Search Subject Areas | Preprints.org

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0203.v1

Face Masks Against COVID-19: An Evidence Review

Jeremy Howard, Austin Huang, Zhiyuan Li, Zeynep Tufekci, Vladimir Zdimal, Helene-Mari van der Westhuizen, Arne von Delft, Amy Price, Lex Fridman, Lei-Han Tang, Viola Tang, Gregory L. Watson, Christina E. Bax, Reshama Shaikh, Frederik Questier, Danny Hernandez, Larry F. Chu, Christina M. Ramirez, Anne W. Rimoin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; masks; pandemic

Online: 12 April 2020 (17:41:10 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0025.v1

COVID-19 Outpatients – Early Risk-Stratified Treatment with Zinc Plus Low Dose Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin: A Retrospective Case Series Study

Martin Scholz, Roland Derwand, Vladimir Zelenko

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; outpatients; treatment; zinc; hydroxychloroquine; azithromycin

Online: 3 July 2020 (08:52:22 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Objective: To describe outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the outpatient setting after early treatment with zinc, low dose hydroxychloroquine, and azithromycin (the triple therapy) dependent on risk stratification. Design: Retrospective case series study. Setting: General practice. Participants: 141 COVID-19 patients with laboratory confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in the year 2020. Main Outcome Measures: Risk-stratified treatment decision, rate of hospitalization and all-cause death. Results: Of 335 positively PCR-tested COVID-19 patients, 127 were treated with the triple therapy. 104 of 127 met the defined risk stratification criteria and were included in the analysis. In addition, 37 treated and eligible patients who were confirmed by IgG tests were included in the treatment group (total N=141). 208 of the 335 patients did not meet the risk stratification criteria and were not treated. After 4 days (median, IQR 3-6, available for N=66/141) of onset of symptoms, 141 patients (median age 58 years, IQR 40-67; 73% male) got a prescription for the triple therapy for 5 days. Independent public reference data from 377 confirmed COVID-19 patients of the same community were used as untreated control. 4 of 141 treated patients (2.8%) were hospitalized, which was significantly less (p<0.001) compared with 58 of 377 untreated patients (15.4%) (odds ratio 0.16, 95% CI 0.06-0.5). Therefore, the odds of hospitalization of treated patients were 84% less than in the untreated group. One patient (0.7%) died in the treatment group versus 13 patients (3.5%) in the untreated group (odds ratio 0.2, 95% CI 0.03-1.5; p=0.16). There were no cardiac side effects. Conclusions: Risk stratification-based treatment of COVID-19 outpatients as early as possible after symptom onset with the used triple therapy, including the combination of zinc with low dose hydroxychloroquine, was associated with significantly less hospitalizations and 5 times less all-cause deaths.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0151.v1

Cardiovascular Effects of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents

Suyanee Mansanguan, Prakaykaew Charunwatthana, Watcharapong Piyaphanee, Wilanee Dechkhajorn, Akkapon Poolcharoen, Chayasin Mansanguan

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine; COVID-19 vaccine; cardiovascular effects; myocarditis; adolescents; Thailand

Online: 8 August 2022 (10:40:23 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0235.v1

Vitamin D Supplementation Could Prevent and Treat Influenza, Coronavirus, and Pneumonia Infections

William B. Grant, Henry Lahore, Sharon L. McDonnell, Carole A. Baggerly, Christine B. French, Jennifer L. Aliano, Harjit Pal Bhattoa

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dietetics And Nutrition Keywords: ascorbic acid; cahtelicidin; coronavirus; COVID-19; cytokine storm; influenza, pneumonia; prevention; respiratory tract infection; UVB; vitamin C; Vitamn D; solar radiation; treatment; observational; trial

Online: 15 March 2020 (01:47:19 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0203.v2

Face Masks Against COVID-19: An Evidence Review

Jeremy Howard, Austin Huang, Zhiyuan Li, Zeynep Tufekci, Vladimir Zdimal, Helene-Mari van der Westhuizen, Arne von Delft, Amy Price, Lex Fridman, Lei-Han Tang, Viola Tang, Gregory L. Watson, Christina E. Bax, Reshama Shaikh, Frederik Questier, Danny Hernandez, Larry F. Chu, Christina M. Ramirez, Anne W. Rimoin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; masks; pandemic

Online: 13 May 2020 (13:16:04 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

The science around the use of masks by the general public to impede COVID-19 transmission is advancing rapidly. Policymakers need guidance on how masks should be used by the general population to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Here,we develop an analytical framework to examine an overlooked aspect of mask usage: masks as source-control targeting egress from the wearer with benefits at the population-level, rather than as PPE used for ingress control for health-care workers with focus on individual outcomes. We consider and synthesize the relevant literature to inform multiple areas: 1) transmission characteristics of COVID-19, 2) filtering characteristics and efficacy of masks, 3) estimated population impacts of widespread community mask use, and 4) sociological considerations for policies concerning mask-wearing. A primary route of transmission of COVID-19 is likely via respiratory droplets, and is known to be transmissible from presymptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Reducing disease spread requires two things: first, limit contacts of infected individuals via physical distancing and other measures, and second, reduce the transmission probability per contact. The preponderance of evidence indicates that mask wearing reduces the transmissibility per contact by reducing transmission of infected droplets in both laboratory and clinical contexts. Public mask wearing is most effective at reducing spread of the virus when compliance is high. The decreased transmissibility could substantially reduce the death toll and economic impact while the cost of the intervention is low. Given the current shortages of medical masks we recommend the adoption of public cloth mask wearing, as an effective form of source control for now, in conjunction with existing hygiene, distancing, and contact tracing strategies. We recommend that public officials and governments strongly encourage the use of widespread face masks in public, including the use of appropriate regulation.

Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0023.v1

Kinins and Cytokines in COVID-19: A Comprehensive Pathophysiological Approach

Frank van de Veerdonk, Mihai G. Netea, Marcel van Deuren, Jos W.M. van der Meer, Quirijn de Mast, Roger J. Bruggemann, Hans van der Hoeven

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; bradykinin; ACE2; pulmonary angioedema; ARDS; icatibant

Online: 3 April 2020 (04:13:43 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Most striking observations in COVID-19 patients are the hints on pulmonary edema (also seen on CT scans as ground glass opacities), dry cough, fluid restrictions to prevent more severe hypoxia, the huge PEEP that is needed while lungs are compliant, and the fact that anti-inflammatory therapies are not powerful enough to counter the severity of the disease. We propose that the severity of the disease and many deaths are due to a local vascular problem due to activation of B1 receptors on endothelial cells in the lungs. SARS-CoV-2 enters the cell via ACE2, a cell membrane bound molecule with enzymatic activity that next to its role in RAS is needed to inactivate des-Arg⁹ bradykinin, the potent ligand of the bradykinin receptor type 1 (B1). In contrast to bradykinin receptor 2 (B2), the B1 receptor on endothelial cells is upregulated by proinflammatory cytokines. Without ACE2 acting as a guardian to inactivate the ligands of B1, the lung environment is prone for local vascular leakage leading to angioedema. Angioedema is likely a feature already early in disease, and might explain the typical CT scans and the feeling of people that they drown. In some patients, this is followed by a clinical worsening of disease around day 9 due to the formation antibodies directed against the spike (S)-antigen of the corona-virus that binds to ACE2 that could contribute to disease by enhancement of local immune cell influx and proinflammatory cytokines leading to damage. In parallel, inflammation induces more B1 expression, and possibly via antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infection leading to continued ACE2 dysfunction in the lung because of persistence of the virus. In this viewpoint we propose that a bradykinin-dependent local lung angioedema via B1 and B2 receptors is an important feature of COVID-19, resulting in a very high number of ICU admissions. We propose that blocking the B1 and B2 receptors might have an ameliorating effect on disease caused by COVID-19. This kinin-dependent pulmonary edema is resistant to corticosteroids or adrenaline and should be targeted as long as the virus is present. In addition, this pathway might indirectly be responsive to anti-inflammatory agents or neutralizing strategies for the anti-S-antibody induced effects, but by itself is likely to be insufficient to reverse all the pulmonary edema. Moreover, we provide a suggestion of how to ventilate in the ICU in the context of this hypothesis.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0057.v1

