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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0350.v1

Is there a Link between the 2021 COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake in Europe and 2022 Excess All-Cause Mortality?

Jarle Aarstad, Olav Andreas Kvitastein

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; vaccination; all-cause mortality; excess mortality; causal inferences; ecological fallacy; individualistic fallacy

Online: 21 February 2023 (03:49:52 CET)

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Working Paper HYPOTHESIS

The First, Comprehensive Immunological Model of COVID-19: Implications for Prevention, Diagnosis, and Public Health Measures

Paolo Matricardi, Roberto Dal Negro, Roberto Nisini

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: antibodies; COVID-19; glycans; immunoglobulin M; SARS-CoV-2; pneumonia; prediction; protection

Online: 24 April 2020 (10:25:27 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0330.v2

COVID-19: Rethinking the Lockdown Groupthink

Ari Joffe

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; Public Health; Lockdowns; Cost-benefit analysis; Groupthink

Online: 4 November 2020 (10:14:33 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0330.v1

COVID-19: Rethinking the Lockdown Groupthink

Ari Joffe

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; Public Health; Lockdowns; Cost-benefit analysis

Online: 15 October 2020 (16:02:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0478.v1

Students’ Perception towards COVID-19 Vaccination Program in Bangladesh: A Study on University Students

Bikram Biswas, Mohammad Nur Ullah, Sajib Kumar Roy, Falguni Roy

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Perception, Covid-19, Vaccination, University Students, Bangladesh

Online: 19 April 2021 (12:27:47 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Pharmaceutical Waste: Overview, Management, and Impact of Improper Disposal

Milcah Njoki Nyaga, David Muriithi Nyagah, Aldress Njagi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Pharmaceutical waste; Sources; Cost of disposal; Management; Impact; Pharmacists

Online: 12 October 2020 (13:34:54 CEST)

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Introduction: Pharmaceutical products are inevitable for human health. Owing to the growing need for pharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical companies introduce drugs annually into the market in addition to the extensive collection of existing pharmaceutical products. Households, farms, health facilities, and pharmaceutical industries release pharmaceutical waste into the environment at low concentrations through routine pharmaceutical use, damage, and expiry. The effects of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) on non-target species in the environment are not known. Over the years, pharmaceuticals such as diclofenac and ibuprofen in trace amounts have been detected in public water systems, ground and surface water. Unwanted medicines should be safely disposed of at a reduced financial cost to mitigate the public and environmental health risks. Lack of general knowledge of how to dispose of unused pharmaceuticals leads to improper disposal resulting in accidental toxicity, rising healthcare costs, landfills pilfering/scavenging, water supply pollution, anti-microbial resistance, and death. To mitigate such effects, pharmacists should raise public awareness about safe disposal practices. Objective: This review aims to examine the sources of pharmaceutical waste, disposal costs, secure disposal methods, the effects of inappropriate disposal, and the role of pharmacists in the disposal. Method: The information on the stated objectives was gathered from available sources through a comprehensive literature review. Conclusion: Many countries contain tons of pharmaceutical waste that are expensive to destroy. Because of improper disposal, pharmaceutical waste has been found at trace amounts in drinking and surface water. A practical, environmentally sustainable approach to pharmaceutical waste management, with policies and guidelines, and public awareness campaigns, are necessary to address the problem of safe waste disposal. The national drug regulatory bodies should conduct environmental risk assessment resulting from the disposal of unwanted pharmaceuticals. Pharmacists should facilitate extensive training on sustainable drug use and proper pharmaceutical waste disposal at all levels to reduce the risks associated with improper disposal. Reduction of pharmaceutical waste generation at each step of a drug’s lifecycle, implementing takeback options, collection at approved sites, and modern technology to treat wastewater are highly recommended to reduce the effects of unwanted pharmaceuticals on human health and the environment.

Working Paper CASE REPORT

Thalidomide Combined with Low-dose Glucocorticoid in the Treatment of COVID-19 Pneumonia

Chengshui Chen, Feng Qi, Keqing Shi, Yuping Li, Ji Li, Yongping Chen, Jingye Pan, Tieli Zhou, Xiangyang Lin, Jinsan Zhang, Yongde Luo, Xiaokun Li, Jinglin Xia

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Thalidomide; pneumonia

Online: 26 February 2020 (12:31:47 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0559.v1

An Update for UK Podiatrists Performing Toenail Surgery on Patients Who Are Taking Antithrombotic Medications: It’s About Bleeding Time

Ian Reilly, Toby Blandford

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: nail surgery, antithrombotics, anticoagulation, antiplatelet, bleeding.

Online: 24 May 2021 (10:41:07 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0242.v1

Long-Haul COVID-19: Putative Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Treatments

Shin Jie Yong

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; long-haul; inflammation; tissue damage; drug repurposing

Online: 10 December 2020 (09:42:20 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0502.v1

Conflict between Science and Superstition in Medical and Dental Practices

Donat Uwayezu, Eustache Ntigura, Agnes Gatarayiha, Sarah Erem, Anwarul Majumder, Mainul Haque, Mohammed S. Razzaque

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Superstition; Scientific knowledge; Conflict; Traditional healers

Online: 25 January 2021 (14:11:54 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0062.v1

Recent Advances in Trop 2 Targeted Therapy for Solid Tumors

Shutan Liao, Bing Wang, Rong Zeng, Haifeng Bao, Xiaomin Chen, Rakesh Dixit, Xiaoyan Xing

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Trop 2; targeted therapy; antibody-drug conjugate; solid tumors

Online: 2 December 2020 (12:35:36 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0173.v1

COVID-19 and Religion: Risks and Opportunities

Danilo Buonsenso, Walver Malorni, Grazia Leuconoe Sisti, Umberto Moscato

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: covid-19; religion; health

Online: 7 December 2020 (15:36:05 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0230.v1

Interprofessional Collaboration Improves Patient Safety: A Review

Muh Abdurrouf, Moses Glorino Rumambo Pandin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: interprofessional collaboration; nurse; patient safety

Online: 8 April 2021 (10:29:07 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0271.v1

Clinical Characteristics, Activity Levels and Mental Health Problems in Children with Long COVID: A Survey of 510 Children

Danilo Buonsenso, Ferran Espuny Pujol, Daniel Munblit, Sammie Mcfarland, Frances Simpson

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: long covid; children; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 9 March 2021 (12:37:24 CET)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Immunogenicity of Clinically Relevant SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in Non-human Primates and Humans

P.J. Klasse, D. F. Nixon, J. P. Moore

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; S-protein; RBD; COVID-19; neutralizing antibodies; serology; T-cells; vaccines; animal models; Operation Warp Speed

Online: 7 September 2020 (12:29:06 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0704.v1

Telenursing as a New Nursing Paradigm in the 21 Century: A Literature Review

Al Afik, Moses Glorino Rumambo Pandin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Telenursing; Nursing; 21st century paradigm

Online: 29 March 2021 (15:41:11 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0569.v1

Important Jamaican Medicinal Plants with Special Reference to their Antiviral Activity

Henry Lowe, Blair Steele, Joseph Bryant, Emadelden Fouad, Ngeh Toyang, Wilfred Ngwa

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: phytomedicine; viral infections; antivirals; phytoantiviral

Online: 28 October 2020 (08:34:07 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0203.v4

Face Masks Against COVID-19: An Evidence Review

Jeremy Howard, Austin Huang, Zhiyuan Li, Zeynep Tufekci, Vladimir Zdimal, Helene-Mari van der Westhuizen, Arne von Delft, Amy Price, Lex Fridman, Lei-Han Tang, Viola Tang, Gregory L. Watson, Christina E. Bax, Reshama Shaikh, Frederik Questier, Danny Hernandez, Larry F. Chu, Christina M. Ramirez, Anne W. Rimoin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; masks; pandemic

