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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0499.v3

Stratigraphic and Paleoecological Significance of the Early/Middle Pleistocene Vertebrate Fauna of the Süttő 21 Site

Piroska Pazonyi, Zoltán Szentesi, Lukács Mészáros, János Hír, Mihály Gasparik

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: vertebrate fauna; paleoecology; stratigraphy; early and middle Pleistocene

Online: 1 June 2023 (05:08:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0499.v2

Stratigraphic and Paleoecological Significance of the Early/Middle Pleistocene Vertebrate Fauna of the Süttő 21 Site

Piroska Pazonyi, Zoltán Szentesi, Lukács Mészáros, János Hír, Mihály Gasparik

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: vertebrate fauna; paleoecology; stratigraphy; early and middle Pleistocene

Online: 29 May 2023 (08:10:16 CEST)

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Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0710.v1

Anticipation, Discovery and Serendipity in Quaternary Paleoecology: Personal Experiences From the Iberian Pyrenees

Valenti Rull

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: Pyrenees; paleoecology; hypothesis testing; discovery; serendipity; Quaternary; Lateglacial; Holocene; last millennia

Online: 10 May 2023 (08:24:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0499.v1

Stratigraphic and Paleoecological Significance of the Early/Middle Pleistocene Vertebrate Fauna of the Süttő 21 Site

Piroska Pazonyi, Zoltán Szentesi, Lukács Mészáros, János Hír, Mihály Gasparik

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: vertebrate fauna; paleoecology; stratigraphy; early and middle Pleistocene

Online: 8 May 2023 (09:49:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.1250.v1

A First Record of Lower Jurassic (Toarcian) Coleoid Jaws in Siberia

Mikhail Rogov, Aleksandr Mironenko, Alexey Ippolitov, Oleg Lutikov

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: Yakutia; Mesozoic; palaeobiology; cephalopoda

Online: 30 April 2023 (03:33:03 CEST)

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Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0380.v3

Rise and Fall of Caribbean Mangroves

Valenti Rull

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: Caribbean; mangroves; evolution; paleoecology; climate; sea level; anthropization; conservation

Online: 22 March 2023 (08:32:20 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0215.v1

Diagenetic and Biological Overprints in Geochemical Signatures of Gigantoproductus Tertiary Layer (Brachiopoda): Assessing the Paleoclimatological Interpretation

J. Ricardo Mateos-Carralafuente, Ismael Coronado, Juncal A. Cruz, Pedro Cózar, Esperanza Fernández-Martínez, Sergio Rodríguez

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: Carboniferous; microstructure; trace elements partitioning; Serpukhovian; stable isotope fractionation

Online: 13 February 2023 (10:01:39 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0149.v1

Resilience of Pyrenean Forests After Recurrent Historical Deforestations

Valentí Rull, Teresa Vegas-Vilarrúbia

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: Iberian Peninsula; Pyrenees; palynology; last millennia; mosaic forests; metacommunity; deforestation; forest recovery; conservation; resilience

Online: 8 February 2023 (16:00:28 CET)

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Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0380.v2

Rise and Fall of Caribbean Mangroves

Valenti Rull

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: Caribbean; mangroves; evolution; paleoecology; climate; sea level; anthropization; conservation

Online: 26 January 2023 (04:03:48 CET)

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Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0380.v1

Rise and Fall of Caribbean Mangroves

Valenti Rull

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: Caribbean; mangroves; evolution; paleoecology; climate; sea level; anthropization; conservation

Online: 23 January 2023 (01:06:54 CET)

