Abstract: Preeclampsia (PE), a multi-system disorder, is not confined to the puerperium and may represent a sentinel event leading to increased maternal risk for future cardiovascular disease (CVD). Early-onset PE appears to carry a distinct, and possibly more pronounced, vascular signature than late-onset PE. Accumulating data consistently link previous early-onset PE, to an elevated lifetime risk of CVD. Arterial stiffness (AS), most commonly quantified by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) and augmentation index (AIx, or AIx corrected to a heart rate of 75 beats per minute, AIx-75), is an established, independent predictor of CVD in the general population and has therefore attracted interest as a candidate marker for postpartum CVD risk stratification. However, whether AS remains elevated once the puerperium has resolved, has been a persistently unsettled question. Existing literature is inconclusive regarding the association between postpartum AS measurements and previous early-onset PE. This comprehensive review synthesizes the available literature on oscillometric AS measurements before and after delivery in pregnancies complicated by early-onset PE and attempts to quantify the differences between ante- and postpartum oscillometric AS measurements. Although not a systematic review, this quantitative review was conducted according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and MOOSE (Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines. The study protocol was registered at PROSPERO (Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews System) (ID CRD42020167749) a priori. Only longitudinal studies reporting on both pregnancies complicated by early-onset PE (case group) and normotensive pregnancies (control group) were included. cf-PWV, Alx and Alx-75 were assessed both ante- and postpartum. Quantitative synthesis was performed for indices presented among at least 2 studies. Data were presented as standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs). Overall, from 14 citations of relevance, 3 studies with a total of 35 cases and 155 controls fulfilled the inclusion/exclusion criteria. In pregnancies complicated by early-onset PE assessed both ante- and postpartum with either cf-PWV (SMD: -0.61, 95%CI: -1.3 to 0.07) and/or Alx (SMD: -0.32, 95%CI: -2.83 to 2.2) and/or Alx-75 (SMD: -0.61, 95%CI: -1.27 to 0.05), there was no statistically significant difference in AS measurements. In conclusion, current literature suggests that AS measurements (cf-PWV, AIx and AIx-75) are not significantly altered in pregnancies complicated by early-onset PE. Alx and Alx-75 should be further evaluated. Substantial heterogeneity in study design, small sample sizes, and inconsistent postpartum follow-up windows continue to limit firm conclusions, underscoring the need for larger, standardized, and adequately powered longitudinal studies before AS measurements can be recommended for routine postpartum CVD risk stratification.

Abstract: Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings are widely used to improve corrosion resistance, but the same coating can behave very differently depending on the metal substrate. This study focuses on how the substrate affects coating performance. Titanium-doped (Ti-DLC) and tungsten-doped (W-DLC) films were deposited by magnetron sputtering using the same process. Both were deposited on two substrates: 316L stainless steel and Ti6Al4V. The coatings were characterized by SEM, EDX, water contact angle, and Raman spectroscopy. Corrosion behavior was evaluated in 3.5 wt% NaCl by poten-tiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Wettability shifted in opposite directions on the two substrates: 316L became more hydrophilic after coating, while Ti6Al4V became more hydrophobic. Raman spectroscopy showed that the two dopants produced a similar degree of carbon disor-der on 316L, but diverged on Ti6Al4V. Ti-DLC was the most ordered film of the four coatings and W-DLC formed a more disordered one, suggesting that titanium and tungsten promote carbon ordering differently depending on the substrate. Both films reduced the corrosion current density compared to the bare metal. By EIS, every coated specimen also showed a higher polarization resistance than its bare substrate. On each substrate, Ti-DLC outperformed W-DLC, but with different degrees of improvement. On 316L, the less corrosion-resistant one, gained more from coating in relative terms, while Ti6Al4V reached the highest corrosion resistance. This substrate dependence likely reflects differences in dopant amount and interfacial bonding.

