proinflammatory cytokines

Online: 14 February 2023 (03:18:57 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0074.v3

Lumpy Skin Disease: A Comprehensive Review on Virus Biology, Pathogenesis, and Sudden Global Emergence

Gaurav Moudgil, Jatin Chadha, Lavanya Khullar, Sanjay Chhibber, Kusum Harjai

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Lumpy skin disease virus; lumpy skin disease; epidemiological footprint and multi-country outbreak; transboundary spread and disease resurgence; diagnosis and vaccines

Online: 13 February 2023 (14:44:26 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0185.v3

Effects of Different Carbon Sources on Biomethane Production with Clostridium Cellulovorans and Methanogens

Haruki Sawada, Hisao Tomita, Fumiyoshi Okazaki, Yutaka Tamaru

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: methanogenesis; pig manure; carbon sources; C. cellulovorans; methanogens

Online: 13 February 2023 (02:08:26 CET)

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Methane (CH4) has attracted attention as not only synthetic natural gas, but also one of the hy-drogen carriers in terms of energy density. On the other hand, there exist bacterial ecosystems in nature that can decompose organic compounds to produce CH4 and CO2. In this study, Clostridi-um cellulovorans was first cultivated with pig manure (PM) as an unused biomass. Regarding the measurement of organic acids by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), acetate and butyrate were increased in the C. cellulovorans medium containing 0.5% PM, while formate and lactate were decreased in it. Next, in comparison with carbon sources such as glucose, cellobiose, and acetate, cocultivation of C. cellulovorans and Methanosarcina mazei or microbial flora of me-thane production (MFMP) was performed in the C. cellulovorans medium. These results revealed that 0.5% acetate as the sole carbon source produced CH4 only by cocultivating C. cellulovorans and MFMP. Furthermore, MFMP was only cultivated with 1% acetate or 1% methane as a carbon source after precultivated with 0.5% glucose medium for 12 h. As a result, methane productivity of MFMP with 1% methanol medium was approximately eight times higher than that with 1% acetate medium. Finally, next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of MFMP after cultivation with 1% acetate or 1% methane was carried out. Interestingly, Methanofollis (0.211%) belonging to H2/CO2 -using methanogens (CO2 reduction pathway) was dominant in the 1% acetate medium for 72 h cultivation, whereas Methanosarcina siciliae (1.178%), M. barkeri (0.571%), and Methano-follis (0.490%) were major species in 1% methanol medium for 72 h cultivation. Since Methano-sarcina spp. are belonging to acetoclasts (acetoclastic pathway), methanol could promote to grow Methanosarcina spp. rather than acetate. Therefore, it seemed Methanosarcina spp. may play a key methanogenesis in MFMP. Thus, these results will provide important information for low cost biomethane production.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0185.v2

Effects of Different Carbon Sources on Biomethane Production with Clostridium Cellulovorans and Methanogens

Haruki Sawada, Hisao Tomita, Fumiyoshi Okazaki, Yutaka Tamaru

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: methanogenesis; pig manure; carbon sources; C. cellulovorans; methanogens

Online: 10 February 2023 (08:35:32 CET)

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Methane (CH4) has attracted attention as not only synthetic natural gas, but also one of the hy-drogen carriers in terms of energy density. On the other hand, there exist bacterial ecosystems in nature that can decompose organic compounds to produce CH4 and CO2. In this study, Clostridi-um cellulovorans was first cultivated with pig manure (PM) as an unused biomass. Regarding the measurement of organic acids by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), acetate and butyrate were increased in the C. cellulovorans medium containing 0.5% PM, while formate and lactate were decreased in it. Next, in comparison with carbon sources such as glucose, cellobiose, and acetate, cocultivation of C. cellulovorans and Methanosarcina mazei or microbial flora of me-thane production (MFMP) was performed in the C. cellulovorans medium. These results revealed that 0.5% acetate as the sole carbon source produced CH4 only by cocultivating C. cellulovorans and MFMP. Furthermore, MFMP was only cultivated with 1% acetate or 1% methane as a carbon source after precultivated with 0.5% glucose medium for 12 h. As a result, methane productivity of MFMP with 1% methanol medium was approximately eight times higher than that with 1% acetate medium. Finally, next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of MFMP after cultivation with 1% acetate or 1% methane was carried out. Interestingly, Methanofollis (0.211%) belonging to H2/CO2 -using methanogens (CO2 reduction pathway) was dominant in the 1% acetate medium for 72 h cultivation, whereas Methanosarcina siciliae (1.178%), M. barkeri (0.571%), and Methano-follis (0.490%) were major species in 1% methanol medium for 72 h cultivation. Since Methano-sarcina spp. are belonging to acetoclasts (acetoclastic pathway), methanol could promote to grow Methanosarcina spp. rather than acetate. Therefore, it seemed Methanosarcina spp. may play a key methanogenesis in MFMP. Thus, these results will provide important information for low cost biomethane production.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0185.v1