Online: 2 November 2020 (10:18:00 CET)

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The science around the use of masks by the general public to impede COVID-19 transmission is advancing rapidly. Policymakers need guidance on how masks should be used by the general population to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. In this narrative review, we develop an analytical framework to examine mask usage, considering and synthesizing the relevant literature to inform multiple areas: population impact; transmission characteristics; source control; PPE; sociological considerations; and implementation considerations. A primary route of transmission of COVID-19 is via respiratory droplets, and is known to be transmissible from presymptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Reducing disease spread requires two things: first, limit contacts of infected individuals via physical distancing and other measures, and second, reduce the transmission probability per contact. The preponderance of evidence indicates that mask wearing reduces the transmissibility per contact by reducing transmission of infected droplets in both laboratory and clinical contexts. Public mask wearing is most effective at reducing spread of the virus when compliance is high. The decreased transmissibility could substantially reduce the death toll and economic impact while the cost of the intervention is low. Given the current shortages of medical masks we recommend the adoption of public cloth mask wearing, as an effective form of source control, in conjunction with existing hygiene, distancing, and contact tracing strategies. Because many respiratory droplets become smaller due to evaporation, we recommend increasing focus on a previously overlooked aspect of mask usage: mask-wearing by infectious people ("source control") with benefits at the population-level, rather than mask-wearing by susceptible people, such as health-care workers, with focus on individual outcomes. We recommend that public officials and governments strongly encourage the use of widespread face masks in public, including the use of appropriate regulation.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0204.v3

Forgotten “Primum Non Nocere” and Increased Mortality after Covid-19 Vaccination

Srecko Šorli, Tomaz Makovec, Zivan Krevel, Rado Gorjup

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Covid-19 vaccination; death rate; sick status days

Online: 13 February 2023 (04:27:07 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0221.v1

3D Printing Part 1 - A History and Literature Review Of 3D Printing in Dentistry

Adam Brian Nulty

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: 3D printing; intraoral scanners; digital dentistry; trueness; precision; accuracy; history

Online: 10 May 2021 (15:57:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0024.v1

Potential Inhibitors Targeting RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Activity (NSP12) of SARS-CoV-2

Zijing Ruan, Chao Liu, Yuting Guo, Zhenqing He, Xinhe Huang, Xu Jia, Tai Yang

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; nonstructural proteins (NSP); NSP12; NSP7; NSP8; virtual screening; inhibitor

Online: 2 March 2020 (03:11:33 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0416.v2

How Toxic indeed is Oxymetazoline? Collection and Comparison of Toxicological Data of Pharmacologically Active Imidazoline Derivatives

Karsten Strey

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: LD50; lethal Dose; Xylometazoline; Oxymetazoline; Imidazoline Derivatives

Online: 15 December 2020 (13:03:01 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0311.v1

Pharmacotherapy of COVID-19: Considerations for Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Amirreza Naseri, Sepideh Seyedi Sahebari, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Angiotensin converting enzyme 2; breast feeding; drug therapy; pregnancy; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

Online: 13 May 2021 (15:26:34 CEST)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0366.v1

High Volume Injection (Hydrodissection) for Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome Using Peripheral Nerve Stimulation: Treatment Protocol

Ian Reilly, Akram Uddin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: tarsal tunnel syndrome; compression neuropathy; high volume injection; hydrodissection; hydrodilatation; nerve stimulator

Online: 19 January 2021 (09:00:21 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0414.v1

All-Cause Mortality According to COVID-19 Vaccination Status: an analysis of the UK Office for National Statistics Public Data

Alberto Donzelli, Giovanni Malatesta, Giovanni Di Palmo, Marco Cosentino, Marco Alessandria

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; COVID-19 vaccinations; all-cause mortality; relative risk

Online: 24 February 2023 (02:03:36 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0249.v1

Do Mouthwashes Reduce Covid-19 Viral Load during Dental Procedures and Oropharyngeal Examinations? A Systematic Review

Simin Z. Mohebbi, Tayebe Ebrahimi, Ahmad Reza Shamshiri

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: mouthwash; mouth rinse; oral rinse; covid19; SARS-COV-2; coronavirus

Online: 9 June 2021 (09:10:08 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0102.v1

Potential of Plant Bioactive Compounds as SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (M^pro) and Spike (S) Glycoprotein Inhibitors: A Molecular Docking Study

Trina Ekawati Tallei, Sefren Geiner Tumilaar, Nurdjannah Jane Niode, Fatimawali Fatimawali, Billy Johnson Kepel, Rinaldi Idroes, Yunus Effendi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Medicinal plants; Mpro; 3CLpro; spike (S) glycoprotein; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 7 April 2020 (12:08:57 CEST)

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Background: Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, researchers have been trying to investigate several active compounds found in plants that have the potential to inhibit the proliferation of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), the cause of COVID-19. The search for plant-based antivirals against the SARS-CoV-2 is promising, as several plants have been shown to possess antiviral activities against betacoronaviruses (beta-CoVs) Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate bioactive compounds found in plants by using a molecular docking approach to inhibit Main Protease (M^pro) (PDB code: 6LU7) and Spike (S) Glycoprotein (PDB code: 6VXX) of SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Evaluation was performed on the docking scores calculated using AutoDock Vina as a docking engine. For each compound that was docked, a rule of five was calculated to determine whether a compound with certain pharmacological or biological activities might have chemical and physical properties that would make it an active drug orally in humans. Determination of the docking score was done by selecting the conformation of the ligand that has the lowest binding free energy (best pose). As a comparison, nelfinavir (an antiretroviral drug), chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine sulfate (anti-malarial drugs recommended by the FDA as emergency drugs) were used. Results: The results showed that hesperidine, cannabinoids, pectolinarin, epigallocatechin gallate, and rhoifolin had better poses than nelfinavir, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine sulfate as spike glycoprotein inhibitors. Hesperidin, rhoifolin, pectolinarin, and cannabinoids had about the same pose as nelfinavir, but were better than chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine sulfate as M^pro/3CL^pro inhibitors. These plant compounds have the potential to be developed as specific therapeutic agents against COVID-19. Conclusion: Several natural compounds of plants evaluated in this study showed better binding free energy compared to nelfinavir, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine sulfate which so far are recommended in the treatment of COVID-19.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0625.v1

The Giraffe as a Natural Animal Model for Resistance to Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Barbara N. Horowitz, Basil Baccouche, Tejas Shivkumar, Mads Frost Bertelsen, Christian Aalkjær, Morten Smerup, Olujimi A. Ajijola, Joseph Hadaya, Tobias Wang

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: heart failure; cardiovascular; comparative; evolution

Online: 30 October 2020 (08:06:24 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0310.v1

The Hoverfly and the Wasp: A Critique of the Hallmarks of Aging as a Paradigm

David Gems, João Pedro de Magalhães

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: aging; geroscience; hallmarks; paradigm; senescence; theory

Online: 13 May 2021 (14:29:48 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0137.v1

Paradigm Shift: an Overview on Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics

Stefano Ciaurelli, Caterina Origlia, Ariela Adamo, Silvia Giannattasio, Michael González, Liborio Quinto, Pier Mario Biava

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Nutrigenomics; nutrigenentics; microbiota; nutraceutics; chrononutrition

Online: 6 July 2021 (11:36:57 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0272.v1

Anosmia and Ageusia as Initial or Unique Symptoms after SARS-COV-2 Virus Infection

Calixto Machado, Joel Victor Gutierrez

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 (CoV-2); COVID-19; coronavirus; pandemic; smell; anosmia; taste; ageusia

Online: 16 April 2020 (12:42:44 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0148.v1

Play Therapy to Reduce Anxiety in Children

Wahyu Endang Setyowati, Moses Glorino Rumambo Pandin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: play therapy; anxiety; children

