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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0202.v1

Life Origin in the Milky Way Galaxy: I. the Stellar Nucleogenesis of Elements Necessary for the Life Origin

Alexander N. Safronov

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: Interstellar Mission; Habitability; DNA-star; Ensemble-Averaged Stellar Reactor; Stellar Abundance; Stellar Nucleogenesis

Online: 4 May 2023 (05:46:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0006.v1

Life Origin in the Milky Way Galaxy: III. Spatial Distribution of Overheated Stars in the Solar Neighborhood

Alexander N. Safronov

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: Stellar Nucleogenesis; Ensemble-Averaged Stellar Reactor; Hypatia Stellar Catalog; Overheated Stars; Chandrasekhar stellar limit; Arm Spirality

Online: 1 May 2023 (03:20:08 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0005.v1

Life Origin in the Milky Way Galaxy: II. Scanning for Habitable Stellar Systems on Behalf of Future Space Missions

Alexander N. Safronov

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: Interstellar Mission; Hypatia Stellar Catalog; Stellar Abundance; Habitability; DNA-star

Online: 1 May 2023 (03:18:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0446.v1

Magnified attraction due to Gravitationally Lensed Gravity

Andreas Boenke

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: gravity; gravitational lens; gravitationally lensed gravity; general relativity; curved spacetime; Birkhoff's theorem; null geodesic; speed of gravity; deflection of gravity; Newtonian Limit; self-force; Dark Matter;

Online: 25 January 2023 (04:23:23 CET)

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Can a gravitational lens magnify gravity ? The answer to this question is the subject of this article. Light is deflected as it passes through curved spacetime caused by a mass distribution. This phenomenon, known as "gravitational lensing," has been extensively studied and is well understood. According to the general theory of relativity, the same deflection is expected for gravitational waves, because they also propagate at the speed of light. But this applies to gravitational fields as well. Thus, gravitational fields, which extend through curved spacetime, are also deflected correspondingly. This effect is referred to as "Gravitationally Lensed Gravity". It leads to the fact that the gravitational field strength originating from an object in the background of a gravitational lens is enhanced in the same way as its light intensity. If the background object is visible to an observer several times due to the gravitational lens, each of the images also exerts a corresponding gravitational attraction on her ! For the first time, a proof of the existence of this amazing effect is given. In a simple thought experiment the contraction of a spherically symmetric gravitational lens is discussed. The proof is essentially based on Birkhoff's theorem. According to this theorem, during the contraction additional null geodesics between the background object and the observer come into existence. To these null geodesics also contributions to the gravitational field are to be assigned. In the literature, similar descriptions can be found for the gravitational self-interaction of a particle in a curved spacetime background. The article is organized as follows: In the introduction, the historical origin of the idea of the "Gravitationally Lensed Gravity" is briefly outlined. In the second chapter, the subsequently required basic principles and essential features of general relativity are explained. In the third chapter I analyze different arrangements of masses and describe the observations to be expected. The arrangements show step by step the transition from the classical "Newtonian limit" in a flat spacetime background to the "Gravitationally Lensed Gravity" in a curved spacetime background. Due to its clarity, the simple scenario may also serves as a suitable test case for the mathematical methods of general relativity. The concluding outlook provides references to current questions in astrophysics, especially the question of the existence of Dark Matter. Here, the general theory of relativity offers much simpler explanations with the "Gravitationally Lensed Gravity".

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0298.v1

Derivation of Zeldovich’s Formula and Weinberg’s Relation of the Cosmological Constant Based on a Liquid Droplet Model of Electron

Xiao-Song Wang

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: Zeldovich's formula; Weinberg's relation; cosmological constant; dark energy; droplet; surface tension

Online: 17 January 2023 (07:22:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0140.v1

Weak deflection angle by Kalb-Ramond Traversable Wormhole in Plasma and Dark Matter Mediums

Wajiha Javed, Hafsa Irshad, Reggie Pantig, Ali Övgün

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: General Relativity; Gravitational Lensing; Gauss-Bonnet Theorem; Plasma Medium; Dark Matter; Kalb-Ramond Traversable Wormhole; Keeton and Petters Method