Abstract: The FPR–FNR seesaw—a mathematical constraint on any single-pipeline verifier, where lowering the false-negative rate necessarily raises false positives—is inherent to single-agent judgment, not merely an engineering limitation. We prove that, under conditional error independence, strategy-differentiated multi-agent consensus transcends this trade-off: when agents with deliberately different evidence sources, thresholds and judgment criteria must all agree before an output is automatically released, the system-level FPR falls as p^k—ambiguous cases are escalated to human review rather than silently misclassified. We instantiate this in(MAVERICK), a three-agent architecture, and validate it on LLM reference hallucination (N=5,094): 93.4% unambiguous verdicts,0% FPR on 1,280 fabricated references, and zero misses, consistent with p³ ≤ 2.4×10⁻⁵. Cross-domain pilots on legal citation and clinical trial registry verification (N=400) transfer with zero silent errors among automated verdicts. The architecture is domain-agnostic: wherever LLM outputs can be independently verified, consensus among differentiated verifiers offers a mathematically grounded alternative to model scaling.

Abstract: Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) shell lattices combine high mechanical efficiency with an open-cell topology, yet their stiffness and strength remain well below theoretical upper bounds. This study develops a stress-feedback-driven continuous variable-thickness method for simultaneous stiffness and strength enhancement of TPMS shell lattices. Finite-element analyses provide nodal von Mises stresses that are mapped into relaxed thickness updates; spatial filtering and target-volume normalization preserve a smooth thickness field and constant material volume. The method thickens highly loaded regions and thins underutilized regions while keeping the mid-surface geometry unchanged. Across a relative density (RD) range of 5%–20% and a maximum-to-minimum thickness-ratio limit of 100, the effective Young's modulus and yield strength of N14 shell lattices increase by up to 46.39% and 58.82%, respectively. With the thickness ratio restricted to 10, the corresponding maximum gains remain 30.90% and 46.75%. The improvement results from transferring materials toward existing load paths and increasing the fraction of the shell that participates effectively in load transfer. The proposed method provides a numerically efficient route for designing high-performance lightweight shell lattices and identifies moderate-contrast thickness fields for subsequent manufacturing-oriented development.

Abstract: Yellow leaf disease (YLD) is a major threat to the areca palm (Areca catechu L.) industry. Accumulating evidence indicates that areca palm velarivirus 1 (APV1) is a key pathogen associated with YLD. In addition, areca palm latent totivirus 1 (APLTV1) and areca palm yellow leaf-associated ormycovirus (APYLaoMV) are two recently reported viruses that frequently co-infect areca palms. These three viruses can infect betel palms either individually or in combination, and their associated symptoms cannot be reliably distinguished by visual observation alone. In this study, LAMP primer sets were designed based on the conserved sequences of the three viruses. Through primer screening and optimization of key factors affecting amplification efficiency, including Mg²⁺ concentration, dNTP concentration, and outer-to-inner primer ratio, independent LAMP assay systems were separately established for each virus. The optimal LAMP conditions for APYLaoMV were 12 mM Mg²⁺, 1.7 mM dNTPs, an outer-to-inner primer ratio of 2:1, and a reaction temperature of 65 °C, with a detection limit of 10-3 dilution of the template cDNA. For APV1, the optimal system contained 10 mM Mg²⁺, 1.0 mM dNTPs, an outer-to-inner primer ratio of 4:1 at 65 °C, yielding a detection limit of 10-5 dilution. For APLTV1, the optimum conditions were 10 mM Mg²⁺, 0.8 mM dNTPs, an outer-to-inner primer ratio of 8:1, and a reaction temperature of 63 °C, giving a detection limit of 10-4 dilution. Together, these results demonstrate that the developed RT-LAMP assays are sensitive and practical tools for routine molecular diagnosis and epidemiological investigation of APV1, APLTV1, and APYLaoMV in areca palms.