Early Hydroxychloroquine Is Associated with an Increase of Survival in COVID-19 Patients: An Observational Study

Francisco Javier Membrillo de Novales, Germán Ramírez-Olivencia, Miriam Estébanez, Begoña de Dios, María Dolores Herrero, Tatiana Mata, Alberto M. Borobia, Carlos Gutiérrez, María Simón, Ana Ochoa, Yolanda Martínez, Alejandro Aguirre, Francisco de Asís Alcántara, Pablo Fernández-González, Elena López, Sergio Campos, María Navarro, Lucía Elena Ballester

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; treatment; drug; survival; antiviral; hydroxychloroquine

Online: 5 May 2020 (03:32:22 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0881.v1

Concerns regarding Transfusions of Blood Products Derived from Genetic Vaccine Recipients and Proposals for Specific Measures

Jun Ueda, Hideyuki Motohashi, Yuriko Hirai, Kenji Yamamoto, Yasufumi Murakami, Masanori Fukushima, Akinori Fujisawa

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Transplantation Keywords: COVID-19 vaccine; genetic vaccine; blood product; blood transfusion; spike protein; post-vaccination syndrome; harm–benefit assessment; prion; spikeopathy; inspection standard; diagnostic criteria

Online: 15 March 2024 (08:54:06 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0350.v1

Is there a Link between the 2021 COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake in Europe and 2022 Excess All-Cause Mortality?

Jarle Aarstad, Olav Andreas Kvitastein

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; vaccination; all-cause mortality; excess mortality; causal inferences; ecological fallacy; individualistic fallacy

Online: 21 February 2023 (03:49:52 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0226.v1

Potential Inhibitor of COVID-19 Main Protease (M^pro) From Several Medicinal Plant Compounds by Molecular Docking Study

Siti Khaerunnisa, Hendra Kurniawan, Rizki Awaluddin, Suhartati Suhartati, Soetjipto Soetjipto

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-2019; Mpro; 6LU7; medicinal plant compounds; docking

Online: 13 March 2020 (03:19:02 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0203.v3

Face Masks Against COVID-19: An Evidence Review

Jeremy Howard, Austin Huang, Zhiyuan Li, Zeynep Tufekci, Vladimir Zdimal, Helene-Mari van der Westhuizen, Arne von Delft, Amy Price, Lex Fridman, Lei-Han Tang, Viola Tang, Gregory L. Watson, Christina E. Bax, Reshama Shaikh, Frederik Questier, Danny Hernandez, Larry F. Chu, Christina M. Ramirez, Anne W. Rimoin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; masks; pandemic

Online: 12 July 2020 (16:11:50 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

The science around the use of masks by the general public to impede COVID-19 transmission is advancing rapidly. Policymakers need guidance on how masks should be used by the general population to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. In this narrative review, we develop an analytical framework to examine mask usage, considering and synthesizing the relevant literature to inform multiple areas: population impact; transmission characteristics; source control; PPE; sociological considerations; and implementation considerations. A primary route of transmission of COVID-19 is via respiratory droplets, and is known to be transmissible from presymptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Reducing disease spread requires two things: first, limit contacts of infected individuals via physical distancing and other measures, and second, reduce the transmission probability per contact. The preponderance of evidence indicates that mask wearing reduces the transmissibility per contact by reducing transmission of infected droplets in both laboratory and clinical contexts. Public mask wearing is most effective at reducing spread of the virus when compliance is high. The decreased transmissibility could substantially reduce the death toll and economic impact while the cost of the intervention is low. Given the current shortages of medical masks we recommend the adoption of public cloth mask wearing, as an effective form of source control, in conjunction with existing hygiene, distancing, and contact tracing strategies. Because many respiratory droplets become smaller due to evaporation, we recommend increasing focus on a previously overlooked aspect of mask usage: mask-wearing by infectious people ("source control") with benefits at the population-level, rather than mask-wearing by susceptible people, such as health-care workers, with focus on individual outcomes. We recommend that public officials and governments strongly encourage the use of widespread face masks in public, including the use of appropriate regulation.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.1198.v1

Autopsy Proven Fatal COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Myocarditis

Nicolas Hulscher, Roger Hodkinson, William Makis, Peter McCullough

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: myocarditis; sudden death; chest pain; autopsy; necropsy; COVID-19; COVID-19 vaccines; mRNA; SARS-CoV-2 vaccination; death; excess mortality; spike protein; organ system

Online: 18 July 2023 (09:34:51 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Background: COVID-19 vaccines have been linked to myocarditis which in some circumstances can be fatal. This systematic review aims to investigate potential causal links between COVID-19 vaccines and death from myocarditis using post-mortem analysis. Methods: We performed a systematic review of all published autopsy reports involving COVID-19 vaccination-related myocarditis through July 3^rd, 2023. All autopsy studies that include COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis as a possible cause of death were included, without imposing any additional restrictions. Causality in each case was determined by three independent reviewers with cardiac pathology experience and expertise. Results: We initially identified 1,691 studies and, after screening for our inclusion criteria, included 14 papers that contained 28 autopsy cases. The cardiovascular system was the only organ system affected in 26 cases. In 2 cases, myocarditis was characterized as a consequence from multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS). The mean and median number of days from last COVID-19 vaccination until death was 6.2 and 3 days, respectively. Most of the deaths occurred within a week from the last injection. We established that all 28 deaths were causally linked to COVID-19 vaccination by independent adjudication. Conclusions: The temporal relationship, internal and external consistency seen among cases in this review with known COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis, its pathobiological mechanisms and related excess death, complemented with autopsy confirmation, independent adjudication, and application of the Bradford Hill criteria to the overall epidemiology of vaccine myocarditis, suggests there is a high likelihood of a causal link between COVID-19 vaccines and death from suspected myocarditis in cases where sudden, unexpected death has occurred in a vaccinated person. Urgent investigation is required for the purpose of risk stratification and mitigation in order to reduce the population occurrence of fatal COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0422.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Prion-Like Domains in Spike Proteins Enable Higher Affinity to ACE2

George Tetz, Victor Tetz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS; SARS-CoV-2 Prion-like domain

Online: 29 March 2020 (06:16:20 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0330.v2

COVID-19: Rethinking the Lockdown Groupthink

Ari Joffe

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; Public Health; Lockdowns; Cost-benefit analysis; Groupthink

Online: 4 November 2020 (10:14:33 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0430.v1

COVID-19 Vaccines: The Impact on Pregnancy Outcomes and Menstrual Function

James A. Thorp, Claire Rogers, Michael P. Deskevich, Stewart Tankersley, Albert Benavides, Megan D. Redshaw, Peter A. McCullough

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Obstetrics And Gynaecology Keywords: COVID-19 vaccines; menstruation; pregnancy outcomes; Influenza vaccines; VAERS

Online: 28 September 2022 (03:50:35 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0159.v1

SeXX and COVID-19: Tussle between the Two

Ashlesh Patil, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Vishwajit Deshmukh, Bharat Sontakke, Satyendra C. Tripathi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Sex; COVID-19; SARS Cov-2; ACE2; innate immunity; adaptive immunity

Online: 14 June 2020 (03:18:35 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0131.v1

Forensic Analysis of the 38 Subject Deaths in the 6-Month Interim Report of the Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Clinical Trial

Corinne Michels, Daniel Perrier, Jeyanthi Kunadhasan, Ed Clark, Joseph Gehrett, Barbara Gehrett, Kim Kwiatek, Sarah Adams, Robert Chandler, Leah Stagno, Tony Damian, Erika Delph, Chris Flowers

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: BNT162b2 vaccine; Pfizer/BioNTech; cardiovascular events; COVID-19

Online: 4 September 2023 (08:19:54 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0179.v1

A Simulation on Potential Secondary Spread of Novel Coronavirus in an Exported Country Using a Stochastic Epidemic SEIR Model

Kentaro Iwata, Chisato Miyakoshi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: novel coronavirus; SEIR model; outside China

Online: 14 February 2020 (02:34:55 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0235.v2

Evidence That Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

William B. Grant, Henry Lahore, Sharon L. McDonnell, Carole A. Baggerly, Christine B. French, Jennifer L. Aliano, Harjit Pal Bhattoa