Online: 12 September 2022 (09:38:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201711.0022.v6

The Geometrization of Maxwell’s Equations and the Emergence of Gravity

Raymond Beach

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: Maxwell’s equations; General Relativity; unification of electromagnetism and gravity; dark matter and dark energy; electromagnetic and gravitational radiation; antimatter; antigravity; quantization; superluminal transport

Online: 6 September 2022 (04:24:39 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0409.v1

Absence of Electric Field outside a Static Charged Black Hole - Something Awry in Reissner-Nordström Metric

Ashok Singal

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: Black Hole has no hair; Electromagnetic field of a charged black hole, Electromagnetic field of a supported charge in gravitational field; electric fields follow photo trajectories in gravitational field

Online: 24 August 2022 (04:49:54 CEST)

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Using the principle of equivalence, it has recently been shown that the electrostatic field lines of a charge, stationary in the gravitational field, bend exactly like the trajectories of photons emitted isotropically from a source at the charge location and that the fraction of electric flux crossing a surface `below' or `above' the charge is exactly similar to the fraction of photon trajectories intersecting these surfaces, with more flux in the downward direction than upward. As one goes much deeper in the gravitational field, all electric field lines increasingly point in the vertically downward direction as is also the case for a stream of photons. Since photon trajectories as well as electric field lines, at any location in the gravitational field, are affected by the local space-time curvature an inference can be drawn that this parallel between the photon trajectories and the electric field lines is a general result. We could then apply these results in the external gravitational field of a black hole, where the trajectories of photons in the gravitational field are already well-known and the behaviour of electric field lines of a stationary charge could be inferred therefrom. Accordingly, we show that the electric field through an external spherical surface surrounding the black hole steadily reduces as the charge location approaches the event horizon (Schwarzschild radius), and like photons from a source inside the Schwarzschild radius cannot escape outside, the electric field lines of a charge within the black hole too remain trapped inside the event horizon. From this one arrives at a conclusion that, contrary to the conventional wisdom, the electric charge contained inside a static black hole cannot be detected or inferred by an external observer. A black hole, said to have no hair with the only external identifying characteristics being mass, electric charge, and angular momentum, is therefore all the more `hairless', as even its charge cannot be ascertained. The derivation of the Reissner-Nordström metric, supposedly describing the gravitational field of a static charged black hole, presumes an external stress-energy tensor of the electrostatic field, as per Gauss law, even for the charges contained within the black hole. However, the absence of electric flux external to a static charged black hole implies that such a charged black hole is not described correctly by the Reissner-Nordström metric and the consequential peculiarities of the space-time geometry, leading in specific cases to the idea of a naked intrinsic singularity and a need for the ``cosmic censorship'' hypothesis, also do not arise here.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0253.v1

Theoretical Search for Gravitational Bound States of Tachyons

Charles Schwartz

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: General Relativity; Schwarzschild metric; circular flows; tachyons; neutrinos; Dark Matter; black holes

Online: 15 August 2022 (08:26:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0114.v1

Unified Modeling that Explains Dark Matter Data, Dark Energy Effects, and Galaxy Formation Stages

Thomas J. Buckholtz

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: Beyond the Standard Model; Dark matter; Galaxy formation; Neutrino masses; Evolution of the universe

Online: 5 August 2022 (03:25:10 CEST)