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Tropical mangroves, one of the most important blue-carbon ecosystems, are among the world’s most threatened ecosystems and are in danger of disappearing within the next century, which may have a significant impact on coastal ecology and biodiversity, and also on the global capacity of climate change mitigation. The Caribbean region is one of the main mangrove hotspots on Earth. This paper is a thorough updated synthesis on the origin, evolutionary turnover, diversification and historical decline of the Caribbean mangroves, in relation to tectonic, climatic, eustatic and anthropogenic shifts. Neotropical mangroves originated in the Caribbean during the Middle Eocene, after the emergence of the first known mangrove-forming tree (Pelliciera). The abrupt cooling and sea-level fall of the Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT) would have facilitated the replacement of the primeval mangroves by others dominated by Rhizophora. This was a major evolutionary disruption and gave rise to the modern Neotropical mangrove forests, still dominated by Rhizophora, with Pelliciera restricted to a relictual equatorial patch. The other extant mangrove-forming trees (Avicennia, Pelliciera) appeared in the Mio-Pliocene and the main diversification burst occurred in the Plio-Pleistocene, when 80% of extant genera emerged, with no extinctions documented. Pleistocene climatic and eustatic glacial cycles promoted recurrent spatial and compositional reorganizations. Natural drivers were the most influential until the Middle Holocene, when Amerindian cultures settled the whole Caribbean region and began to modify mangrove communities for agriculture and other activities using fire. During the last decades, deforestation has accelerated and the Caribbean mangrove cover has been reduced by >30%. A variety of conservation actions have been undertaken, but paleoecological and evolutionary knowledge remains to be fully incorporated into mangrove preservation. It is hoped that contributions like the present will help raising awareness on the importance of past records for conservation purposes.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0328.v2

A Late Triassic Nuculanoid Clam (Bivalvia: Nuculanoidea): Implications for Luning Formation (Nevada, USA) Paleobathymetry

Mark McMenamin

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: taxodont bivalves; Nuculanoidea; Neilonellidae; Triassic; Nevada; Luning Formation; paleobathymetry, Berlin-Ichthyosaur State Park

Online: 20 December 2022 (03:07:26 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0328.v1

A Late Triassic Nuculanoid Clam (Bivalvia: Nuculanoidea): Implications for Luning Formation (Nevada, USA) Paleobathymetry

Mark McMenamin

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: taxodont bivalves; Nuculanoidea; Neilonellidae; Triassic; Nevada; Luning Formation; paleobathymetry, Berlin-Ichthyosaur State Park

Online: 19 December 2022 (07:26:59 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0136.v1

Discovery of the First Blattinopsids of the Genus Glaphyrophlebia Handlirsch, 1906 (Paoliida: Blattinopsidae) in the Upper Carboniferous of Southern France and Spain and Hypothesis on the Diversification of the Family

André Nel, Romain E. Garrouste, Enrique Peñalver, Antonio Hernández-Orúe, Corentin Jouault

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: Insecta; Polyneoptera; Gzhelian; new insect locality; Pennsylvanian

Online: 8 November 2022 (02:12:32 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0091.v1

Responses of Caribbean Mangroves to Quaternary Climatic, Eustatic and Anthropogenic Drivers of Ecological Change: a Review

Valentí Rull

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: mangroves; Caribbean; climate change; sea levels; human disturbance; palynology; biotic responses; Pleistocene; Holocene

Online: 4 November 2022 (09:56:07 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0391.v1

Early Cretaceous Keteleerioxylon Wood in Songliao Basin, Northeast China, and Its Geographic and Environmental Implications

Xiao Shi, Yuewu Sun, Fanli Meng, Jianxin Yu, Zilie Lan

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: Keteleerioxylon changchunense sp. nov.; Keteleeria; geography; environment; Cretaceous

Online: 26 September 2022 (09:56:42 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0064.v1

Taxonomic Revision of the Cambrian Trilobite Abadiella and its Stratigraphic Significance in Gondwana

Mingkun Wang, Shanchi Peng, Xingliang Zhang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: Abadiella; South China; Gondwana; stratigraphic correlation; Cambrian Stage 3

Online: 2 August 2022 (11:13:00 CEST)

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Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0003.v1

Bacterial Phylogenetic Markers in Lake Sediments as Evidence for Historical Hemp Retting

Valenti Rull, Oriol Sacristán-Soriano, Alexandre Sànchez-Melsió, Carles Borrego, Teresa Vegas-Vilarrúbia