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dietetics And Nutrition Keywords: acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); ascorbic acid; cathelicidin; coronavirus; COVID-19; cytokine storm; influenza; observational; pneumonia, prevention; respiratory tract infection; solar radiation; treatment; UVB; vitamin C; vitamin D

Online: 30 March 2020 (05:48:43 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

The world is in the grips of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health measures that can reduce the risk of infection and death in addition to quarantines are desperately needed. This article reviews the roles of vitamin D in reducing risk of respiratory tract infections, knowledge about the epidemiology of influenza and COVID-19, and how vitamin D supplementation might be a useful measure to reduce risk. Through several mechanisms, vitamin D can reduce risk of infections. Those mechanisms include inducing cathelicidins and defensins that can lower viral replication rates and reducing concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines that produce the inflammation that injures the lining of the lungs, leading to pneumonia, as well as increase concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Several observational studies and clinical trials reported that vitamin D supplementation reduced risk of influenza, whereas others did not. Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome, and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. To reduce risk of infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D₃ for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d. The goal should be to raise 25(OH)D concentrations above 40–60 ng/ml (100–150 nmol/l). For treatment of people who become infected with COVID-19, higher vitamin D₃ doses might be useful. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations.

Working Paper HYPOTHESIS

The First, Comprehensive Immunological Model of COVID-19: Implications for Prevention, Diagnosis, and Public Health Measures

Paolo Matricardi, Roberto Dal Negro, Roberto Nisini

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: antibodies; COVID-19; glycans; immunoglobulin M; SARS-CoV-2; pneumonia; prediction; protection

Online: 24 April 2020 (10:25:27 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Working Paper ARTICLE

Individual Variation of the SARS-CoV2 Receptor ACE2 Gene Expression and Regulation

Jiawei Chen, Quanlong Jiang, Xian Xia, Kangping Liu, Zhengqing Yu, Wanyu Tao, Wenxuan Gong, Jing-Dong J. Han

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: COVID19; ACE2; SARS-CoV2

Online: 12 March 2020 (03:15:15 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0486.v1

Azithromycin and Hydroxychloroquine Accelerate Recovery of Outpatients with Mild/Moderate COVID-19

Violaine Guérin, Pierre Lévy, Jean-Louis Thomas, Thierry Lardenois, Philippe Lacrosse, Emmanuel Sarrazin, Natacha Regensberg de Andreis, Martine Wonner

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacy Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; azithromycin; hydroxychloroquine; primary care

Online: 31 May 2020 (17:51:52 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0430.v2

COVID-19 Vaccines: The Impact on Pregnancy Outcomes and Menstrual Function

James A. Thorp, Claire Rogers, Michael P. Deskevich, Stewart Tankersley, Albert Benavides, Megan D. Redshaw, Peter A. McCullough

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Obstetrics And Gynaecology Keywords: COVID-19 vaccines; menstruation; pregnancy outcomes; Influenza vaccines; VAERS; stillbirth; miscarriage

Online: 30 December 2022 (09:39:28 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0457.v1

Reduced Vitamin K Status as A Potentially Modifiable Prognostic Risk Factor in COVID-19

Anton S.M. Dofferhoff, Ianthe Piscaer, Leon J. Schurgers, Jona Walk, Jody M.W. van den Ouweland, Tilman M. Hackeng, Petra Lux, Cecile Maassen, Esther G.A. Karssemeijer, Emiel F.M. Wouters, Rob Janssen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-19; vitamin K; vitamin K antagonists; SARS-CoV-2; matrix Gla protein; desmosine; protein C; protein S

Online: 25 April 2020 (03:13:45 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0330.v1

COVID-19: Rethinking the Lockdown Groupthink

Ari Joffe

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; Public Health; Lockdowns; Cost-benefit analysis

Online: 15 October 2020 (16:02:58 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0441.v1

IgG4 Antibodies Induced by mRNA Vaccines Generate Immune Tolerance to SARS-CoV-2’spike Protein by Suppressing the Immune System

Vladimir N. Uversky, Elrashdy M. Redwan, William Makis, Alberto Rubio-Casillas

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: IgG4 antibodies; mRNA vaccines; immuno-tolerance; auto-immunity; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19.

Online: 27 March 2023 (03:56:26 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0124.v1

Does Zinc Supplementation Enhance the Clinical Efficacy of Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine to Win Todays Battle Against COVID-19?

Martin Scholz, Roland Derwand

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Therapy; Chloroquine; Hydroxychloroquine; Zinc

Online: 8 April 2020 (10:54:33 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0204.v3

Forgotten “Primum Non Nocere” and Increased Mortality after Covid-19 Vaccination

Srecko Šorli, Tomaz Makovec, Zivan Krevel, Rado Gorjup

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Covid-19 vaccination; death rate; sick status days

Online: 13 February 2023 (04:27:07 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0333.v1

Identification of Potent COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro) Inhibitors from Natural Polyphenols: An in Silico Strategy Unveils a Hope against CORONA

Sevki Adem, Volkan Eyupoglu, Iqra Sarfraz, Azhar Rasul, Muhammad Ali

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; molecular docking; flavonoids

Online: 23 March 2020 (04:30:47 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0271.v1

Clinical Characteristics, Activity Levels and Mental Health Problems in Children with Long COVID: A Survey of 510 Children

Danilo Buonsenso, Ferran Espuny Pujol, Daniel Munblit, Sammie Mcfarland, Frances Simpson

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: long covid; children; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 9 March 2021 (12:37:24 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0214.v1

Revealing the Potency of Citrus and Galangal Constituents to Halt SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Rohmad Yudi Utomo, Muthi' Ikawati, Edy Meiyanto

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: SARS-Cov-2; Citrus sp.; Galangal; Curcuma sp.; Sappan wood

Online: 12 March 2020 (13:59:40 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0058.v1

Was School Closure Effective in Mitigating Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Time Series Analysis Using Bayesian Inference

Kentaro Iwata, Asako Doi, Chisato Miyakoshi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); school closure; time series analysis; Japan

Online: 6 April 2020 (13:11:12 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Working Paper ARTICLE

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) During Pregnancy: A Case Series

Weiyong Liu, Qianli Wang, Qi Zhang, Ling Chen, Junbo Chen, Bo Zhang, Yanjun Lu, Shaoshuai Wang, Liming Xia, Lu Huang, Kai Wang, Lu Liang, Yongli Zhang, Lance Turtle, David Lissauer, Ke Lan, Ling Feng, Hongjie Yu, Yingle Liu, Ziyong Sun

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: pregnancy; neonate; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; vertical transmission

Online: 25 February 2020 (11:38:47 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0315.v1

Two Things about COVID-19 Might Need Attention

Xiaodong Jia, Chengliang Yin, Shanshan Lu, Yan Chen, Qingyan Liu, Junfan Bai, Yinying Lu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: COVID-19; adipose tissue; cancer; ACE2

Online: 23 February 2020 (10:30:06 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0279.v1

Repositioning Chloroquine as Ideal Antiviral Prophylactic against COVID-19 - Time is Now

Raymond Chang, Wei-Zen Sun

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: chloroquine; COVID-19; SARS-CoV2; antiviral; viral prophylaxis

Online: 17 March 2020 (15:57:38 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0126.v1

Re-thinking the Potential for Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Joseph Allen, Linsey Marr

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; airborne; aerosol; transmission

Online: 7 May 2020 (13:20:42 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0548.v1

Why Does COVID-19 Disproportionately Affect the Elderly?

Amber L. Mueller, Maeve S. McNamara, David A. Sinclair

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; aging; immunosenescence; inflammaging; inflammation; cytokine storm; epigenetics; biological clock; sirtuin; glycome

Online: 30 April 2020 (22:38:53 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0349.v1

COVID-19: Beta-Thalassemia Subjects Immunised?