Effects of Different Carbon Sources on Biomethane Production with Clostridium Cellulovorans and Methanogens

Haruki Sawada, Hisao Tomita, Fumiyoshi Okazaki, Yutaka Tamaru

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: methanogenesis; pig manure; carbon sources; C. cellulovorans; methanogens

Online: 10 February 2023 (07:47:37 CET)

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Methane (CH4) has attracted attention as not only synthetic natural gas, but also one of the hy-drogen carriers in terms of energy density. On the other hand, there exist bacterial ecosystems in nature that can decompose organic compounds to produce CH4 and CO2. In this study, Clostridi-um cellulovorans was first cultivated with pig manure (PM) as an unused biomass. Regarding the measurement of organic acids by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), acetate and butyrate were increased in the C. cellulovorans medium containing 0.5% PM, while formate and lactate were decreased in it. Next, in comparison with carbon sources such as glucose, cellobiose, and acetate, cocultivation of C. cellulovorans and Methanosarcina mazei or microbial flora of me-thane production (MFMP) was performed in the C. cellulovorans medium. These results revealed that 0.5% acetate as the sole carbon source produced CH4 only by cocultivating C. cellulovorans and MFMP. Furthermore, MFMP was only cultivated with 1% acetate or 1% methane as a carbon source after precultivated with 0.5% glucose medium for 12 h. As a result, methane productivity of MFMP with 1% methanol medium was approximately eight times higher than that with 1% acetate medium. Finally, next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of MFMP after cultivation with 1% acetate or 1% methane was carried out. Interestingly, Methanofollis (0.211%) belonging to H2/CO2 -using methanogens (CO2 reduction pathway) was dominant in the 1% acetate medium for 72 h cultivation, whereas Methanosarcina siciliae (1.178%), M. barkeri (0.571%), and Methano-follis (0.490%) were major species in 1% methanol medium for 72 h cultivation. Since Methano-sarcina spp. are belonging to acetoclasts (acetoclastic pathway), methanol could promote to grow Methanosarcina spp. rather than acetate. Therefore, it seemed Methanosarcina spp. may play a key methanogenesis in MFMP. Thus, these results will provide important information for low cost biomethane production.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0113.v1

Entomopathogenic Fungi-Mediated Solubilization and Induction of Fe related Genes in Melon and Cucumber Plants

Fabián García-Espinoza, Enrique Quesada-Moraga, María José García del Rosal, Meelad Yousef-Yousef

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Entomopathogenic fungi; Growth promoters; Nutrient Solubilization; Bioavailability; Iron acquisi-tion genes; ferric reductase activity

Online: 7 February 2023 (02:54:53 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0099.v1

Manganese Mediates its Antiviral Functions in a cGAS-STING Pathway Independent Manner

Shaohua Sun, Xulin Xu, Ming Qiu, Sen Jiang, Qi Cao, Jia Luo, Tangjie Zhang, Nanhua Chen, Wanglong Zheng, Francois Meurens, Zongping Liu, Jianzhong Zhu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: manganese; cGAS-STING pathway; RNA virus; antiviral function; redundant mechanisms

Online: 6 February 2023 (10:01:21 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0074.v2

Lumpy Skin Disease: A Comprehensive Review on Virus Biology, Pathogenesis, and Sudden Global Emergence

Gaurav Moudgil, Jatin Chadha, Lavanya Khullar, Sanjay Chhibber, Kusum Harjai

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: Lumpy skin disease virus; lumpy skin disease; epidemiological footprint and multi-country outbreak; transboundary spread and disease resurgence; diagnosis and vaccines

Online: 6 February 2023 (09:56:30 CET)

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Biology and Life Sciences