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Physics lacks a confirmed description of dark matter, has yet to develop an adequate understanding of dark energy, and includes unverified conjectures regarding new elementary particles. This essay features modeling that addresses those problems and explains otherwise unexplained data. Our modeling starts from five bases – multipole expansions for the electromagnetic and gravitational fields associated with an object, the list of known elementary particles, some aspects of mathematics for isotropic harmonic oscillators, concordance cosmology, and a conjecture that the universe includes six isomers of most elementary particles. The multipole expansions – which have use in conjunction with Newtonian kinematics modeling, special relativity, and general relativity – lead to a catalog of kinematics properties such as charge, magnetic moment, mass, and repulsive gravitational pressure. The multipole expansions also point to all known elementary particles, some properties of those particles, and properties of some would-be elementary bosons and elementary fermions. The harmonic-oscillator mathematics points to Gauge symmetries regarding some elementary bosons. The would-be elementary fermions lack charge and would measure as dark matter. The conjecture regarding six isomers of most elementary particles rounds out and dominates our specification for dark matter. Five of the isomers form the basis for most dark matter. Our modeling explains ranges of observed ratios of dark matter effects to ordinary matter effects – for the universe, galaxy clusters, two sets of galaxies observed at high redshifts, three sets of galaxies observed at modest redshifts, and one type of depletion of cosmic microwave background radiation. Our description of repulsive gravitational pressure points toward resolution for tensions – between data and modeling – regarding the recent rate of expansion of the universe, resolution for possible tensions regarding large-scale clumping, and resolution for possible tensions regarding interactions between neighboring galaxies. Our work regarding gravity, dark matter, and elementary particles suggests characterizations for eras that might precede the inflationary epoch, a mechanism that might have produced baryon asymmetry, mechanisms that govern the rate of expansion of the universe, and insight about galaxy formation and evolution.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0327.v1

Spacetime as a Whole

Alireza Jamali

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: Wave-black hole duality; nonmetricity; corrections to gravitational potential; minimum gravitational potential; geometry of implicit line elements; corrected Schwarzschild metric; energy-momentum tensor of spacetime; wavefunction of a black hole; Hamiltonian dynamics of a manifold; tensor Poisson bracket

Online: 24 May 2022 (09:30:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0491.v5

Models That Link and Suggest Data about Elementary Particles, Dark Matter, and the Cosmos

Thomas J. Buckholtz

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: Beyond the Standard Model; Dark matter; Evolution of the universe; Cosmological tensions; Galaxy formation; Cosmic inflation; Neutrino masses

Online: 28 February 2022 (10:48:58 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0491.v4

Models That Link and Suggest Data about Elementary Particles, Dark Matter, and the Cosmos

Thomas J. Buckholtz

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: Beyond the Standard Model; Dark matter; Evolution of the universe; Cosmological tensions; Galaxy formation; Cosmic inflation; Neutrino masses

Online: 14 February 2022 (12:04:08 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0491.v3

Models That Link and Suggest Data about Elementary Particles, Dark Matter, and the Cosmos

Thomas J. Buckholtz

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: Beyond the Standard Model; Dark matter; Evolution of the universe; Cosmological tensions; Galaxy formation; Cosmic inflation; Neutrino masses

Online: 1 February 2022 (12:12:42 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0491.v2

Models That Link and Suggest Data about Elementary Particles, Dark Matter, and the Cosmos

Thomas J. Buckholtz

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: Beyond the Standard Model; Dark matter; Evolution of the universe; Cosmological tensions; Galaxy formation; Cosmic inflation; Neutrino masses

Online: 27 December 2021 (12:11:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201711.0022.v5

The Geometrization of Maxwell’s Equations and the Emergence of Gravity

Raymond Beach

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: Maxwell’s equations; General Relativity; unification of electromagnetism and gravity; dark matter and dark energy; electromagnetic and gravitational radiation; antimatter; antigravity; quantization; superluminal transport

Online: 6 December 2021 (11:52:36 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0491.v1

Models That Link and Suggest Data about Elementary Particles, Dark Matter, and the Cosmos

Thomas J. Buckholtz

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: Beyond the Standard Model; Concordance cosmology; Dark matter; Galaxy evolution; Inflation; Diophantine equations

Online: 26 November 2021 (08:28:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202110.0309.v1

Interdimensionality

Karl Svozil

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: intrinsic perception; Hausdorff dimension; fractal

Online: 21 October 2021 (13:54:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0318.v1

From Maximal Force to the Field Equations of General Relativity

C Sivaram, Arun Kenath, Christoph Schiller

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: General relativity, Maximal force, Maximal power, Cosmological constant, Planck curvature

Online: 17 September 2021 (15:07:34 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0371.v3

Generalized Rest Mass and Dirac’s Monopole in 5D Theory and Cosmology

Boris Aliyev

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: monad and dyad methods; effective rest mass concept; scalar gravitational field; 5D geodetic equation; cylindrical symmetry condition; 5D Ricci identities; Maxwell equations; magnetic monopole; topological second-order transition in cosmology