Online: 5 April 2021 (14:33:27 CEST)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0710.v1

40-Hz Auditory Steady State Response (ASSR) as a Biomarker of Abnormalities in SHANK3 Gene: a Case-Report of 15-years Old Girl with Rare Microduplication in 22q13.33

Anastasia K Neklyudova, Galina V Portnova, Anna B Rebreikina, Victoria Yu Voinova, Olga V Sysoeva

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: 22q13.3 duplication; Auditory steady state response, ASSR; SHANK3; biomarker; auditory event-related potential, ERP; autism spectrum disorders; intellectual disabilities

Online: 30 November 2020 (08:33:26 CET)

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Working Paper HYPOTHESIS

Autoimmune Thrombotic Thrombocytopathy Associated with COVID-19 Infection or Vaccination: Learning from Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia

Michel Goldman

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; vaccine; heparin; thrombocytopenia; thrombosis; platelet; endothelial cell; autoimmunity; proteoglycan; B cell; coagulation

Online: 9 April 2021 (10:13:14 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0487.v1

Anxiety Disorders: Sex Differences in Serotonin and Tryptophan Metabolism

Tanya Songtachalert, Chutima Roomruangwong, Andre F. Carvalho, Michel Bourin, Michael Maes

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: sex; anxiety disorders; 5-HT; tryptophan; immune system; inflammation

Online: 29 August 2018 (08:58:26 CEST)

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Anxiety disorders manifest in women more than in men by almost twofold. This narrative review aims to summarize the sex-related biological factors, which underpin anxiety, focusing on the interactions of sex and tryptophan/serotonin with anxiety.A literature search was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and EMBASE databases from inception until December 31, 2017. This review shows that sex may interact with many serotonin functions thereby modulating anxiety, including 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors, 5-HT transporter and central 5-HT concentrations and metabolism. Sex-steroids modulate the expression of serotonin transporter genes, creating a difference in serotonin availability. Sex and estrous cycle phases lead to varying anxiety responses to tryptophan depletion. Testosterone, progesterone and estrogen are important factors in mediating sex differences in serotonin responses to anxiety-generating behavioral tests. At prenatal levels, there are sex-related differences in the reciprocal relationships between serotonin and the HPA-axis, which modulate anxiety-like behaviors. Activated immune-inflammatory pathways induce indoleamine-2,3-dioxynease (IDO) and the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway thereby increasing tryptophan degradation and increasing the production of TRYCATs including kynurenine and quinolinic acid, which may create an overall anxiogenic effect. The effects of immune activation on IDO are significantly more pronounced in women than men and therefore females may show increased levels of anxiogenic TRYCAT following immune challenge. Aberrations in the IDO-activated TRYCAT pathway are found in pregnant females and parturients and are associated with increased anxiety levels in the postnatal period. The results of this review underscore the necessity of studying the associations between serotonin and anxiety in both sexes taking into account the effects of immune activation on IDO and production of anxiogenic TRYCATs. Future anxiety research should focus on the interactions between serotonin/tryptophan and sex, sex hormones, the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, the HPA axis and the immune system through production of anxiogenic TRYCATs.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201705.0023.v1

Gluten Sensitivity Biomarkers in Menière's Disease: Is It a Gluten Related Disorder?

Federica Di Berardino, Diego Zanetti, Marina Socci, Luca Elli

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: gluten; celiac disease; antibodies; Ménière’s disease; vertigo

Online: 2 May 2017 (05:49:26 CEST)

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Working Paper CASE REPORT

A COVID-19 Case Report from Asymptomatic Contact: Implication for Contact Isolation and Incubation Management

Chang-Qiang Zhu, Shi-Ding Gao, Xiao-Hong Yang, Fu-Qiang Ye, Le-Le Ai, Rui-Chen Lv, Bin Zhang, Yin Li, Heng Lv, Yun-Sheng Liu, Chun-Meng Shi, Chun-Hui Wang, Wei-Long Tan

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: patient; COVID-19; asymptomatic contact

Online: 9 March 2020 (10:34:58 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0102.v2

Potential of Plant Bioactive Compounds as SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (M^pro) and Spike (S) Glycoprotein Inhibitors: A Molecular Docking Study

Trina Ekawati Tallei, Sefren Geiner Tumilaar, Nurdjannah Jane Niode, Fatimawali Fatimawali, Billy Johnson Kepel, Rinaldi Idroes, Yunus Effendi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Medicinal plants; Mpro; 3CLpro; spike (S) glycoprotein; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 9 April 2020 (12:39:54 CEST)

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Background: Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, researchers have been trying to investigate several active compounds found in plants that have the potential to inhibit the proliferation of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), the cause of COVID-19. The search for plant-based antivirals against the SARS-CoV-2 is promising, as several plants have been shown to possess antiviral activities against betacoronaviruses (beta-CoVs) Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate bioactive compounds found in plants by using a molecular docking approach to inhibit Main Protease (M^pro) (PDB code: 6LU7) and Spike (S) Glycoprotein (PDB code: 6VXX) of SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Evaluation was performed on the docking scores calculated using AutoDock Vina as a docking engine. For each compound that was docked, a rule of five was calculated to determine whether a compound with certain pharmacological or biological activities might have chemical and physical properties that would make it an active drug orally in humans. Determination of the docking score was done by selecting the conformation of the ligand that has the lowest binding free energy (best pose). As a comparison, nelfinavir (an antiretroviral drug), chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine sulfate (anti-malarial drugs recommended by the FDA as emergency drugs) were used. Results: The results showed that hesperidine, cannabinoids, pectolinarin, epigallocatechin gallate, and rhoifolin had better poses than nelfinavir, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine sulfate as spike glycoprotein inhibitors. Hesperidin, rhoifolin, pectolinarin, and cannabinoids had about the same pose as nelfinavir, but were better than chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine sulfate as M^pro inhibitors. These plant compounds have the potential to be developed as specific therapeutic agents against COVID-19. Conclusion: Several natural compounds of plants evaluated in this study showed better binding free energy compared to nelfinavir, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine sulfate which so far are recommended in the treatment of COVID-19.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0221.v1

Determination of Antibiotic Residue in Milk and Assessment of Human Health Risk in Bangladesh

Md. Rahman, Mohammad Hassan, Sharmin Chowdhury

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: antibiotic residue; human health; milk; risk assessment; TLC; UHPLC

Online: 17 June 2020 (13:25:29 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0407.v1

Vitamin C—An Adjunctive Therapy for Respiratory Infection, Sepsis and COVID-19

Patrick Holford, Anitra Carr, Thomas H. Jovic, Stephen R. Ali, Iain S. Whitaker, Paul Marik, David Smith

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus; vitamin C; ascorbate; colds; pneumonia; sepsis; immunonutrition; supplementation

Online: 20 October 2020 (10:51:24 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0423.v1

Anti-Fibrotic Agents Could Be the Game Changer for Post‑COVID Pulmonary Fibrosis Treatment – A Mini Review

Pallab Chakraborty, Kaustav Chakraborty

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; post-COVID pulmonary fibrosis; lung injury; anti-fibrotic agents

Online: 18 May 2021 (11:32:07 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0452.v1

Nursing Faculty Shortage in Canada: A Review of Contributing Factors

Sheila A. Boamah, Miranda Callen, Edward Cruz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: nursing faculty shortage; nurse faculty; educator; nursing academic workforce; scoping review; Canada

Online: 22 January 2021 (14:18:36 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0188.v1

Multiple Indirect ELISAs for Serological Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies

Abdullah Algaissi, Mohamed A. Alfaleh, Sherif Hala, Turki S. Abujamel, Sawsan S. Alamari, Khalid A. Alluhaybi, Haya I. Hobani, Reem M. Alsulaiman, Rahaf H. Alharbi, Mohammad Z. El-Assouli, Wesam H. Abdulaal, Afrah A. AL-Somali, Fadwa S. Alofi, Asim A. Khogeer, Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud, Almohanad A Alkayyal, Naif A.M. Almontashiri, Arnab Pain, Anwar M. Hashem