Abstract: Sebaceous carcinoma is an uncommon but potentially aggressive adnexal malignancy whose molecular pathogenesis has been substantially clarified in recent years. Rather than representing a single molecular entity, sebaceous carcinoma is now understood as a biologically heterogeneous group of tumors arising through distinct yet sometimes overlapping oncogenic pathways. Recent genomic and multi-omics studies have identified several major molecular subsets, including mismatch repair-deficient/microsatellite instability-associated tumors, ultraviolet radiation-driven tumors, and pauci-mutational tumors characterized predominantly by alterations in cell-cycle and epithelial differentiation regulators such as TP53, RB1, and ZNF750. These findings have also reinforced biologically relevant differences between ocular and extraocular sebaceous carcinoma, with periocular tumors more often enriched for TP53/RB1/ZNF750-driven mechanisms and extraocular tumors more frequently showing UV-related and MMR-deficient signatures. In addition to these core pathways, recent evidence has highlighted the contribution of NOTCH signaling, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway alterations, copy-number changes including MYC amplification, rare HPV-associated cases, and emerging transcriptomic abnormalities involving cholesterol metabolism and sebaceous differentiation programs. These advances not only deepen current understanding of sebaceous carcinoma biology but also have important diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications, particularly in relation to Lynch/Muir–Torre syndrome screening, molecular subclassification, and the potential use of immune checkpoint inhibitors and other targeted strategies in selected patients. This review provides an updated overview of the molecular pathogenesis of sebaceous carcinoma, focusing on the main genomic, transcriptomic, and biologically actionable alterations described to date, and discusses their implications for tumor classification, pathogenesis, and future translational research.

Abstract: Additive Manufacturing (AM) has revolutionized modern production. However, its integration with conventional or subtractive manufacturing is still underexplored. Therefore, this study investigates the machinability of 316L stainless steel (SS) produced with rolling or Powder Bed Fusion – Laser Beam (PBF-LB) technologies under dry turning. Compared with rolled specimens, the AM samples exhibit greater variability in machining performance and higher sensitivity to cutting conditions. It is demonstrated from the results that sample with the highest feed shows the least favorable machinability. In particular, the PBF-LB specimen machined at the highest feed rate exhibits the highest cutting force and tool vibration, produces the roughest machined surface, and generates the highest cutting-zone temperature. It also shows relatively high flank wear and has the shortest tool life. Although the measured temperatures remain well below the melting point of 316L SS, optical microscopy reveals pronounced built-up edge formation, indicating that adhesive wear rather than thermal melting is the dominant wear mechanism. These findings demonstrate that rolled 316L provides more stable machining behavior and offer practical guidance for optimizing the dry turning of AM 316L SS.

Abstract: Human orphan genes lack identifiable orthologs and remain poorly characterized. We investigated patient-level disease-associated expression changes of human orphan gene transcripts using paired RNA-sequencing data from 220 patients across four cohorts: psoriasis, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and lung adenocarcinoma (LAC). RNA-seq reads were quantified against a combined GRCh37-based reference containing 2,190 human orphan transcripts and 196,317 other transcripts. Significant upregulation versus downregulation of orphan transcripts was observed in 21 versus 3 patients with psoriasis, 26 versus 27 with LSCC, 19 versus 51 with HCC, and 69 versus 0 with LAC (Benjamini-Hochberg-adjusted P < 0.01). These patterns were largely preserved after excluding zero-abundance transcripts and aggregating transcripts into 1,226 orphan gene loci. Rank-based analysis changed the predominant direction in some cohorts, most notably LAC, but retained marked between-cohort differences and bidirectionality within several cohorts. Expression-matched non-orphan controls showed substantially fewer significant directional changes in three cohorts and failed to reproduce the orphan-gene pattern in LAC, indicating that low abundance alone cannot explain the observations. Clinical variables did not readily account for this heterogeneity. Patient-level directional heterogeneity is an underappreciated feature of human orphan gene expression that can be obscured by conventional group-level differential-expression analysis in studies of human disease.