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: Cannabis; hemp; pollen; retting; bacteria; molecular biomarkers; 16S rRNA genes; historical records

Online: 1 August 2022 (04:28:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0393.v1

Early Carboniferous Ostracods (Crustacea) from Death Valley, California, USA

Mark A. S. McMenamin

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: ostracods; Carboniferous; Mississippian; Tin Mountain Limestone; Death Valley; California; Acratia; Bairdia; Ceratobairdia; Kirkbya; Rectobairdia; Silenites

Online: 29 June 2022 (03:50:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0021.v1

New Brittle Stars (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from the Oligocene of the Mainz Basin, Germany

Ben Thuy, Kai Nungesser, Lea Numberger-Thuy

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: Ophiuroidea; microfossils; fossil record; new species; Cenozoic

Online: 5 April 2022 (08:41:15 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0512.v1

Were the First Trace Fossils Really Burrows or Could They Have Been Made by Sediment-Displacive Chemosymbiotic Organisms?

Duncan McIlroy

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: Ichnology; Ediacaran; Cambrian; Rangeomorpha; Graphoglyptida; Endobenthos

Online: 31 December 2021 (11:20:03 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0463.v2

Origin, Early Dispersal, Domestication and Anthropogenic Diffusion of Cannabis, with Emphasis on Europe and the Iberian Peninsula

Valenti Rull

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: taxonomy; biogeography; evolution; domestication; dispersal; pollen; archaeology; hemp; drugs

Online: 2 December 2021 (08:55:17 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0463.v1

When and How Did Cannabis Reach Europe and the Iberian Peninsula?

Valenti Rull

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: taxonomy; biogeography; evolution; domestication; dispersal; pollen; archaeology; hemp; drugs

Online: 25 November 2021 (08:29:49 CET)

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Cannabis is among the oldest human domesticates and has been subjected to intensive artificial (human-mediated) selection through history, to create a wide array of varieties and biotypes for a diversity or uses, including fiber, food, biofuel, medicine and drugs, among others. This paper briefly reviews the available literature on the taxonomy, the evolutionary origin and the domestication of this plant, as well as its worldwide dispersal, either in its wild and cultivated forms. Emphasis is placed on Europe and especially on the Iberian Peninsula, which is the main target of this study. Today it is accepted that Cannabis is a monospecific genus with two subspecies, C. sativa subsp. sativa and C. sativa subsp. indica, originated in Europe and Asia, respectively, by allopatric differentiation after geographical isolation fostered by Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles. Palynological and phylogeographical evidence situate the Cannabis ancestor in the NE Tibetan Plateau during the Oligocene (ca. 28 Ma). The timing and place of domestication is still a matter of debate between contrasting views that defend single or multiple domestication centers, situated in different parts of the Eurasian supercontinent, notably central/southeastern China and the Caucasus region. Recent meta-analyses suggest that wild Cannabis may have been spread across Europe already in the Pleistocene (ca. 1 Ma), and its domestication could have been occurred during the European Copper/Bronze ages (7-5 kyr BP). According to the available reviews and meta-analyses, pre-anthropic dispersal of Cannabis into the Iberian Peninsula seems to have been occurred only in post-glacial times (18.5-15 kyr BP) and the earlier signs of cultivation date to the Early Medieval Ages (ca. 600 CE). However, the palynological and archaeological evidence used to date is insufficient for a sound assessment and the development of thorough Iberian databases to address further meta-analysis are essential for more robust conclusions. Some clues are provided for these achievements to be fulfilled.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0749.v1

Did Cavemen Boil Their Food? A Remote Sensing Based Evidence of Hydrothermal Landscape of Prehistoric Mongoloid Pawon Man 9.5 ka Occupancy at Pawon Cave of West Java

Andri Wibowo

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: Cave, hydrothermal, Landsat, Pawon, remote sensing

Online: 30 September 2020 (14:19:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0617.v1