Edouard Lansiaux, Philippe Pierre Pebay, Jean Laurent Picard, Joachim Son-Forget

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: Novel Coronavirus; respiratory distress; Favipiravir; statistics; correlation; beta thalassemia; immunisation; Italy; Sardinia; regression; heme

Online: 19 April 2020 (13:48:56 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0242.v2

Potential Therapeutic Agents for COVID-19 Based on the Analysis of Protease and RNA Polymerase Docking

Yu-Chuan Chang, Yi-An Tung, Ko-Han Lee, Ting-Fu Chen, Yu-Chun Hsiao, Hung-Ching Chang, Tsung-Ting Hsieh, Chan-Hung Su, Su-Shia Wang, Jheng-Ying Yu, Shang-shung Shih, Yu-Hsiang Lin, Yin-Hung Lin, Yi-Chin Ethan Tu, Chun-Hua Hsu, Hsueh-Fen Juan, Chun-Wei Tung, Chien-Yu Chen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-19; molecular docking; HIV protease inhibitor; nucleotide analogues

Online: 29 February 2020 (12:43:40 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0178.v1

Brief Report: Rapid Clinical Recovery from Critical COVID-19 with Respiratory Failure in a Lung Transplant Patient Treated with Intravenous Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Jihad Georges Youssef, Faisal Zahiruddin, Mukhtar Al-Saadi, Simon Yau, Ahmad Goodarzi, Howard J. Huang, Jonathan C. Javitt

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Internal Medicine Keywords: Aviptadil; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; VIP; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Corona Virus; Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome; ARDS; Acute Lung Injury; ALI; surfactant; Alveolar Type II; ATII

Online: 9 July 2020 (07:54:22 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0204.v1

Is COVID-19 an Endothelial Disease? Clinical and Basic Evidence

Celestino Sardu, Jessica Gambardella, Marco Bruno Morelli, Xujun Wang, Raffaele Marfella, Gaetano Santulli

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: Covid-19; coronavirus; cardiovascular disease; thrombosis; hypertension; endothelial dysfunction

Online: 13 April 2020 (02:23:33 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0057.v2

Early Hydroxychloroquine Is Associated with an Increase of Survival in COVID-19 Patients: An Observational Study

Francisco Javier Membrillo, Germán Ramírez-Olivencia, Miriam Estébanez, Begoña de Dios, María Dolores Herrero, Tatiana Mata, Alberto M. Borobia, Carlos Gutiérrez, María Simón, Ana Ochoa, Yolanda Martínez, Alejandro Aguirre, Francisco de Asís Alcántara, Pablo Fernández-González, Elena López, Paula Valle, Sergio Campos, María Navarro, Lucía Elena Ballester

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; treatment; drug; survival; antiviral; hydroxychloroquine

Online: 9 May 2020 (04:45:37 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0457.v2

Reduced Vitamin K Status as A Potentially Modifiable Prognostic Risk Factor in COVID-19

Anton S.M. Dofferhoff, Ianthe Piscaer, Leon J. Schurgers, Jona Walk, Jody M.W. van den Ouweland, Tilman M. Hackeng, Pim A. de Jong, Reinoud Gosens, Petra Lux, Henny van Daal, Cecile Maassen, Esther G.A. Maassen, Loes E.M. Kistemaker, Cees Vermeer, Emiel F.M. Wouters, Rob Janssen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: Covid-19; desmosine; dp-ucMGP; elastic fibers; factor II; matrix Gla protein; PIVKA-II; protein S; vitamin K; vitamin K antagonist

Online: 29 May 2020 (04:16:20 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0090.v1

Hydroxychloroquine as an Aerosol Might Markedly Reduce and Even Prevent Severe Clinical Symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Ansgar Klimke, Gudrun Hefner, Bianca Will, Ursula Voss

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-19: hydroxychloroquine aerosol; pharmacotherapy; prevention; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 7 April 2020 (11:11:09 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Covid-19 is a new coronavirus disease first described in December 2019. This respiratory illness is severe and potentially fatal. Severe cases make up to 15%, lethality ranges between 1.5 and more than 10 %. What is urgently needed is an efficient pharmacological treatment for the treatment of severe cases. During the infection of alveolar epithelial cells of the lung, the ACE2 receptor has a central function. The antimalarial drugs chloroquine phosphate (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) impair in vitro the terminal glycosylation of ACE2 without significant change of cell-surface ACE2 and, therefore, might be potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Starting inhibition at 0.1 µM, CQ completely prevented in vitro infections at 10 µM, suggesting a prophylactic effect and preventing the virus spread 5 hours after infection. In a first clinical trial, CQ was effective in inhibiting exacerbation of pneumonia, improving lung imaging findings, promotion of virus-negative conversion, and shortening the disease. In addition, HCQ, which is three times more potent than CQ in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells (EC50 0.72 µM), was significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients compared to controls. Theoretically, CQ and HCQ could thus be effectively used in the treatment of SARS-CoV pneumonia. From a pharmacological standpoint, however, the major problems of oral treatment with these drugs are possible severe side effects and toxicity. Concretely, this relates to (a) the inconsistent individual bioavailability of these drugs at the alveolar target cells, depending on intestinal resorption, hepatic first-pass metabolism and accumulation in liver, spleen and lung, and (b) the need for a relatively high concentration of 1-5 µM at the alveolar surface. Therefore, we propose in a first dose estimation the use of HCQ as an aerosol in a dosage of 2-4 mg per inhalation in order to reach sufficient therapeutic levels at the alveolar epithelial cells. By using a low-dose non-systemic aerosol, adverse drug reactions will markedly be reduced compared with oral application. This increase in tolerability enables a broader use for prevention and after contact with an infected person, which would be an advantage especially for the high-risk, often multi-morbid and elderly patients. Empirical data on self-medication with a one-week aerosol application by two of the authors is presented. Inhalation was well tolerated without relevant side effects.

Working Paper HYPOTHESIS

Potential Natural Compounds for Preventing 2019-nCoV Infection

Hansen Chen, Qiaohui Du

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacy Keywords: 2019-nCov; Baicalin; Scutellarin; Hesperetin; Nicotianamine; Glycyrrhizin

Online: 30 January 2020 (03:06:07 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0242.v1

Potential Therapeutic Agents for COVID-19 Based on the Analysis of Protease and RNA Polymerase Docking

Yu-Chuan Chang, Yi-An Tung, Ko-Han Lee, Ting-Fu Chen, Yu-Chun Hsiao, Hung-Ching Chang, Tsung-Ting Hsieh, Chan-Hung Su, Su-Shia Wang, Jheng-Ying Yu, Shang-shung Shih, Yu-Hsiang Lin, Yin-Hung Lin, Yi-Chin Ethan Tu, Chun-Wei Tung, Chien-Yu Chen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-19; molecular docking; HIV protease inhibitor; nucleotide analogues

Online: 17 February 2020 (07:28:31 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0203.v4

Face Masks Against COVID-19: An Evidence Review

Jeremy Howard, Austin Huang, Zhiyuan Li, Zeynep Tufekci, Vladimir Zdimal, Helene-Mari van der Westhuizen, Arne von Delft, Amy Price, Lex Fridman, Lei-Han Tang, Viola Tang, Gregory L. Watson, Christina E. Bax, Reshama Shaikh, Frederik Questier, Danny Hernandez, Larry F. Chu, Christina M. Ramirez, Anne W. Rimoin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; masks; pandemic

Online: 2 November 2020 (10:18:00 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

The science around the use of masks by the general public to impede COVID-19 transmission is advancing rapidly. Policymakers need guidance on how masks should be used by the general population to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. In this narrative review, we develop an analytical framework to examine mask usage, considering and synthesizing the relevant literature to inform multiple areas: population impact; transmission characteristics; source control; PPE; sociological considerations; and implementation considerations. A primary route of transmission of COVID-19 is via respiratory droplets, and is known to be transmissible from presymptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Reducing disease spread requires two things: first, limit contacts of infected individuals via physical distancing and other measures, and second, reduce the transmission probability per contact. The preponderance of evidence indicates that mask wearing reduces the transmissibility per contact by reducing transmission of infected droplets in both laboratory and clinical contexts. Public mask wearing is most effective at reducing spread of the virus when compliance is high. The decreased transmissibility could substantially reduce the death toll and economic impact while the cost of the intervention is low. Given the current shortages of medical masks we recommend the adoption of public cloth mask wearing, as an effective form of source control, in conjunction with existing hygiene, distancing, and contact tracing strategies. Because many respiratory droplets become smaller due to evaporation, we recommend increasing focus on a previously overlooked aspect of mask usage: mask-wearing by infectious people ("source control") with benefits at the population-level, rather than mask-wearing by susceptible people, such as health-care workers, with focus on individual outcomes. We recommend that public officials and governments strongly encourage the use of widespread face masks in public, including the use of appropriate regulation.

Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0308.v1

A Case Report: Multifocal Necrotizing Encephalitis and Myocarditis after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination against Covid-19

Michael Mörz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: mRNA Vaccine; autopsy

Online: 22 June 2022 (07:53:57 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Working Paper CASE REPORT

Clinical Pathology of Critical Patient with Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19)

Weiren Luo, Hong Yu, Jizhou Gou, Xiaoxing Li, Yan Sun, Jinxiu Li, Lei Liu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: Novel coronavirus pneumonia; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Pathology; Critical patient

Online: 27 February 2020 (12:30:45 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0275.v1

Chloroquine as a Potential Treatment and Prevention Measure for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus: A Review

John Kearney

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Antimalarial; Chemoprophylaxis; Chloroquine; Coronavirus; COVID-19; Global Health; Hydroxychloroquine; Public Health; SARS-CoV-2; Virus

Online: 17 March 2020 (09:17:53 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Working Paper COMMUNICATION

Developing a Low-Cost and Accessible COVID-19 Vaccine for Global Health

Peter J. Hotez, Maria Elena Bottazzi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS 2; coronavirus

Online: 31 March 2020 (22:41:36 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1096.v1

Delayed Fatal Pulmonary Hemorrhage Following COVID-19 Vaccination: Case Report, Batch Analysis, And Proposed Autopsy Checklist

Nicolas Hulscher, Peter A. McCullough

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: COVID-19 vaccination; Death; Autopsy; Pulmonary hemorrhage; Adverse events; Spike protein; Batch; Thrombosis; Safety

Online: 20 February 2024 (06:33:40 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0432.v1

Nitazoxanide/Azithromycin Combination for COVID-19: A Suggested New Protocol for COVID-19 Early Management

Mina Kelleni

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: SARS CoV-2; COVID-19; Nitazoxanide; Azithromycin; Interferons

Online: 24 April 2020 (09:24:23 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0302.v1

Focusing on the Unfolded Protein Response and Autophagy Related Pathways to Reposition Common Approved Drugs against COVID-19

Serguei Nabirotchkin, Alex E. Peluffo, Jan Bouaziz, Daniel Cohen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-2019; SARS-CoV-2; 2019-nCoV; repositioning; UPR/Autophagy; real-world evidence; pathways

Online: 20 March 2020 (03:55:55 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

More than 179,000 individuals have fallen ill of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which first emerged in China less than four months ago in December 2019. As of today, there exist no approved treatments against COVID-19. Vaccines are being developed, but they will take time, at least one year, to reach the population. Drug repositioning represents a fast track because already approved medicines have been broadly tested through multiple trials. We developed a repositioning strategy that mostly leads to candidates that are commonly used. The advantages are that they will facilitate proof of concept in humans through a “real-world evidence” approach and should be rapidly available to the population. We focus on the established research results that the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy pathways of the host cells are essential to the life cycle of previously known coronaviruses. We performed the relevant bioinformatics analysis to understand and confirm if SARS-CoV-2 may interact with these druggable pathways. Based on these considerations, we prioritized two additional druggable pathways, which are important to the viral life cycle and tightly connected to UPR/autophagy signaling: the mitochondrial permeability transition pores (MPTP) and NLRP-3 inflammasome pathways. These four important pathways are perturbed in most major common diseases and have therefore been targeted by numerous broadly prescribed drugs. We have identified 97 approved drugs that are known to modulate these four identified pathways, and which represent, therefore, interesting repositioning candidates. Although it is indisputable that these drugs should never be used for immediate self-medication against COVID-19, we notice that some of them could also be prescribed to individuals who have COVID-19 comorbidities (e.g., hypertension). It is debated if these comorbidities are linked to the pathology itself (e.g., hypertension) or the drugs used to treat the pathology (e.g., sartans). Therefore, relevant preclinical tests and massive electronic health records (i.e., real-world evidence) must be used to pre-screen them and check the COVID-19 prognosis of individuals taking these drugs.

Working Paper CASE REPORT

Thalidomide Combined with Low-dose Glucocorticoid in the Treatment of COVID-19 Pneumonia

Chengshui Chen, Feng Qi, Keqing Shi, Yuping Li, Ji Li, Yongping Chen, Jingye Pan, Tieli Zhou, Xiangyang Lin, Jinsan Zhang, Yongde Luo, Xiaokun Li, Jinglin Xia

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Thalidomide; pneumonia

Online: 26 February 2020 (12:31:47 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints201912.0264.v1

38-Month Long Progression-Free and Symptom-Free Survival of a Patient With Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Case Report of the Paleolithic Ketogenic Diet (PKD) Used As a Stand-Alone Treatment after Failed Standard Oncotherapy

Csaba Tóth, Andrea Dabóczi, Madhvi Chanrai, Mária Schimmer, Zsófia Clemens

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dietetics And Nutrition Keywords: glioblastoma; brain tumor; paleolithic diet; ketogenic diet; paleolithic ketogenic diet; metabolic therapy; intestinal permeability; cancer treatment

Online: 20 December 2019 (06:36:16 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0311.v1

Pathological Study of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) through Post-Mortem Core Biopsies

Sufang Tian, Yong Xiong, Huan Liu, Li Niu, Jianchun Guo, Meiyan Liao, Shu-Yuan Xiao

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; pathology; post-mortem biopsy

Online: 20 March 2020 (09:24:10 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Working Paper CASE REPORT

A COVID-19 Case Report from Asymptomatic Contact: Implication for Contact Isolation and Incubation Management

Chang-Qiang Zhu, Shi-Ding Gao, Xiao-Hong Yang, Fu-Qiang Ye, Le-Le Ai, Rui-Chen Lv, Bin Zhang, Yin Li, Heng Lv, Yun-Sheng Liu, Chun-Meng Shi, Chun-Hui Wang, Wei-Long Tan

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: patient; COVID-19; asymptomatic contact

Online: 9 March 2020 (10:34:58 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0347.v1

Vitamin B12 May Inhibit RNA-Dependent-RNA Polymerase Activity of nsp12 from the SARS-CoV-2 Virus

Naveen Narayanan, Deepak T. Nair

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: nsp12; RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase; SARS-CoV-2; inhibitor; vitamin B12

Online: 23 March 2020 (07:46:54 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0345.v1

Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19

Saskia Middeldorp, Michiel Coppens, Thijs F. van Haaps, Merijn Foppen, Alexander P. Vlaar, Marcella C.A. Muller, Catherine C.S. Bouman, Ludo F.M. Beenen, Ruud S. Kootte, Jarom Heijmans, Loek P. Smits, Peter I. Bonta, Nick van Es

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Clinical Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; venous thrombosis; pulmonary embolism; venous thromboembolism; anticoagulants; mortality

Online: 19 April 2020 (13:08:16 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0374.v1

Global Comparison of Changes in the Number of Test-Positive Cases and Deaths by Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19) in the World

Akihiro Hisaka, Hideki Yoshioka, Hiroto Hatakeyama, Hiromi Sato, Yoshihiro Onouchi, Naohiko Anzai

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; coronavirus; infectious disease; infection management; PCR test; mortality; kinetic analysis

Online: 21 April 2020 (05:42:47 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201803.0062.v1

Persistent Borrelia Infection in Patients with Ongoing Symptoms of Lyme Disease

Marianne J. Middelveen, Eva Sapi, Jennie Burke, Katherine R. Filush, Agustin Franco, Melissa C. Fesler, Raphael B. Stricker

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: Lyme disease; Borrelia burgdorferi; Tickborne disease; Chronic infection; Spirochete culture

Online: 8 March 2018 (07:08:02 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0424.v1

Insufficient Sensitivity of RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase Gene of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Genome as Confirmatory Test using Korean COVID-19 Cases

Soyoun Kim, Dong-Min Kim, Baeckseung Lee

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Korean COVID-19; Wuhan Corona virus; real time PCR Ct Value; Sensitivity; False Negative