Abstract: Vision-based 3D sensing provides an effective approach for constructing human-centric digital twins in applications such as ergonomic assessment and human–robot collaboration. However, reconstructing reliable dynamic human digital twins from visual sensor observations remains challenging due to large articulated deformation, which often causes surface discontinuities in existing 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS)-based human avatars. Although current methods achieve high image-level rendering quality, their Gaussian primitives are not explicitly adapted to pose-induced surface deformation, resulting in cracks and holes during motion. In this work, we propose ElasticGS, a geometry-consistent human digital twin reconstruction framework for vision-based 3D sensing. ElasticGS introduces a training-free Pose-Aware Dynamic Covariance Adaptation strategy, which dynamically adjusts the rotation and anisotropic scale of Gaussian primitives according to local human surface deformation. Specifically, localized Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is performed on deformed SMPL-X mesh neighborhoods to estimate surface stretching directions and magnitudes, enabling Gaussian representations to maintain continuous surface coverage under complex poses. Furthermore, we propose the Avatar Surface Integrity Score (ASIS), a reference-free metric that evaluates structural completeness and surface compactness of reconstructed human avatars without requiring pixel-aligned ground truth. Experiments on the X-Humans and AvatarReX datasets demonstrate that ElasticGS significantly improves surface integrity while maintaining competitive image-level sensing consistency. Compared with ExAvatar, ElasticGS improves ASIS from 0.642 to 0.846 on X-Humans and from 0.603 to 0.688 on AvatarReX. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of pose-aware covariance adaptation for robust human digital twin reconstruction in vision-based 3D sensing systems.

Abstract: Osteosarcoma is an aggressive malignancy whose treatment has changed little over the past decades, and outcomes remain poor. Although transcriptomic studies have provided insights into osteosarcoma biology, many include metastatic or post-treatment tumours, potentially obscuring transcriptional programs associated with intrinsic tumour aggressiveness. To address this limitation, we analysed transcriptomic profiles exclusively from treatment-naive, non-metastatic osteosarcoma patients to reconstruct prognostic transcriptional regulons associated with outcome. We identified distinct transcriptional programs associated with favourable and unfavourable outcomes. Tumours linked to poor prognosis were characterized by coordinated proliferative and metabolic transcriptional programs controlled by three regulatory hubs: CTCF, E2F4, and SP1, whose regulon enrichments showed strong associations with patient survival. To explore whether these regulatory networks could be pharmacologically modulated, molecular docking and dynamics simulations were performed, revealing potentially stable interactions between the hesperidin and the DNA-binding domains of these key transcription factors. Transcriptomic analysis of osteosarcoma cells treated with hesperidin revealed alterations in the identified regulons’ composition and decreased transcription factor activity. Together, these findings identify a transcriptional regulatory architecture underlying aggressive osteosarcoma, revealing novel prognostic biomarkers and suggesting that pharmacological modulation of master regulators such as CTCF, E2F4, and SP1, may represent a strategy to target transcriptional vulnerabilities in this malignancy.

Abstract: Infrasound, a low-frequency physical stimulus from environmental and anthropogenic sources, is assumed to impact microvascular regulation, though the mechanism is not fully understood. This study examines the effects of bipolar infrasound exposure (1 Hz, 100 dB) on the sublingual microcirculation in mice, with a single 4-hour exposure and repeated 4-hour daily exposures for 14 days. Control mice were placed in the same chamber without infrasound exposure. Using sidestream dark-field (SDF) videomicroscopy and laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), we assessed microvascular diameter oscillations (vasomotion) and flow changes (flowmotion), respectively. A single exposure significantly increased vasomotion oscillation amplitude in the low-frequency band, while changes in the very-low- and high-frequency bands were not significant. Flowmotion measured by LDF significantly increased in the very-low-frequency band after a single exposure, while the other frequency bands remained unchanged. In contrast, repeated exposure significantly increased vasomotion oscillation amplitude within the very-low-, low-, and high-frequency bands, while LDF-derived flowmotion did not change significantly. The findings suggest that repeated exposure to infrasound may induce irregular microvascular oscillations, primarily affecting vessel diameter rather than overall perfusion, warranting further exploration into related mechanisms.