Online: 6 August 2021 (11:10:50 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

The Geometrization of Maxwell’s Homogenous Equation and the Emergence of Gravity

Raymond Beach

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: Maxwell’s equations; General Relativity; unification of electromagnetism and gravitation; dark matter and dark energy; electromagnetic and gravitational radiation; antimatter; antigravity; quantization

Online: 26 July 2021 (12:04:41 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

The Advance of Planets' Perihelion in Newtonian Theory Plus Gravitational and Rotational Time Dilation

Christian Corda

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: Advance of planets' perihelion; Newtonian theory; gravitational and rotational time dilation

Online: 22 October 2020 (10:34:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201812.0357.v2

Quantum Space and Thermodynamic Approach to Understanding Cosmic Evolution

Carlos Melendres

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: composition and expansion of the universe; thermodynamics; phase diagram; Quantum Space; spaceons; dark energy; dark matter; cosmological constant; cosmic fluid; Quintessence; Dark Energy stars

Online: 22 September 2020 (07:33:26 CEST)

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We present a thermodynamic approach in modeling the evolution of the universe based on a theory that space consists of energy quanta, the spaceons. From wave-particle duality, they can be treated as an ideal gas. The model is similar to the Big Bang but without Inflation. It provides an insight into the nature of dark energy and dark matter, and an explanation for the accelerated expansion of the universe. The universe started from an atomic size volume of spaceons at very high temperature and pressure. Upon expansion and cooling, phase transitions occurred resulting in the formation of fundamental particles, and matter. These nucleate and grow into stars, galaxies, and clusters due to the action of gravity. From the cooling curve of the universe we constructed a thermodynamic phase diagram of cosmic composition, from which we obtained the correlation between dark energy and the energy of space. Using Friedmann’s equations, our model fits well the WMAP data on cosmic composition with an equation of state parameter, w= -0.7. The dominance of dark energy started at 7.25 x 10⁹ years, in good agreement with BOSS measurements. The expansion of space is attributed to a scalar quantum space field. Dark Matter is identified as a plasma form of matter similar to that which existed during the photon epoch, prior to recombination. The thermodynamics of expansion of the universe was adiabatic and decelerating during the first 7 billion years after the Big Bang; it accelerated thereafter. A negative pressure for Dark Energy is required to sustain the latter. This is consistent with the theory of General Relativity and the law of conservation of energy. We propose a mechanism for the acceleration as due to consolidation of matter forming Dark Energy Stars (DES) and other compact objects. The resulting reduction in gravitational potential energy feeds back energy for the expansion. Space will continue to expand and dark energy will undergo phase transition to a Bose-Einstein condensate, a superfluid form of matter. Self-gravitation can cause a bounce and start a new Big Bang. We show how the interplay of gravitational and space forces leads to a cyclic, maybe eternal, universe.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0235.v1

The Advance of Planets' Perihelion in Newtonian Theory Plus Gravitational and Rotational Time Dilation

Christian Corda

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: Advance of planets' perihelion; Newtonian theory; gravitational and rotational time dilation

Online: 10 September 2020 (11:17:47 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Geometric Unification of Electromagnetism and Gravitation

Raymond Beach

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: Maxwell’s equations; General Relativity; unification of electromagnetism and gravitation; dark matter; dark energy

Online: 9 August 2020 (22:12:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0250.v3

Dual Cosmic Horizon Radius of Spacetime Curvature of a Multi-Path Connected Cosmic Topology

Mohammed B. Al-Fadhli

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: cosmology; cosmic horizon; topology; antimatter; accelerated expansion; time-reversal

Online: 12 June 2020 (14:30:54 CEST)