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 serology; ELISA; N protein; COVID-19; serosurvey

Online: 11 May 2020 (04:53:31 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0572.v1

From Conventional to Virtual Smile Design Systems: A Current Systematic Review

Mohamed Ahmed, Mohamed Tharwat, Abdelrahman Sanad, Karim Abdelhamid, Hager Ali, Raafat Tammam

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Digital Smile Design; digital dentistry; dentistry software; dentistry design software

Online: 21 April 2021 (11:46:39 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0229.v1

Isocratic Reverse-Phase HPLC Method for Determination of Aspirin, Paracetamol, and Naproxen

Md. Mynul Hassan, Sung-Wook Nam

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: HPLC; NSAIDs; Isocratic; Short column; Drug mixture

Online: 9 July 2021 (15:23:57 CEST)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0633.v1

A Hierarchical Framework for Assessing Transmission Causality of Respiratory Viruses

Tom Jefferson, Carl Heneghan, Elizabeth Spencer, Jon Brassey, Annete Pluddeman, Igho Onakpoya, David Evans, John Conly

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: viral transmission; causation; evidence hierarchy; SARS-CoV-2; respiratory pathogens

Online: 23 April 2021 (11:59:58 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0100.v2

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Als) Disease Clusters in the United States and International Sites: Association With Glacial Lakes and Clay Minerals

Kavitha Reddy

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; ALS; glacial; lake; clay; mineral; United States; Canada; Finland; Vermont; New Hampshire; Maine; Ohio; Wisconsin; Indiana; Minnesota; North Dakota; Montana, Idaho; Washington; Oregon; Colorado; Iowa; Utah

Online: 15 December 2020 (10:21:51 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0026.v1

Influence of Gender on CMV Seropositivity in Non-A To G Hepatitis Virus Patients

Rand Farag, Dujana Alayobi, Hye-Joo Kwon, Afaf Elansary

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: cytomegalovirus; alanine transaminase; aspartate transaminase alkaline phosphatase; γ-glutamyltranspeptidase; liver function

Online: 5 December 2016 (11:08:57 CET)

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Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major pathogen that cause remarkable rate of morbidity and mortality, especially in immunocompromised patients. It is important to find risk factors associated with CMV viremia. We studied the differences in CMV seropositivity in relation to liver function biomarkers in male and female Saudi population in an attempt to understand the variation in the CMV seroprevalence with sex and find the risk factor to develop liver dysfunction or hepatocellular carcinoma. Material and subjects: The CMV- IgG and IgM were screened in serum samples of 150 non- A-G hepatities patients with elevation of liver profiles (ALT, AST, ALP and GGT) and categorized as males and females. Samples were collected from different general hospitals and polyclinic in KSA from March 2014 to June 2015. A correlation between CMV seropositivity measured with both antibodies and liver enzymes were tested. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis and multiple regressions were done for the obtained data. Results: Our study shows that females had much higher IgG and IgM compared to age-matching males. A significant correlation between both antibodies and liver enzymes (AST, ALT) was recorded. Less significant correlation of both IgG and IgM with GGT was also observed. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis revealed that both IgG and IgM can be used as excellent predictive markers for CMV infection as both recorded 100% specificity and sensitivity together with area under the curve of 1 in males and females. Multiple regression analysis ascertain the correlation between both antibodies as dependent variables and liver enzymes as independent variables with ALT being the most affected enzyme with CMV seropositivity especially in females. Conclusion:he data discussed above This study shows that CMV is capable of initiating and accelerating liver dysfunction in both sexes. The high seroprevalence in females at reproductive age is especially important as they can transmit the virus to their developing fetus. Prevention of CMV infection in young girls 11-14 years old, through counseling on hygiene or possible future vaccination, may lead to a decrease of congenital CMV infections with the concomitant risk of developing liver dysfunction or hepatocellular carcinoma. Keywords: Cytomegalovirus, Alanine transaminase, Aspartate transaminase Alkaline phosphatase, γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase, liver function.

Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0596.v1

Treatment of Covid-19 with Minocycline and a Guanosine-Restricted Diet: Case Report

Steven Baranowitz, Marie Nrekaj

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, drug repurposing

Online: 23 December 2020 (15:58:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0463.v1

Burnout Prevalence and Its Associating Factors among Malaysian Healthcare Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic: An Embedded Mixed-Method Study

Nurhanis Syazni Roslan, Muhamad Saiful Bahri Yusoff, Asrenee Ab Razak, Karen Morgan

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: psychological wellbeing; burnout; health personnel; caregiver; pandemic

Online: 18 December 2020 (11:58:12 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0131.v1

Inhibiting IL-6 During Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: Potential Role of Natural Products

Amirreza Nasirzadeh, Mohammad hosein Jafarzadeh Maivan, Javad Bazeli, Jafar Hajavi, Negar Yavarmanesh, Mohammad Zahedi, Mahdi Abounoori, Alireza Razavi, Mohammad Moein Maddah, Parham Mortazavi, Mohammad Moradi, Siamak Heidarzadeh, Jalal Mardaneh, Afshin Shoeibi, Roohallah Alizadehsani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; Cytokine storm; IL-6; Natural product

Online: 4 June 2021 (10:05:40 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0316.v1

3D Printing Part 2 - A Literature Review of 3D Printing Materials in Dentistry

Adam Brian Nulty

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: intraoral scanners; digital dentistry; trueness; precision; accuracy; 3D printing; materials

Online: 14 May 2021 (08:05:37 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0468.v1

A Review of COVID-19 Vaccines: What Needs to Be Known and Its Expected Effect on the Human Population?

Syahrul Tuba, Widyati Widyati, Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Vaccine Development; Clinical Trial; COVID-19; SARS-COV-2

Online: 19 April 2021 (12:04:31 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0580.v1

Measuring and Monitoring Skeletal Muscle Mass and Dysfunction After Stroke

Nobuto Nakanishi, Kazuki Okura, Masatsugu Okamura, Keishi Nawata, Ayato Shinohara, Kohei Tanaka, Sho Katayama

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: stroke; sarcopenia; computed tomography; ultrasound; bioelectrical impedance analysis; muscle; temporal muscle; rectus femoris muscle; diaphragm; calf circumference

Online: 28 January 2021 (12:31:09 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0132.v1

What Do We Know Now about IgE-Mediated Wheat Allergy in Children?

Grażyna Czaja-Bulsa, Michał Bulsa

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: wheat allergy; specific immunoglobulin E; children; gluten-related disorders

Online: 28 December 2016 (10:37:23 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0610.v1

Fermentation of Soybean Seeds Using Rhizopus oligosporus for Tempeh Production and Standardization Based on Isoflavones Content

Yohanes Dwiatmaka, Endang Lukitaningsih, Nunung Yuniarti, Subagus Wahyuono

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: tempeh; soybean; fermentation; Rhizopus; isoflavones

Online: 22 April 2021 (14:04:24 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0794.v1

Position Paper on the Applications of Ketogenic Diets in Patients with Headache: Consensus Statement

Cherubino Di Lorenzo, Giovanna Ballerini, Piero Barbanti, Andrea Bernardini, Giacomo D'Arrigo, Gabriella Egeo, Fabio Frediani, Riccardo Garbo, Giulia Pierangeli, Addolorata Maria Pia Prudenzano, Nicoletta Rebaudengo, Grazia Semeraro, Giulio Sirianni, Mariarosaria Valente, Gianluca Coppola, Mackenzie C. Cervenka, Giovanni Spera

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Ketogenic Diets; Ketosis; Ketones; Consensus Statement; Position Paper; Headache; Migraine; Cluster Headache