Abstract: Dependency distance is a key measure of syntactic complexity and processing constraints, but as a scalar cannot capture how information is distributed between a head and dependent. We analyze dependency spans—the endpoints and intervening words—as position-aligned units. Interveners lie outside the binary dependency but constitute its sequential processing context. Using Universal Dependencies treebanks and XGLM-2.9B, we estimated word-level surprisal for distances 4–10 across 22 languages, yielding 154 mean curves. Dynamic time warping and clustering identified an approximately monotonic decline and a nonmonotonic contour with an initial decline, stable middle, and final rise. Membership was stable across distances in 20 languages; Russian had three Type 1 and four Type 2 curves, whereas German had six Type 1 and one Type 2 curve. Segmented models favored three stages for both types, differing mainly in the final stage. Principal component analyses revealed a more dispersed latent structure in the middle stage and concentration around fewer variables at the edges. The final-stage contrast was associated with dependency direction and verb roles. Dependency-span analysis thus complements dependency syntax with a position-sensitive account of linear realization, revealing cross-linguistic information patterns that dependency length alone cannot recover.

Abstract: Endometriosis is a systemic, estrogen dependent neuroinflammatory-mediated disease affecting approximately 10-15% of women of reproductive age. Clinical manifestations include chronic pelvic pain (CPP), dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, dyschezia, dysuria, and infertility. Endometriosis-associated pain is multifactorial and comprises overlapping nociceptive, neuropathic, and nociplastic pain phenotypes driven by persistent inflammation, neuroangiogenesis, peripheral nerve involvement, and central sensitization (CS). These mechanisms may sustain pain beyond lesion excision, highlighting the importance of pelvic nervous system (PNS) involvement. This narrative review examines the role of neuropelveology (NP) in endometriosis, focusing on pain mechanisms, diagnostic implications, and surgical decision making. NP integrates pelvic neuroanatomy and neurophysiology into structured neurological assessment, pain mapping, symptom localization, and nerve sparing surgery. Current evidence suggests that NP may complement conventional evaluation in selected patients with refractory pain, neuropathic symptoms, discordance between symptom severity and imaging findings, or suspected involvement of the sacral plexus or sciatic nerve. Recognizing distinct pain phenotypes may support individualized treatment planning by balancing lesion excision with neural preservation and identifying patients who may benefit from multidisciplinary pain management, rehabilitation, neurolysis, or neuromodulation. Although current evidence remains limited, NP should be considered a complementary framework rather than a replacement for established endometriosis management. Prospective multicenter studies using standardized diagnostic criteria and long-term functional outcomes are needed to define its clinical utility.

Abstract: Time-to-event prediction increasingly uses adjacent states as temporal super vision, yet logging, filtering, and event-triggered acquisition can alter which transitions enter the learning channel. We study the target-specific question of what a transition-selection mechanism must preserve for acquired transitions to remain valid for an expected time-to-absorption target. For a proper finite absorbing process, we distinguish transition-distribution, target-Bellman, and deployment-evaluation validity, and show that Bellman validity holds exactly when the retention propensity is conditionally orthogonal to the successor time-to-event value. Any remaining local distortion propagates through the acquired-process resolvent and is then filtered by the deployment evaluation geometry, yielding an exact nested hierarchy and a full-support collapse result. Exact rational constructions, 500 deterministic random-kernel checks, and controlled Monte Carlo illustrations verify the identities and demonstrate all four operational regimes: distribution-valid, Bellman-valid but distribution-invalid, evaluation-valid but Bellman-invalid, and evaluation-invalid.

Abstract: We study how competition pressure propagates through a socio-economic system to escalate work hours and reshape welfare, using a China-calibrated agent-based stock-flow-consistent macroeconomic system. Heterogeneous households, consumption- and capital-goods firms, banks, a government and a central bank interact quarterly around an author-constructed 2017 social accounting matrix, and an empirically anchored work-hours block transmits household income-gap and employer competition pressure to effective labour, earnings, consumption and non-market time. Because the pressure responses are not identified by the data, we treat them as conditional scenario inputs and ask what system behaviour a prespecified positive response region generates. In 270 common-seed central runs, pressure raises mean weekly hours under competition by 13.75 h and competition amplifies this by an additional 10.30 h; both signs hold in all 30 seeds, and an upper-tail friction attenuates the level to 6.13 h while preserving the sign. The same pressure lowers output and consumption and raises unemployment, so longer schedules do not deliver a macro gain. Across 80 Latin-hypercube draws the two hours signs are retained in 80/80 draws. The welfare ranking depends on how involuntary non-employment is valued: under a leisure convention that credits the jobless time of unemployed households it is retained in 0/80 draws, but once anemployment-status burden χ givesnon-employmentits documented non-pecuniary weight (1.5–7× the income loss; the standard fixed-cost/search-and-matching device) the welfare ranking and the prespecified attenuation sign are retained in 80/80 draws at χ = 0.8 (Wilson 95% lower bound 0.954). The work demonstrates a robust conditional competition–hours feedback and, under a literature-grounded treatment of involuntary non-employment, a robust welfare ranking; both remain conditional, not empirically identified causal claims.