Online: 28 February 2020 (12:03:13 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0414.v1

All-Cause Mortality According to COVID-19 Vaccination Status: an analysis of the UK Office for National Statistics Public Data

Alberto Donzelli, Giovanni Malatesta, Giovanni Di Palmo, Marco Cosentino, Marco Alessandria

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; COVID-19 vaccinations; all-cause mortality; relative risk

Online: 24 February 2023 (02:03:36 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0265.v1

The Essential Role of Vitamin D in the Biosynthesis of Endogenous Antimicrobial Peptides May Explain Why Deficiency Increases Mortality Risk in COVID-19 Infections

Patrick J. McCullough, Jeffrey Amend, William P. McCullough, Steven J. Repas, Jeffrey B. Travers, Douglas S. Lehrer

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Dietetics And Nutrition Keywords: vitamin D; cathelicidin; antimicrobial peptides; bacteria; mycobacteria; virus; coronavirus; sunshine; UVB phototherapy; tuberculosis; COVID-19; photosynthesis

Online: 16 May 2020 (16:02:26 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Abstract: A primary action of vitamin D is regulation of gene transcription. Many cell types possess genes that make antimicrobial peptides (AMPS) (endogenous antibiotics), recently discovered to be regulated by vitamin D. Two examples are cathelicidin and beta defensins, both bioactive against many different bacteria, fungi, mycobacteria, parasites and viruses. The signal transduction pathway is triggered by sensing microorganisms via cell surface receptors, causing intracellular production of calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D) and vitamin D receptors, leading to upregulation of AMP production. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations required to sustain adequate AMP production to eradicate infections are unknown. Vitamin D3 is photosynthesized in skin in amounts ranging from 10,000 (250 mcg) to 25,000 (625 mcg) International Units (IU) from 7-dehydrocholesterol after whole-body exposure to one minimal erythemal dose (MED) of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, and is impacted by many factors including geographic localities, seasonal changes and skin pigmentation. We and others have reported extended daily oral dosing with these amounts of vitamin D3 safe. We routinely observe serum 25(OH)D concentrations below 20ng/ml on new admissions, which have been reported insufficient to sustain AMP production. In contrast serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 100ng/ml have been reported after serial UVB treatments for psoriasis. Little vitamin D naturally occurs in food, and insufficient sun exposure may be causing worldwide deficiency. We review evidence suggesting that higher daily intakes of vitamin D3 than the currently recommended 600 (15 mcg) IU/day may be necessary to sustain AMP production in the face of an overwhelming infection, particularly in non-Hispanic blacks, a high risk population suffering the worst outcomes from COVID-19. We propose that increased vitamin D supplementation could provide a safe and cost-effective way to protect all populations from infections, in particular those from pandemic COVID-19.

Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0013.v1

High Risk COVID-19: Potential Intervention at Multiple Points in the COVID-19 Disease Process Via Prophylactic Treatment with Azithromycin or Bee Derived Products

Janice Block

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-19; azithromycin; bee

Online: 2 April 2020 (11:06:47 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0178.v1

SARS-CoV-2 and the Possible Connection to ERs, ACE2 and RAGE: Focus on Susceptibility Factors

Roberta Sessa Stilhano, Angelica Jardim Costa, Michelle Sayuri Nishino, Shahin Shams, Cynthia Silva Bartolomeo, Ana Cristina Breithaupt-Faloppa, Eduardo Alexandre Silva, Ana Lopez Ramirez, Carla Maximo Prado, Rodrigo Portes Ureshino

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-19; estrogen; RAGE; ACE2

Online: 10 May 2020 (17:46:13 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0206.v1

Therapeutic Approaches for COVID-19 Based on the Dynamics of Interferon-mediated Immune Responses

Farbod Shahabi nezhad, Pouria Mosaddeghi, Manica Negahdaripour, Zahra Dehghani, Mitra Farahmandnejad, Mohsen Moghadami, Navid Nezafat, Seyed Masoom Masoompour

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: 2019 novel coronavirus infection; coronavirus; SARS-CoV; interferon; systems biology

Online: 12 March 2020 (09:11:00 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

As the outbreak of COVID-19 has accelerated, an urgent need for finding strategies to combat the virus is growing. Thus, gaining more knowledge on the pathogenicity mechanism of SARS-CoV-2, the causing agent of COVID-19, and its interaction with the immune system is of utmost importance. Although this novel virus is not well known yet, its structural and genetic similarity with SARS-CoV as well as the comparable pattern of age-mortality relations suggest that the previous findings on SARS can be applicable for COVID-19. Therefore, a systems biology study was conducted to investigate the underlying mechanism for the differences in the age-specific mortality of SARS and the most important signaling pathways activated by the virus. The results were then validated through a literature review on COVID-19 and the other closely related viruses, SARS and MERS. Interferons have shown to possess a crucial role in the defense against coronavirus diseases. The virus can impede the interferon induction in humans. Moreover, STAT1, a key protein in the interferon mediated immune response, is antagonized by the virus. This could explain the increased response threshold of immune cells to IFNs during CoV infections. A vivid correlation between the innate immune response threshold and the fatality rates in COVID-19 can be found. Differences in the dynamics of the interferons-related innate immune responses in children, adults and elderly may explain the reported fatality rates. The increased mortality rates in the elderly can be explained by the higher threshold of interferon-mediated immune responses. Earlier induction of interferons in children and their less developed immune system could be the reason behind their zero or near to zero fatality rate. Administration of interferon-inducing agents, such as Poly (ICLC), could reduce the mortality of SARS at the very early stages of the disease. Adding interferon-γ to an interferon-I, as a synergistic combination therapy, might maximize the benefits.At the later stages of the disease, however, the balance of the immune reactions would be disrupted and the responses would shift toward immnopathogenic over-reactions and probably cytokine storm. Moderating the activity of the immune system and supportive care in such conditions might be the optimum approach.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0001.v1

Coronavirus Disease 2019 – COVID-19

Kuldeep Dhama, Khan Sharun, Ruchi Tiwari, Shubhankar Sircar, Sudipta Bhat, Yashpal Singh Malik, Karam Pal Singh, Wanpen Chaicumpa, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: emerging coronavirus; 2019-nCoV; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; diagnosis; vaccines; therapy; one health

Online: 1 March 2020 (02:48:13 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0213.v1

Recommendations for How to Respond When the Family Is Hoping for a Miracle

John Stonestreet

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Complementary And Alternative Medicine Keywords: Poor prognosis; medically non-beneficial care; futility; breaking bad news; withdrawal of care; miracle; hope; goals of care; communication; health disparities; racial discrimination; ethnocultural discrimination

Online: 16 May 2019 (12:38:38 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0348.v3

Hydroxychloroquine; Why It Might Be Successful and Why It Might Not Be Successful in the Treatment of Covid-19 Pneumonia? Could It Be A Prophylactic Drug?

Omer Deniz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: hydroxychloroquine; COVID-19; pneumonia; prophylaxis; treatment

Online: 12 May 2020 (08:06:55 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Working Paper CASE REPORT

Clinical Pathology of Critical Patient with Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19)

Weiren Luo, Hong Yu, Jizhou Gou, Xiaoxing Li, Yan Sun, Jinxiu Li, Lei Liu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: Novel coronavirus pneumonia; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Pathology; Critical patient

Online: 27 February 2020 (16:06:23 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201904.0037.v1

Effects of Involuntary Smoking and Vaping on the Cardiovascular System

Manfred Neuberger

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: second-hand smoke; cardiovascular disease; third-hand smoke; passive vaping; electronic cigarettes; heated tobacco; water pipe; myocardial infarction; stroke; diabetes

Online: 3 April 2019 (10:07:13 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0061.v1

Deep Learning Based Drug Screening for Novel Coronavirus 2019-nCov

Haiping Zhang, Konda Mani Saravanan, Yang Yang, Md. Tofazzal Hossain, Junxin Li, Xiaohu Ren, Yanjie Wei

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Medicine And Pharmacology Keywords: Coronavirus; Deep learning; Drug screening; homology modeling; main protease

Online: 5 February 2020 (10:59:09 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0047.v1