Online: 30 April 2021 (15:38:37 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0690.v1

Potential Drugs for COVID -19 Treatment Management With Their Contraindications and Drug- Drug Interaction

Debjyoti Talukdar, Vivek Jain, Vishal Balaramnavar, Swayam Prakash Srivastava, Palanisamy Sivanandy, Madan Mohan Gupta

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Chloroquine; Hydroxychloroquine; Remdesivir; Favipiravir; Dexamethasone; Remdesivir

Online: 28 May 2021 (10:18:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201704.0156.v1

Ranolazine alone or as a complement to the amiodarone for both prevention and cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis of the literature

Renato De Vecchis, Carmelina Ariano

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: ranolazine; atrial fibrillation; prevention; pharmacological cardioversion; meta-analysis

Online: 25 April 2017 (07:48:26 CEST)

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Introduction Recent evidence from relatively small randomized controlled trials would seem to support a useful role of ranolazine for the prevention and treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). The present study is aimed at providing information about the possible beneficial anti-arrhythmic properties of ranolazine. In particular, the meta-analysis carried out in this study focuses on the application of ranolazine to prophylaxis and treatment of atrial fibrillation.Methods Both randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non randomized observational studies concerning the effects of ranolazine on AF were included in the meta-analysis. In each of the considered studies, a comparison was made between a group of patients taking ranolazine and a second group treated instead with another antiarrhythmic therapy , or assigned to placebo. Efficacy outcomes were the risk of new- onset AF, the probability of conversion to sinus rhythm of patients with recent occurrence(≤ 48 h)of AF and the time to conversion to sinus rhythm. Safety endpoints were death, adverse events, QTc prolongation and hypotension.Results Ten studies ( 8 RCTs and 2 nonrandomized observational studies) were gathered on the whole. Ranolazine was effective in preventing the occurrence of AF when compared to controls (RR= 0.60; 95% CI: 0.43–0.83; p = 0.002). Subgroup analysis showed a more pronounced preventive effect of ranolazine against AF in the postoperative setting of coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG) surgery (RR= 0.39; 95% CI: 0.18-0.83; p=0.02) when compared to non- postoperative AF (RR= 0.76; 95% CI: 0.63-0.92; p=0.04). Ranolazine enhanced the chances of successful cardioversion when added to intravenous amiodarone compared to amiodarone alone (RR 1.18; 95% CI: 1.05–1.33; p = 0.004) and significantly decreased the time to cardioversion(SMD= −10.35 h; 95% CI: −18.13 hours to − 2.57 hours; p < 0.001). Overall risks of death, adverse events, and QTc prolongation were shown to be similar in the comparison between patients treated with ranolazine and controls. Conclusions Ranolazine given orally at appropriate doses showed the property to significantly quicken the conversion of AF to sinus rhythm when combined with the iv amiodarone, compared to iv amiodarone alone . Furthermore, in patients in sinus rhythm, ranolazine proved to reduce the frequency of new onset AF as well as of its recurrences, especially in patients undergone CABG surgery, known to be at high risk of developing postoperative AF. In addition, ranolazine use seems to be safe and associated with relatively few adverse events.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0555.v1

An Update on the Chemistry, Pharmacology and Dose Calculations of Mepivacaine Hydrochloride for Podiatrists in the United Kingdom

Ian Reilly, Nicola Burt, Rebecca Reilly, Ajay Swami

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Mepivacaine; Scandonest; local anaesthesia; pharmacology; maximum safe dose; podiatry

Online: 22 December 2020 (10:51:11 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0166.v1

The Relationship between Pica and Iron Deficiency Anemia among Pregnant Women in East Jeddah Hospital

Raya Zaki, Howieda Fouly, Hanan Elkafafi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Pica; iron deficiency anemia; Relationship; pregnant women

Online: 7 July 2021 (07:54:39 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0185.v1

One Year of COVID-19 Pandemic: Case Fatality Ratio and Infection Fatality Ratio. A Systematic Analysis of 219 Countries and Territories

Mikhail Teppone

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; Mortality rate; CFR; IFR; Case fatality ratio; Infection fatality ratio

Online: 8 July 2021 (10:00:51 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0490.v1

Long COVID, A Comprehensive Systematic Scoping Review

Hossein Akbarialiabad, Mohammad Hossein Taghrir, Ashkan Abdollahi, Nasrollah Ghahramani, Manasi Kumar, Shahram paydar, Babak Razani, John Mwangi, Ali A. Asadi-Pooya, Leila Malekmakan, Bahar Bastani

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Covid-19; Long Covid-19; Long Haulers Covid; Post Covid-19 Syndrome; Post-Acute Covid-19; Corona Virus; SARS-Cov-2; Novel Corona Virus 2019; Post-Acute SARS-CoV-2; PASC, Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19; Late Sequelae COVID-19

Online: 18 March 2021 (17:16:52 CET)

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Introduction: Despite more than one year passed since the first cases of SARS-CoV-2 were reported, there is still no consensus on the definition and clinical management of post-acute-COVID-19. The condition has heterogeneously been named as Chronic COVID syndrome, Post COVID-19 Syndrome, post-acute sequela of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC), and the more familiar long COVID. Method: In order to capture all relevant published studies, we undertook a multi-step search with no language restriction. The following four-step search strategy was utilized: First, a preliminary (limited) search was conducted on January 20, 2021, in Google Scholar and PubMed to identify the appropriate keywords. Then, on January 30, 2021, we adopted a search strategy of electronic databases from Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of sciences, using those keywords. Then, after duplicate removal, we screened all titles, abstracts, and full texts. This resulted in 66 eligible studies. Subsequently, after a forward and backward search of their references and citations an additional 54 publications were found, resulting in a total of 120 publications that formed the basis of the present analysis. The titles, abstracts, and full-texts of non-English articles were translated using Google Translate for further evaluation. We conducted our scoping review based on the PRISMA-ScR Checklist.Results: We found only one randomized clinical trial in our search. Of the 67 original studies, 22 were cohort and 28 were cross-sectional studies totaling 74.6% of the original studies. Of the total of 120 publications, 59 (49.1%) focused on signs and symptoms, 28 (23.3%) were focused on management, and 13 (10.8%) focused on pathophysiology. Ten (9%) publications focused on imaging studies. Ninety-one percent of the original investigations came from high and upper-middle-income countries, highlighting the scarcity of reports originating from low-income and lower-middle-income countries.Conclusion: The predominant symptoms among those with the so-called “Long COVID” were: fatigue, breathlessness, arthralgia, sleep difficulties, and chest pain. Recent reports also point to the risk of long-term sequela with cutaneous, respiratory, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, mental health, neurologic, and renal involvement in those who survive the acute phase of the illness. The ambiguity and controversies in its definition have impaired proper recognition and management of those requiring additional support following the resolution of the acute phase of this infection. This has resulted in long-standing distress for the patients and their families. Our findings highlight the need for a multidisciplinary approach, support, and rehabilitation for these patients in terms of long-term mental and physical health.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0609.v1

Evaluation of a Bioaerosol Sampler for Indoor Environmental Surveillance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Patrick F. Horve, Leslie Dietz, Dale Northcutt, Jason Stenson, Kevin G. Van Den Wymelenberg

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Aerosols; Environmental Surveillance; Air Sampling

Online: 24 March 2021 (17:29:23 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201707.0039.v1

Diet, Gut Microbiome and Epigenetics: Emerging Links with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Prospects for Management and Prevention

Krasimira Aleksandrova, Beatriz Romero, Vicent Hernandez

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: diet, gut microbiota, epigenetics, inflammatory bowel diseases

Online: 15 July 2017 (00:46:37 CEST)