Abstract: Futures markets exhibit nonlinear interactions, multi-scale dynamics, and non-stationary behaviour, rendering traditional linear risk models inadequate for tracing extreme-event transmission or measuring systemic fragility. We propose an integrated entropy–multifractal framework to measure systemic risk across three levels. At the micro level, High-Order Moment Multiscale Entropy quantifies local complexity. At the meso level, Weighted Cross Permutation Entropy and Multifractal Detrended Cross-Correlation Analysis identify directional contagion and tail co-movement. At the macro level, Multidimensional Scaling, Multivariate Permutation Entropy, and rolling-window analysis capture network structure, regime shifts, and time-varying risk.Using daily data from 16 global futures and financial variables (2018–2025), the empirical analysis yields three findings. Micro-level results show a structural divergence: emerging-market assets are extremely unpredictable, whereas developed-market assets maintain stable volatility. Meso-level findings reveal a stable causal hierarchy: energy markets transmit risk to agricultural commodities, while US–China equity co-movement is driven by common factors, not direct contagion. Macro-level results show that common factors dominate the futures system, with geopolitical risk isolated as exogenous; system complexity decays monotonically with horizon, and the complexity gradient signals crises in advance.We further propose and validate three risk indicators: the Fractal Vulnerability Index, the Causal Contagion Index, and the Systemic Chaos Indicator. These findings inform horizon-dependent portfolio construction, early-warning system design, and macro-prudential risk monitoring in futures markets.

Abstract: Cyclase-associated protein (CAP) is among the most abundant actin regulators in animal cells and one of the few acting at both filament ends. Its partnership with cofilin at the pointed end is now understood in structural detail. Its role at the barbed end is not. Between 2023 and 2026, four laboratories examined CAP at filament ends using microfluidics-assisted single-filament kinetics, three-color single-molecule imaging, cryo-electron microscopy and high-speed atomic force microscopy, and reached accounts read as contradictory. On the contested points they largely do not cite one another. Here we place these results in a common frame and separate what each method can establish from what it cannot. The two barbed-end studies agree more than is acknowledged, and their remaining disagreements fall into three categories. One is explained by filament-aging protocol, one open but with a clear methodological hierarchy, and one, the requirement for the CARP domain, not resolvable from published constructs. We then convert the mechanism into four constraints that a cellular claim must satisfy to be interpretable, and a fifth we propose rather than establish. Applying them to the disease literature suggests a provisional two-versus-two pattern across tissues rather than random heterogeneity, identifying one axis to be explained.

Abstract: Fermented Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) may provide a plant-derived strategy for modulating rumen function. This study evaluated 360 mid-lactation Holstein cows assigned to a control diet (CON; n = 180) or the same total mixed ration supplemented with 30 g CHM/cow/day for 50 days. Rumen fluid from six cows per group was analyzed using shotgun metagenomics and untargeted liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry metabolomics. CHM did not alter alpha diversity or overall Bray–Curtis community structure, but selectively changed microbial taxa and functional profiles. CHM-enriched taxa included Nanobdellati and Candidatus Iainarchaeota lineages and Candidatus Saccharimonadota, accompanied by differences in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, evolutionary genealogy of genes: Non-supervised Orthologous Groups, and carbohydrate-active enzyme annotations. Metabolomics identified 29 differential features, with pathway signals involving butyrate, glycerolipid, energy, and plant-derived compound metabolism. Integrated Spearman and Mantel analyses linked Prevotella-related and other carbohydrate-associated taxa with differential metabolites and associated CHM supplementation with 10-gingerol, megastigmatriene, and a benzoxazinone-related feature. Overall, CHM selectively remodeled rumen microbial functions and metabolic output while preserving global community stability, supporting the potential of fermented herbal feed additives to modulate rumen microecology in mid-lactation dairy cows.