Possible Inhibitors of ACE2, the Receptor of 2019-nCoV

Qinghua Cui, Chuanbo Huang, Xiangwen Ji, Wanlu Zhang, Fenghong Zhang, Liang Wang

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: 2019-nCoV; therapeutic strategies; drug; ACE2

Online: 4 February 2020 (10:59:25 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0301.v1

Nicotinic Cholinergic System and COVID-19: Identification of a Potentially Crucial Snake Toxin-Like Sequence in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein

Konstantinos Farsalinos, Elias Eliopoulos, Socrates Tzartos, Konstantinos Poulas

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; smoking; nicotine; nicotinic cholinergic system; inflammation

Online: 18 May 2020 (11:51:44 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0262.v1

C1-INH and the Contact System in COVID-19-Associated Coagulopathy

Timothy M. Thomson, Emily Toscano, Ernesto Casis, Rosanna Paciucci

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: COVID-19; coagulopathy; C1-INH

Online: 16 May 2020 (04:19:07 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

Working Paper CASE REPORT

Clinical Pathology of Critical Patient with Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19)

Weiren Luo, Hong Yu, Jizhou Gou, Xiaoxing Li, Yan Sun, Jinxiu Li, Lei Liu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: Novel coronavirus pneumonia; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Pathology; Critical patient

Online: 2 March 2020 (15:32:55 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Background Novel coronavirus pneumonia ( COVID-19) have emerged as major global health threats since December, 2019. Up to now, the histopathology of critical patient with COVID-19 remains largely undisclosed. Methods We here performed the whole lung biopsy, and described the pathological changes of one COVID-19 critical patient done with transplant by HE staining, immunohistochemistry and special staining including Masson staining, PAS staining and silver methenamin staining. Findings The whole lung tissue displayed diffuse congestive appearance or partly haemorrhagic necrosis on gross examination. The haemorrhagic necrosis was prominently present in outer edge of the right lobe of the right lung. The cut surfaces of the lung displayed severe congestive and haemorrhagic changes. The main pathological lung changes showed bronchiolitis and alveolitis with proliferation, atrophy, desquamation and squamous metaplasia of epithelial cells. Massive pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, and partly hyaline degeneration, variable degrees of hemorrhagic pulmonary infarction. Small vessels hyperplasia, vessel wall thickening, lumen stenosis, occlusion and microthrombosis formation. Focal monocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells infiltrating into pulmonary interstitium. Atrophy, vacuolar degeneration, proliferation, desquamation and squamous metaplasia in alveolar epithelial cells. Alveolar cavity congestion was prominent, and contained mucus, edema fluid, desquamated epithelial cells, and inflammatory cells. We can also found several multinucleate giant cells and intracytoplasmic viral inclusion bodies. Masson staining indicated massive pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. Immunohistochemistry results showed positive for immunity cells including CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD79a, CD5, CD38 and CD68. Interpretation We show clinical pathology biopsy of critical patient with COVID-19, which might provide a deep insight of the pathogenesis and the severity of this disease.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0383.v1

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data for Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: A Survey on the State-of-the-Arts

Quoc-Viet Pham, Dinh C. Nguyen, Thien Huynh-The, Won-Joo Hwang, Pubudu N. Pathirana

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Other Keywords: COVID-19; coronavirus pandemic; big data; epidemic outbreak; artificial intelligence (AI); deep learning

Online: 21 April 2020 (09:01:45 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0438.v1

Liver and COVID 19 Infection: A Very Preliminary Lesson Learnt from Histological Post-mortem Findings in 48 patients

Aurelio Sonzogni, Giulia Previtali, Michela Seghezzi, Maria Grazia Alessio, Andrea Gianatti, Lisa Licini, Pietro Zerbi, Luca Carsana, Roberta Rossi, Eleonora Lauri, Alessandro Pellegrinelli, Manuela Nebuloni

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: Liver pathology; COVID 19 infection

Online: 24 April 2020 (10:53:36 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0007.v1

A Coadunation of Biological and Mathematical Perspectives on the Pandemic COVID-19: A Review

Sahar Qazi, Kayenat Sheikh, Mo Faheem, Arshad Khan, Khalid Raza

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: nCov-19, COVID-19, coronavirus, SARS-CoV

Online: 1 April 2020 (09:30:00 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1267.v1

Inadvertent Exposure to Pharmacologically Designed Lipid Nanoparticles Via Bodily Fluids: Biologic Plausibility and Potential Consequences

Matthew Halma, Jessica Rose, Peter McCullough

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Transplantation Keywords: Covid-19 vaccination; mRNA vaccine; lipid nanoparticles; blood transfusion; breastfeeding exposure; pharmacovigilance

Online: 22 February 2024 (04:00:44 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Exposure to vaccine lipid nanoparticles, mRNA, adenoviral DNA, and or Spike protein from one of the approved Covid-19 vaccines, or through secondary exposure, as through blood transfusion, is a potential source of harm. Blood reactions are an acknowledged side-effect of Covid-19 vaccination, not limited to hemolysis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, chronic cold agglutinin disease, immune thrombocytopenia, haemophagocytosis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and many other blood related conditions. The observation of adverse events has motivated investigation into the cardiovascular mechanisms of harm by Covid-19 vaccines, and the biodistribution of vaccine contents. Biodistribution may not be limited to the body of the vaccine recipient, as a growing body of evidence demonstrates the possibility of secondary exposure to vaccine particles. These can be via bodily fluids and include the following routes of exposure: blood transfusion, organ transplantation, breastfeeding, and possibly other means. As covid-19 vaccines are associated with an increased risk of stroke, the persistence of vaccine artifacts in the blood presents a possible threat to a recipient of a blood donation from a vaccinated donor who suffered from vaccine induced thrombosis or thrombocytopenia. (VITT) We assess the feasibility and significance of these risks through an overview of the case report literature of blood disorders in vaccinated individuals, pharmacovigilance reports from the US Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) and a meta-analysis of the available literature on organ transplants from vaccinated organ donors. Our analysis establishes biological mechanistic plausibility, a coherent safety signal in pharmacovigilance databases for secondary vaccine contents exposure (for the cases of blood transfusion and breastfeeding) and also an elevated level of adverse events in organ transplants from VITT-deceased donors, echoing increases in organ transplantation related complications seen in national statistics for some countries. Secondary exposure to vaccine artifacts is a potential explanation for some of the cases put forth, and requires a deeper investigation.

Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0158.v1

A Local Mechanism by which Alcohol Consumption Causes Cancer

Miguel López-Lázaro

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: alcohol; cancer; ethanol; tobacco; carcinogenesis; oral cavity; pharynx; esophagus; stem cells; stem cell division theory of cancer

Online: 16 August 2016 (09:45:33 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Epidemiological data indicate that 5.8% of cancer deaths world-wide are attributable to alcohol consumption. The risk of cancer is higher in tissues in closest contact on ingestion of alcohol, such as the oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus. The risk of these cancers is increased even in people who have only one alcoholic drink per day. However, since ethanol is not mutagenic and the carcinogenic metabolite of ethanol (acetaldehyde) is mostly produced in the liver, it is not clear why alcohol use preferentially exerts a local carcinogenic effect. It is well known that ethanol causes cell death at the concentrations present in alcoholic beverages; however, this effect has been overlooked probably because dead cells cannot give rise to cancer. Here I discuss that the cytotoxic effect of ethanol on the cells lining the oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus activates the division of the stem cells located in deeper layers of the mucosa to replace the dead cells. Every time stem cells divide, they become exposed to unavoidable errors associated with cell division (e.g., mutations arising during DNA replication and chromosomal alterations occurring during mitosis) and also become highly vulnerable to the genotoxic activity of endogenous and exogenous DNA-damaging agents (e.g., reactive oxygen species, acetaldehyde and tobacco carcinogens). Alcohol consumption probably increases the risk of developing cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus by promoting the accumulation of cell divisions in the stem cells that maintain these tissues in homeostasis. Because the cytotoxic activity of ethanol is concentration-dependent, the risk of these cancers will not only increase with increasing amounts of ethanol, but also with increasing concentrations; an ounce of whisky is probably more carcinogenic when taken undiluted than when taken mixed with non-alcoholic beverages. The local cytotoxic effect of ethanol can also explain the known synergistic effect of alcohol and tobacco use on the risk of these cancers. Understanding the mechanisms of carcinogenicity of alcohol is important to reinforce the epidemiological evidence and to raise public awareness of the strong link between alcohol consumption and cancer.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0065.v1