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Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) represent a growing public health concern due to increasing incidence worldwide. The current notion on the pathogenesis of IBD is that genetically susceptible individuals develop intolerance to dysregulated gut microflora (dysbiosis) and chronic inflammation develops as a result of environmental triggers. Among the environmental factors associated to IBD, diet plays an important role in modulating the gut microbiome, influencing epigenetic changes and, therefore, could be applied as a therapeutic tool to improve the disease course. Nevertheless, the current dietary recommendations for disease prevention and management are scarce and of weak evidence. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the complex interactions among diet, microbiome and epigenetics in IBD. Whereas over-abundance of calories and some macronutrients increases gut inflammation, several micronutrients have the potential to modulate it. Immunonutrition has emerged as a new concept putting forward the importance of vitamins such as vitamins A, C, E, D, folic acid and beta-carotene and trace elements such as zinc, selenium, manganese and iron. However, when assessed in clinical trials, specific micronutrients exerted a limited benefit. Beyond nutrients, anti-inflammatory dietary patterns as a complex intervention approach have become popular over the recent years. Hence, exclusive enteral nutrition in pediatric Crohn’s disease is the only nutritional intervention currently recommended as a first-line therapy. Other nutritional interventions or specific diets including the Specific Carbohydrate Diet, the low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyol diet and most recently the Mediterranean diet have shown strong anti-inflammatory properties and provide a promise for improving disease symptoms. Definitely, more work is required to evaluate the role of individual food compounds and complex nutritional interventions with potential to decrease inflammation as means for prevention and management of IBD.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0171.v1

Optimization of Heparin Monitoring with Anti-FXa Assays and Impact of Dextran Sulfate for Measuring All In-Vivo Drug Activity

JEAN AMIRAL, Cedric AMIRAL, Claire DUNOIS

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Heparins; Anti-FXa Assays; Automation; Calibration Curves Superimposition; Dextran Sulfate

Online: 4 March 2021 (16:52:35 CET)

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Working Paper CONCEPT PAPER

EUROPEAN ME NETWORK (EUROMENE) Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis, Service Provision and Care of People with ME/CFS in Europe

Luis Nacul, Jerome Authier, Carmen Scheibenbogen, Lorenzo Lorusso, Ingrid Helland, Jose Alegre Martin, Carmen Adella Sirbu, Anne Marit Mengshoel, Olli Polo, Uta Behrends, Henrik Nielsen, Patricia Grabowski, Slobodan Sekulic, Nuno Sepulveda., Fernando Esteves Lopez, Pawel Zalewsk, Derek Pheby, Jesus Castro-Marrero, Giorgos Sakkas, Jonas Bergquist, Enrica Capelli, Ivan Brandslund, John Cullinan, Angelika Krumina, Modra Murovska, Ruud Vermuelen, Eliana Lacerda

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome; diagnosis; Health services; clinical care

Online: 28 September 2020 (14:14:02 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0094.v1

Potential for Hyaluronic Acid in Periodontal Research

Shruti Singh, Rupanjan Roy

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: hyaluronic acid; periodontology

Online: 2 February 2021 (16:22:23 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0696.v1

Microalgae as a Sustainable Source of Cosmeceuticals

Tatiana Puchkova, Sofia Khapchaeva, Vasily Zotov, Alexandr Lukyanov, Alexei Solovchenko

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: microalgae; carotenoids; chlorophylls; lipids; mycosporin-like amino acids; antioxidants; UV-screen

Online: 28 December 2020 (12:15:07 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0386.v1

Encapsulation of Babchi Oil in cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges: Physicochemical Characterization, Photodegradation and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Studies

Sunil Kumar, Pooja Sihag, Francesco Trotta, Rekha Rao

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: essential oil; Psoralea corylifolia; cytotoxicity; encapsulation; solubilisation

Online: 25 June 2018 (12:00:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0574.v1

Bacteria Filtration Efficiency of Different Face Masks Worn during COVID-19 Pandemic in North-Eastern Tanzania: An In Vitro Study

Marianne Gnanamuttupulle, Shilanaiman Hilary Ntundu, Oliver Henke, Abias Anthon Moshi, David Msuya, Kondo Chilonga, Samuel G. Chugulu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; face masks; filtration efficiency; Tanzania

Online: 28 October 2020 (09:43:55 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0559.v1

The Cardiac Effects of Performance-Enhancing Medications: Caffeine vs. Anabolic Steroids

Sanjay Sivalokanathan, Łukasz Małek, Aneil Malhotra

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: sports cardiology; athlete; caffeine; anabolic steroids; heart disease; cardiac magnetic resonance imaging

Online: 22 December 2020 (12:39:52 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0632.v1

Antimicrobial Use, Residues, Resistance and Governance in the Food and Agriculture Sectors, Tanzania

Robinson H. Mdegela, Elibariki R. Mwakapeje, Bachana Rubegwa, Daniel T. Gebeyehu, Solange Niyigena, Victoria Msambichaka, Hezron E. Nonga, Nicolas Antoine-Moussiaux, Folorunso O. Fasina

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: antimicrobial use; antimicrobial residues; antimicrobial resistance; food and agriculture sectors; Tanzania

Online: 24 December 2020 (14:18:09 CET)

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All infections are potentially curable as long as the etiological agents are susceptible to antimicrobials. The increased rate at which antimicrobials are becoming ineffective is a global health risk of increasing concern that threatens withdrawal of beneficial antimicrobials for disease control. Increased demand for food of animal origin, in particular eggs, meat and milk has led to intensification and commercial production systems where excessive use and misuse of antimicrobials may prevail. Antimicrobials, handled and used by farmers and animal attendants with no formal education may predispose to incorrect dosages, misuse, incorrect applications and non-adherence to withdrawal periods. A multimethod approach (desk review, field study and interviews) was used. Relevant establishments were also visited. High levels of resistance to penicillin G, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and oxytetracycline have been reported especially for Actinobacter pyogenes, Staphylococcus hyicus, Staphylococcus intermedius and Staphylococcus aureus from dairy cattle with mastitis and in humans. Similar trends were found in poultry where eggs and meat are contaminated with Escherichia coli strains resistant to amoxicillin + clavulanate, sulphamethoxazole and neomycin. An increasing trend of emerging multidrug resistant E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella was also found in food animals. An in-crease in methicillin resistant Staphlococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) in the livestock sector in Tanzania have been reported. Specific antimicrobials resistant to were ampicillin, augmentin, gentamicin, cotrimoxazole, tetracycline, amoxicillin, ampicillin, gentamicin, streptomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, tylosin, erythromycin, cefuroxime, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. An in-creased usage of antimicrobials for prophylaxis, anaphylaxis and therapeutics against pathogens and for growth promotion in livestock, aquaculture and crops production were observed. One Health strategic approach is advocated to combat AMR in the food and agriculture sectors in Tanzania. Practical recommendations include a) legislation review and implementation, b) AMU, AMR and AR awareness and advocacy among stakeholders along the value chain, c) strengthening of surveillance and monitoring programs for AMU, AMR and AR, d) enhance development and use of rapid and innovative diagnostic tests and promotion biosecurity principles and e) good husbandry practices. The utilization of this information to improve public health policies and reduce the burden of AMR will be beneficial.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0230.v1

Structure-Activity Relationship and Mechanistic Insights for Anti-HIV Natural Products

Ramanpreet Kaur, Pooja Sharma, Girish K. Gupta, Fidele Ntie-Kang, Dinesh Kumar

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: AIDS; anti-HIV; natural products; SARs

Online: 21 January 2020 (03:15:50 CET)

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Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0192.v1

Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy to Support Breathing in Case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Case Report

Peter Stiller, Christoph Schmitz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; shortness of breath; chest pain; radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy; rESWT

Online: 5 March 2021 (17:02:02 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0742.v1

A Single Dose of Psilocybin Increases Synaptic Density and Decreases 5-HT2A Receptor Density in the Pig Brain