Abstract: Sulfur rich fuels produce harmful gaseous oxides on combustion leading to significant environmental and mechanical problems. Conventional desulfurization methods are often time and energy intensive, lack effective catalyst-oxidant synergy and are not readily applicable to real transportation fuels. Herein, a hausmannite manganese (Mn3O4) driven copper oxide (CuO) based C3N4 composite-sodium hypochlorite (Mn₃O₄-CuO/C₃N₄-NaClO) system was developed for the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of naphthenic sulfur compounds in transportation fuels. The metal oxides were synthesized using a wet impregnation technique while C₃N₄ was prepared using urea as the precursor. The synthesized catalysts were characterized using various techniques which confirmed the incorporation of Mn3O4 and CuO species, and the uniform modification of the morphology and surface characteristics of pristine C₃N₄, resulting in enhanced crystallinity and surface functionalities. The Mn₃O₄-CuO/C₃N₄-NaClO system achieved 100% removal of dibenzothiophene (DBT) from model fuels, as well as 100% sulfur removal from gasoline and kerosene and 97.7% from diesel fuel. The system was optimized at 30 °C for 5 min using 0.1g of catalyst per 15 mL of fuel at an O/S ratio 1.5. The ODS process followed first-order kinetics, with an activation energy of 27 kJmol^-1. The catalyst maintained high activity over five consecutive cycles, demonstrating excellent recyclability with minimal loss in ODS performance. The enhanced efficiency is attributed to the synergistic interaction among the highly active Mn²⁺/Mn³⁺ and Cu²⁺ species and the NaClO oxidant, which facilitated the rapid oxidation of DBT to dibenzothiophene sulfone (DBTO₂). Thus, the Mn3O4-CuO/C₃N₄-NaClO system represents a potentially cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative for large-scale oxidative desulfurization of transportation fuels.

Abstract: This work presents ZeroES (Zero Ebrahim Elsayed), the first comprehensive practical implementation of the Zero Pairs Interaction Functional – Unified Spectral Alignment and Coherence – Zigzag Zero–Fractional Zero (ZPIF-USAC-ZZFZ) framework. ZeroES is a multi-domain analytical platform that unifies the spectral analysis of prime numbers, financial market dynamics, and neural electrophysiological signals (Electroencephalography, EEG). Unlike conventional tools that operate within a single domain, ZeroES leverages a complete suite of mathematical operators derived from the Zero Pairs Interaction Functional – Unified Spectral Alignment and Coherence – Zigzag Zero–Fractional Zero (ZPIF-USAC-ZZFZ) theory, including quadratic, cubic, quartic, fractional, radical, and logarithmic self-interactions, cross-mode interactions between spectral zeros, and a complete spectrum of Zero Behavior Motions (ZBM). The application integrates all known phenomena of zero behavior, providing users with a powerful tool for discovery and prediction across mathematics, finance, and neuroscience. The framework utilizes the first 100 non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function for high-precision spectral analysis. ZeroES is designed with a user-friendly interface, making advanced spectral analysis accessible to researchers, investors, and clinicians. The framework builds upon the Zero Pairs Interaction Functional – Unified Spectral Alignment and Coherence (ZPIF-USAC) theory, which introduces fractional self-fragmentation of zeros as a fundamental property, where each zero acts as an active spectral entity capable of splitting into multiple fractional components and reuniting through natural alignment dynamics. The application demonstrates that Zero Pairs Interaction Functional (ZPIF) can analyze anything: numbers, letters, words, images, signals, sounds, and even ideas, because everything in the universe has a frequency and vibration, and Zero Pairs Interaction Functional (ZPIF) can read these frequencies and convert them into numbers and meanings.