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The necessity of the dark energy and dark matter in the present universe could be a consequence of the antimatter elimination assumption in the early universe. In this research, I derive a new model to obtain the cosmic horizon radius and the potential cosmic topology utilising a new construal of space geometry inspired by large-angle correlations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). A version of the Big Bounce theory is utilised to avoid the Big Bang singularity and inflationary constraints, and to tune the initial conditions of the curvature density. The mathematical derivation of a positively curved universe governed by only gravity revealed two cosmic horizon solutions. Although the positive horizon is conventionally associated with the evolution of the matter universe, the negative horizon solution could imply additional evolution in the opposite direction. This possibly suggests that the matter and antimatter could be evolving in opposite directions as distinct sides of the universe, as in the visualised Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The cosmic horizon radius is found to be accountable for the universal space curvature. By implementing this model, we find a decelerated stage of expansion during the first 10 Gyr, which is followed by a second stage of an accelerated expansion; potentially matching the tension in Hubble parameter measurements. In addition, the model predicts a final time-reversal stage of spatial contraction leading to the Big Crunch of a cyclic universe. The predicted density is 1.14. Other predictions are (1) a calculable flow rate of the matter side towards the antimatter side at the accelerated stage; conceivably explaining the dark flow observation, (2) a time-dependent spacetime curvature over horizon evolution, which could influence the galactic rotational speed; possibly explaining the high speed of stars, and (3) evolvable spacetime internal voids at the accelerated stage, which could contribute in continuously increasing the matter and antimatter densities elsewhere in both sides respectively. These findings may indicate the existence of the antimatter as a distinct side, which influences the evolution of the universe instead of the dark energy or dark matter.

Working Paper ARTICLE

The Impact of Annihilation of Magnetic Monopole on Inflation, Dark Energy and Dark Matter

Biping Gong

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: monopole; inflation; dark matter; dark energy; annihilation

Online: 2 March 2020 (15:37:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0048.v1

Derivation of All Linear Transformations that Meet the Results of Michelson-Morley’s Experiment and Discussion of the Relativity Basics

Roman Szostek

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: coordinate and time transformation; kinematics; universal frame of reference; one-way speed of light; anisotropy of cosmic microwave background

Online: 5 August 2019 (05:18:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201812.0259.v1

Gravitation: Immediate Action at a Distance or Close Up Events?

Harmen Henricus Hollestelle

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: Gravitation, General relativity, Immediate action at a distance, Spirituality, Tactile interaction, Dark energy, Dark matter, Cosmology, Wave function reduction

Online: 21 December 2018 (11:09:27 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0469.v1

Effective Null Raychaudhuri Equation

Alessandro Pesci

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: Raychaudhuri equation; atoms of spacetime

Online: 24 September 2018 (17:09:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201809.0374.v1

Introduction to Fermionic Structures in C⁴ Space-Time

Dimitris Mastoridis, K. Kalogirou

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: unied theories; geometric unication; fermionic geometry; Cartan's principle of triality; complex space-time

Online: 19 September 2018 (08:34:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0033.v5

Dark Matter and Its Relationship with Gravity, Electromagnetism and the Two Nuclear Forces

Engel Roza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: dark matter; cosmological gravity; galaxy rotation problem; gravimagnetism; antigravity; cosmological constant

Online: 7 March 2017 (08:40:56 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0033.v4

Dark Matter and Its Relationship with Gravity, Electromagnetism and the Two Nuclear Forces

Engel Roza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: dark matter; cosmological gravity; galaxy rotation problem; gravimagnetism; antigravity; cosmological constant

Online: 1 December 2016 (09:53:13 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0033.v3

Dark Matter and Its Relationship with Gravity, Electromagnetism and the Two Nuclear Forces

Engel Roza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: dark matter; cosmological gravity; galaxy rotation problem; gravimagnetism; antigravity; cosmological constant

Online: 10 November 2016 (08:42:03 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0033.v2

Dark Matter and Its Relationship with Gravity, Electromagnetism and the Two Nuclear Forces

Engel Roza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: dark matter; cosmological gravity; galaxy rotation problem; gravimagnetism; antigravity; cosmological constant

Online: 12 October 2016 (10:03:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0033.v1

Dark Matter and Its Relationship with Gravity, Electromagnetism and the Two Nuclear Forces

Engel Roza

Subject: Physical Sciences, Space Science Keywords: dark matter; cosmological gravity; galaxy rotation problem; gravimagnetism; antigravity

Online: 11 October 2016 (14:29:45 CEST)

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