Nakul Ravi Raval, Annette Johansen, Lene Lundgaard Donovan, Nídia Fernandez Ros, Brice Ozenne, Hanne Demant Hansen, Gitte Moos Knudsen

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Psilocybin; psychedelics; neuroplasticity; SV2A; 5-HT2A; depression; autoradiography; functional-selectivity

Online: 30 November 2020 (16:30:03 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0040.v1

Nursing Treatments and Collaboration of Postpartum Hemorrhage Patients as Efforts to Prevention of Maternal Mortality: A Literature Review

diyan indriyani, Moses Glorino Rumambo Pandin

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Nursing Treatments; Nursing Collaboration; Postpartum Hemorrhage; Maternal Mortality

Online: 2 April 2021 (14:36:31 CEST)

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Postpartum hemorrhage is a complication during the puerperium that requires serious management, because it risks on threatening the mother's death. Currently, postpartum hemorrhage is still the main cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in the world. There is a need for a fast, precise and comprehensive handling effort involving all elements, such as the entire health team including doctors-nurses and families. The form of nursing intervention in postpartum hemorrhage patients can be in the form of nursing treatment or collaboration. The purpose of this review literature is to identify nursing treatment and nursing collaboration in postpartum hemorrhage patients as an effort to prevent maternal death. The writing method uses literature reviews by summarizing 10 articles publicated in 2019, 2020 and 2021 in 4 search data bases including Sciencedirect, Scopus, Proquest and Thompson. The review guidelines used are based on Prisma and the Joanna Briggs Institutute. The level of eligibility is identified through the title, abstract, research methodology and full text. The results of the reviews found are presented in a narrative form. The results of the review study found that there were 10 articles on postpartum hemorrhage management measures both in the effort of snoring treatment and collaboration including: optimizing the competence of service providers based on E_Learning , foot reflexology since the 4th stage of labor, 800 mcg sublingual Misoprostol, the use of the Digital Postpartum Hemorrhage Management Device ( DPHMD), bilateral-contralateral cervical clamps, suction tube uterine tampons, bilateral hypogastric artery (BHAL), evaluation of Shock Index, Carbetocin drugs and administration of Tranexamic acid 1 gram IV within 10 minutes of vaginal delivery. The conclusion of this review literature is that nursing treatment and nursing collaboration are proven to have a positive impact as an effort to prevent death in postpartum hemorrhage patients.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0367.v1

Potential Drug Candidates Underway Several Registered Clinical Trials for Battling COVID-19

Fahmida Mina, Md. Rahman, Sabuj Das, Sumon Karmakar, Mutasim Billah

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; drugs; 2019-nCoV; clinical trials; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 20 April 2020 (15:53:56 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202002.0147.v4

The clinically validated viral superinfection therapy (SIT) platform technology could cure early cases of COVID-19 disease

Imre Kovesdi, Volker Sandig, Shimon Slavin, Wolfgang Renz, Marc Van Ranst, Peter M. Chumakov, Tibor Bakács

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; interferon; IFN; superinfection therapy; SIT; infectious bursal disease virus; IBDV; R903/78; safety; treatment

Online: 1 February 2021 (16:07:55 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0102.v3

Potential of Plant Bioactive Compounds as SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (M^pro) and Spike (S) Glycoprotein Inhibitors: A Molecular Docking Study

Trina Ekawati Tallei, Sefren Geiner Tumilaar, Nurdjannah Jane Niode, Fatimawali Fatimawali, Billy Johnson Kepel, Rinaldi Idroes, Yunus Effendi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Medicinal plants; Mpro; 3CLpro; spike (S) glycoprotein; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 1 July 2020 (08:37:49 CEST)

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Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 19) pandemic, researchers have been trying to investigate several active compounds found in plants that have the potential to inhibit the proliferation of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). The present study aimed to evaluate bioactive compounds found in plants by using a molecular docking approach to inhibit the Main Protease (M^pro) and Spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. The evaluation was performed on the docking scores calculated using AutoDock Vina as a docking engine. A rule of five (RO5) was calculated to determine whether a compound meets the criteria as an active drug orally in humans. The determination of the docking score was done by selecting the best conformation of the protein-ligand complex that had the highest affinity (most negative Gibbs' free energy of binding / ΔG). As a comparison, nelfinavir (an antiretroviral drug), chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine sulfate (anti-malarial drugs recommended by the FDA as emergency drugs) were used. The results showed that hesperidin, nabiximols, pectolinarin, epigallocatechin gallate, and rhoifolin had better poses than nelfinavir, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine sulfate as spike glycoprotein inhibitors. Hesperidin, rhoifolin, pectolinarin, and nabiximols had about the same pose as nelfinavir, but were better than chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine sulfate as M^pro inhibitors. These plant compounds have the potential to be developed as specific therapeutic agents against COVID-19. Several natural compounds of plants evaluated in this study showed better binding free energy compared to nelfinavir, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine sulfate which so far are recommended in the treatment of COVID-19. As judged by the RO5 and previous study by others, the compounds kaempferol, herbacetin, eugenol, and 6-shogaol have good oral bioavailability, so they are also seen as promising candidates for the development lead compounds to treat infections caused by SARS-CoV-2.

Preprint CASE REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints201912.0264.v2

4-Year Long Progression-Free and Symptom-Free Survival of a Patient with Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Case Report of the Paleolithic Ketogenic Diet (PKD) Used as a Stand-Alone Treatment After Failed Standard Oncotherapy

Csaba Tóth, Andrea Dabóczi, Madhvi Chanrai, Mária Schimmer, Katalin Horváth, Zsófia Clemens

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: glioblastoma; brain tumor; paleolithic diet; ketogenic diet; paleolithic ketogenic diet; metabolic therapy; intestinal permeability; cancer treatment

Online: 9 November 2020 (11:25:35 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201704.0006.v1

Modulation of NMDA Receptor Activity in Fibromyalgia

Geoffrey Littlejohn, Emma Guymer

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: fibromyalgia; drugs; NMDA receptor; ketamine; memantine.

Online: 3 April 2017 (16:43:53 CEST)

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Preprint CONCEPT PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0581.v1

AI-based Smart Healthcare Monitoring in India in Response to COVID 19: A Concept-Based Approach for Patients with Non-Communicable Diseases

Mrinmoy Roy

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Healthcare; Internet of Things; Smart hospitals; Big data; Cloud computing; Blockchain; Electronic health records; Smart-health; IOT-Healthcare; Healthcare sensors; Remote health monitoring; Healthcare

Online: 24 May 2021 (15:10:31 CEST)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0138.v1

Improving Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy With 904 or 905 NM Pulsed, High Power Laser Pretreatment

Christoph Schmitz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: extracorporeal shock wave therapy; ESWT, laser therapy; musculoskeletal system, rehabilitation

Online: 8 January 2021 (10:39:40 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0103.v1

Automated Capture-Based NGS Workflow: One Thousand Patients Experience in a Clinical Routine Framework

Elena Tenedini, Fabio Celestini, Pierluigi Iapicca, Marco Marino, Sara Castellano, Lucia Artuso, Fiammetta Biagiarelli, Laura Cortesi, Angela Toss, Elena Barbieri, Luca Roncucci, Monica Pedroni, Rossella Manfredini, Mario Luppi, Tommaso Trenti, Enrico Tagliafico

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Next Generation Sequencing; Laboratory automation; Hereditary Cancer; Genetic Testing; Clinical Genomics.

Online: 2 March 2021 (16:00:24 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0114.v1

Two SARS-CoV-2 IgG Immunoassays Comparison and Time-Course Profile of Antibodies Response

Ruggero Dittadi, Haleh Afshar, Paolo Carraro

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Immune response; SARS-CoV-2 antibodies response; Covid-19 management; Maglumi; Architect; method comparison.