Views and Preferences for Nicotine Products as an Alternative to Smoking: A Focus Group Study of People Living with Mental Disorders

Carla Meurk, Pauline Ford, Ratika Sharma, Lisa Fitzgerald, Coral Gartner

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Psychiatry And Mental Health Keywords: nicotine products; tobacco harm reduction; people living with mental illness; qualitative research; consumer preferences

Online: 17 October 2016 (10:49:07 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0220.v1

Pulmonary Pathology of Early Phase SARS-COV-2 Pneumonia

Sufang Tian, Weidong Hu, Li Niu, Huan Liu, Haibo Xu, Shu-Yuan Xiao

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19 pneumonia; pathology; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 16 February 2020 (14:41:28 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0128.v1

Cardiovascular Vulnerability to COVID-19 in Cancer Survivors

Beshay Zordoky

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: COVID-19; Cancer Survivors; Cardiovascular

Online: 8 April 2020 (11:49:56 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0030.v1

Differences in the Bacteriome of Smokeless Tobacco Products with Different Oral Carcinogenicity: Compositional and Predicted Functional Analysis

Nezar Noor Al-hebshi, Fahd Ali Alharbi, Mohammed Mahri, Tsute Chen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: bacteria; bacteriome; carcinoma; microbiome; mouth; smokeless; snuff; tobacco

Online: 6 March 2017 (07:18:27 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0590.v1

How One Pandemic Led To Another: Asfv, the Disruption Contributing To Sars-Cov-2 Emergence in Wuhan

Wei Xia, Joseph Hughes, David Robertson, Xiaowei Jiang

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: African swine fever virus (ASFV); Pork shortage; Alternative meat consumption; Wildlife; Human-animal contact; Zoonotic spillover; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 25 February 2021 (16:57:13 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Supplementary Files| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0267.v1

Trends in Intensive Care for Patients with COVID-19 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland

James C Doidge, Paul R Mouncey, Karen Thomas, Doug W Gould, Paloma Ferrando-Vivas, Manu Shankar-Hari, David A Harrison, Kathryn M Rowan

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; intensive care; trends; United Kingdom; mortality; mechanical ventilation

Online: 11 August 2020 (13:45:43 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0640.v1

Rapid Recovery in Six Patients with COVID-19 Respiratory Failure after Treatment with Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Jonathan Javitt, Jihad Youssef

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: VIP; COVID-19; respiratory failure; vasoactive intestinal peptide; aviptadil; ARDS

Online: 28 August 2020 (11:38:23 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0633.v1

A Hierarchical Framework for Assessing Transmission Causality of Respiratory Viruses

Tom Jefferson, Carl Heneghan, Elizabeth Spencer, Jon Brassey, Annete Pluddeman, Igho Onakpoya, David Evans, John Conly

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: viral transmission; causation; evidence hierarchy; SARS-CoV-2; respiratory pathogens

Online: 23 April 2021 (11:59:58 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0531.v1

Data Forensic Determination of the Accuracy of International COVID-19 Reporting: Using Zipf's Law for Pandemic Investigation

Aamo Iorliam, Anthony T.S. Ho, Santosh Tirunagari, David Windridge

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Other Keywords: Zipf's law; COVID-19; Pandemics

Online: 30 April 2020 (13:49:58 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0153.v1

Association of Education and Smoking Status on Risk of Diabetes Mellitus: A Population-Based Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study

Jin-Hyeong Kim, Ju-Hwan Nho, Jae-Woo Choi, Eun-Cheol Park

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Endocrinology And Metabolism Keywords: diabetes; education; environmental tobacco smoke; smoker

Online: 20 March 2017 (09:09:44 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Background: Smoking, including environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure is a well-known risk factor for diabetes. Low socioeconomic status, especially lack of education, also is a risk factor for diabetes. Therefore, we assessed the association of education and smoking status, including ETS exposure, with the prevalence of diabetes. Methods: Data were from the 2007–2013 Korea National Health and Nutritional Evaluation Survey (KNHANES). Multivariable logistic regression examined associations between various lifestyle and health factors and prevalence of diabetes while controlling for potential confounding variables. Subgroup analysis was performed according to smoking status to determine factors associated with diabetes. Results: Of 19,303 individuals analyzed, 1,325 (11.4%) had diabetes. Greater average age, male sex, lower educational level, unemployment, and coexisting health problems were significantly associated with diabetes. Individuals with only elementary, middle, or high school level education had significantly greater odds ratios (p<0.05) compared to college graduates; smokers and nonsmokers exposed to ETS had significantly greater OR (p<0.05) than nonsmokers unexposed to ETS. Subgroup analysis of diabetics according to smoking status revealed significant associations (p<0.05) for diabetic nonsmokers exposed to ETS with female sex, single status, elementary level education, urban residence, National Health Insurance (NHI), hypertension, no alcohol intake, and no moderate physical activity. For diabetic smokers, there were significant associations (p<0.05) with elementary education, urban residence, lack of moderate physical activity, no alcohol intake, and NHI. Conclusions: The results suggested that smoking status, including ETS exposure, was associated with a higher prevalence of diabetes especially in populations with less education. Thus, we should direct efforts for controlling diabetes toward individuals with lower levels of education, and those who are smokers and nonsmokers exposed to ETS.

Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0130.v1

Challenges in Controlling SARS-CoV-2 in a Lower-middle Income Country and the Potential Unintended Effects due to Aggressive Restrictions

Lincoln Lau, Peng Wu, Daryn Go, Warren Dodd, Charles Yu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; LMIC; Quarantine Measures

Online: 8 April 2020 (12:03:43 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Working Paper CASE REPORT

Clinical Pathology of Critical Patient with Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19)

Weiren Luo, Hong Yu, Jizhou Gou, Xiaoxing Li, Yan Sun, Jinxiu Li, Lei Liu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: Novel coronavirus pneumonia; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Pathology; Critical patient

Online: 9 March 2020 (10:31:10 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints201707.0079.v1

A Simple Way to Reduce the Risk of Cancer of the Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx and Esophagus in Alcohol Users

Emilio Guillén-Mancina, José Manuel Calderón-Montaño, Miguel López-Lázaro

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: alcohol consumption; tobacco smoking; carcinogenesis; addiction; stem cells; stem cell division theory of cancer

Online: 27 July 2017 (12:34:00 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0424.v1

Taste Cell Is Abundant in the Expression of ACE2 Receptor of 2019-nCoV

Qi Han, Jiakuan Peng, Hao Xu, Qianming Chen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; ACE2; amblygeustia

Online: 24 April 2020 (03:34:21 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0173.v1

COVID-19 and Religion: Risks and Opportunities

Danilo Buonsenso, Walver Malorni, Grazia Leuconoe Sisti, Umberto Moscato

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: covid-19; religion; health

Online: 7 December 2020 (15:36:05 CET)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0009.v1

Infodemic: How an Epidemic of Misinformation Could Lead to a High Number of the Novel Corona Virus Disease Cases in Uganda

Betty K. Nannyonga, Rhoda K. Wanyenze, Pontiano Kaleebu, John M. Ssenkusu, Freddie Sengooba, Tom Lutalo, Willford Kirungi, Fredrick Edward Makumbi, Henry Kyobe Bosa, Vincent A. Ssembatya, Henry Mwebesa, Diana Atwine, Jane Ruth Aceng, Yonas Tegegn Woldermariam

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: infodemic; misinformation; COVID-19

Online: 3 June 2020 (05:16:33 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0445.v2

Meta-Analysis: COVID-19 Disease Severity Correlates with Smoking Status

Edouard Lansiaux, Pierre-Philippe Pébaÿ, Jean-Laurent Picard, Joachim Son-Forget

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; Coronavirus; Respiratory Distress; Tobacco Smoking; Correlation Statistics; Conditional Probability; Regression; China; U.S.A.

Online: 27 July 2020 (05:59:51 CEST)

Show abstract| Download PDF| Share

Medicine and Pharmacology