Online: 5 August 2020 (08:09:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0552.v1

Role of Information Technology in COVID19 Vaccination Drive: An Analysis of the COVID-19 Global Beliefs, Behaviors, and Norms Survey

Debjyoti Talukdar, Kire Stojkovski, Daniel Suarez

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID19; vaccine; SARS nCoV-2; information technology; COVID19 vaccine survey; MIT vaccine survey

Online: 20 April 2021 (14:35:05 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections With Canephron® in Germany: A Retrospective Database Analysis

Martina Höller, Hubert Steindl, Dimitri Abramov-Sommariva, Florian Wagenlehner, Kurt Naber, Karel Kostev

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Canephron, antibiotic, urinary tract infections, cohort study, herbal treatment

Online: 13 April 2021 (13:11:11 CEST)

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Objective: The goal of the present study was to evaluate the treatment with Canephron® after the diagnosis of acute cystitis or urinary tract infection (UTI) with regards to the risk of a sporadic recurrent UTI, frequent recurrent UTIs, UTI associated sick leave, additional antibiotic prescriptions, and renal complications (pyelonephritis) compared to standard antibiotic treatment. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was based on data from the IMS® Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA), and included outpatients in Germany with at least one diagnosis of acute cystitis or UTI with a prescription of either Canephron® or standard antibiotics between January 2016 and June 2019 in general practitioner (GP), gynecologist, or urologist practices from which data were obtained. Multivariable regression models were used to investigate the association between Canephron® prescription and the amount of sporadic or frequent recurrent UTIs, as well as the duration of UTI associated sick leave, amount of additional antibiotic prescriptions, and cases of pyelonephritis. The effects of Canephron® were adjusted for age, sex, insurance status, and Charlson Comorbidity Score (CCI). Results: 2,320 Canephron® patients and 158,592 antibiotic patients were available for analysis. Compared to antibiotic prescription, Canephron® prescription was significantly associated with less sporadic recurrences of UTI infections 30-365 days after the index date (odds ratio [OR]: 0.66; 95% conﬁdence interval [CI]: 0.58–0.72), as well as with less frequent recurrences of UTI infections (OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.49–0.88), and with minor additional antibiotic prescription within 31-365 days (OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.52-0.63). No significant differences were observed between the Canephron® and antibiotic cohorts with regard to the likelihood of sick leave (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.86–1.14), new antibiotic prescription within 1-30 days (OR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.87-1.16) and occurrences of pyelonephritis (Hazard Ratio (HR): 1.00; 95% CI: 0.67-1.48). Conclusion: These real world data show that Canephron® is an effective and safe symptomatic treatment for acute cystitis or UTI. It should be considered as an alternative treatment in particular also to strengthen antimicrobial stewardship strategies.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0071.v1

Trends of Treatment Development in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Promise, Progress, and Challenges

Ping Jiang, Kai Wei, Jianan Zhao, Yehua Jin, Cen Chang, Runrun Zhang, Lingxia Xu, Linshuai Xu, Yiming Shi, Shicheng Guo, Steven J Schrodi, Dongyi He

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: rheumatoid arthritis; precision medicine; new treatment; drug development; method development

Online: 4 March 2022 (03:13:22 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0555.v2

An Update on the Chemistry, Pharmacology and Dose Calculations of Mepivacaine Hydrochloride for Podiatrists in the United Kingdom

Ian Reilly, Nicola Burt, Rebecca Reilly, Ajay Swami

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Mepivacaine; Scandonest; local anaesthesia; pharmacology; maximum safe dose; podiatry

Online: 19 January 2021 (10:39:01 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202012.0447.v1

Optimizing Return to Play After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Soccer Players: an Evidence Based Approach

Florian Forelli, Clément Sansonnet, Steeve Chiapolini, Jean Mazeas, Amaury Vandebrouck, Pascal Duffiet, Louis Ratte, Maude Traullé

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Injury mechanism; Muscle strengthening; Neuromotor; Neurocognitive; Injury Prevention

Online: 18 December 2020 (08:34:06 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0416.v1

Science’s Response to COVID-19

Yimon Aye, Marcus Long

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; CoVID-19 Dignosis; CoVID-19 Chemistry & Biology

Online: 16 March 2021 (11:54:28 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0371.v1

Biomedical Effects of Popular Phytonutrients and Their Phytochemicals: A Comprehensive Review

Yamixa Delgado, Céline Cassé, Yancy Ferrer-Acosta, Ivette J. Suárez-Arroyo, José Rodríguez-Zayas, Anamaris Torres, Zally Torres-Martínez, Daraishka Pérez, Michael González, Ricardo A. Velázquez-Aponte, Josué Andino, Clarissa Correa-Rodríguez, Jean C. Franco, Wandaliz Milán, Gabriela Rosario, Eddian Velázquez, Jaisy Vega, Janmary Colón, Christopher Batista

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: phytonutrients; phytochemicals; turmeric; garlic; cinnamon; graviola; oregano; Lipinski's Rule of 5; Veber’s Rules; Ghose Filter.

Online: 14 June 2021 (15:02:24 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202010.0326.v1

Ionized or Total Magnesium Levels, What Should We Measure?

Giuliana Scarpati, Daniela Baldassarre, Filomena Oliva, Gabriele Pascale, Ornella Piazza

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Ionised Magnesium; Preoperative Medicine; ICU; Dysmagnesemia

Online: 15 October 2020 (15:08:40 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0422.v1

Histamine Intolerance in Children

Wojciech Nazar, Katarzyna Plata-Nazar, Katarzyna Sznurkowska, Agnieszka Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: children; histamine intolerance; nutrition; diagnostic algorithm; epidemiology

Online: 16 March 2021 (12:19:00 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0097.v1

Workable Cadaveric Preservation for Developing Skills Training Models: A Review

Bharat Sontakke, Vishwajit Ravindra Deshmukh, C. Kirubhanand, T.S. Gugapriya, Gayatri Muthiyan, A. M. Tarnekar

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Embalming; Cadaver; Preservation; Thiel embalming; Phenoxyethanol; Salt solution

Online: 7 June 2020 (15:14:51 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0170.v1

Scandoside Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effect via Suppressing NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Jingyu He, Jiafeng Li, Han Liu, Zichao Yang, Fenghua Zhou, Ting Wei, Yaqian Dong, Hongjiao Xue, Lan Tang, Menghua Liu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Scandoside; NF-κB; MAPK; Anti-inflammation

Online: 18 January 2018 (07:03:53 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0379.v1

Design of Experimental Approach Biosensor for the Development and Validation of UV Spectrophotometry Method for Determination of Thiamine in Biological Samples and Tablet Formulation

Hemraj Sharma, Hari Prasad Sapkota, Sushant Aryal, Nim Bahadur Dangi, Gaber El-Saber BATIHA, Niranjan Koirala

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: thiamine; PDAB reagent; UV Spectrophotometry; Design of experiment; pharmaceutical samples

Online: 14 June 2021 (16:04:21 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0569.v1

Can Ventilatory Strategies in COVID-19 Have an Impact on Outcomes?

Peter Sherren, Luigi Camporota, Barnaby Sanderson, Andrew Jones, Manu Shankar-Hari, Chris Meadows, Nicholas Barrett, Marlies Ostermann, Nicholas Hart

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; respiratory failure; ARDS; ventilation; ECMO

Online: 24 July 2020 (04:44:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0623.v1

The Reification of the Clinical Diagnosis of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis / Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) as an Immune and Oxidative Stress Disorder: Construction of a Data-Driven Nomothethic Network and Exposure of ME/CFS Subgroups

Michael Maes, Marta Kubera, Kristina Stoyanova, Jean–Claude Leunis

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: depression; neuroimmune; inflammation; oxidative and nitrosative stress; autoimmune; bacterial translocation

Online: 29 January 2021 (13:17:48 CET)

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Medicine and Pharmacology