Habitat Suitability Model of Prehistoric Asian Hippo Hippopotamus sivalensis spp. From The Late Pleistocene of East Java

Andri Wibowo

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: elevation; habitat; hippo; Pleistocene; river

Online: 26 September 2020 (06:50:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0522.v1

Using Astragalus to Model Body Mass, Habitat Preference, and Population Density of Prehistoric Bovid Duboisia santeng (Dubois, 1891) in Eastern Java island in The Early Pleistocene

Andri Wibowo

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: astragalus; body mass; Bovid; Pleistocene; population density

Online: 22 September 2020 (11:37:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0355.v1

Suitable Habitat Modeling of Prehistoric Antelope-like Bovid Duboisia Santeng in Java Island in The Early Pleistocene

Andri Wibowo

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: Bovid; forest; habitat; model; Pleistocene

Online: 16 September 2020 (08:33:49 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0222.v1

Evidence of Stable Foraminifera Biomineralization During the Last Two Climate Cycles in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean

Stergios D. Zarkogiannis, Assimina Antonarakou, Vincent Fernandez, P. Graham Mortyn, George Kontakiotis, Hara Drinia, Mervyn Greaves

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: planktonic foraminifera; shell weight; climate variability; sea surface density; carbonate production; X-ray microscopy (μCT); δ18O and Mg/Ca analyses

Online: 10 September 2020 (04:48:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0624.v1

Ostracod Fauna: Eyewitness to Fifty Years of Anthropic Impact in the Gulf of Trieste. A Potential Key to the Future Evolution of Urban Ecosystems

Gianguido Salvi, Alessandro Acquavita, Massimo Celio, Saul Ciriaco, Stefano Cirilli, Michele Fernetti, Nevio Pugliese

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: Urbanization; Gulf of Trieste; Ostracods; Nutrients; Environmental stress; Marine Nature Reserve

Online: 25 July 2020 (19:00:43 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Key Steps in the Early Evolution of Life from the Origin of Protein Synthesis to Modern Cellular Life

Sankar Chatterjee

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: protein/RNA world: plasma membrane; cytoplasm; gene regulation; virus world; pre-retro virus; emergence of DNA; transcription and replication; first cells; hyperthermophiles; LUCA; Bacteria and Archaea; anoxygenic bacteria; oxygenic bacteria; global distribution of cyanobacteria

Online: 12 February 2020 (03:25:07 CET)

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The emergence of proteins in the prebiotic world was a watershed event at the origin of life. With their astonishing versatility, the protein enzymes catalyzed crucial biochemical reactions within protocells into more complex biomolecules in diverse metabolic pathways, whereas structural proteins provided strength and permeability in the cell membrane. Five major biochemical innovations followed in succession after availability of various kinds of protein molecules during decoding and translation of mRNAs. These are: (1) the modification of the phospholipid membrane into the plasma membrane; (2) the origin of primitive cytoplasm; (3) primitive gene regulation; (4) the beginnings of the virus world; and (5) the advent of DNA. The creative role of viruses during prebiotic synthesis led to the origin of the DNA world, when DNA replaced mRNA as the major genome of the protocells. With the advent of DNA, replication of information was entirely dissociated from its expression. Because DNA is much more stable than mRNA with more storage capacity, it is a superb archive for information systems in the form of base sequences. DNA progressively took over the replicative storage function of mRNA, leaving the latter for protein synthesis. Genetic information began to flow from DNA to mRNA to protein in a two-step process involving transcription and translation. In the biological stage, DNA replication was central to the binary fission of the first cell, orchestrated by the duplication of genomes and then the division of the parent cell into two identical daughter cells. With the onset of binary fission, the population of primitive cells grew rapidly in the hydrothermal vent environment, undergoing Darwinian evolution and diversification by mutation. The habitat of the earliest fossil record (≥ 3.5 Ga) from the Archean sedimentary rocks of Canada, Greenland, Australia, South Africa, and India offers a new window on the early radiation of microbial life. The development of anoxygenic and then oxygenic photosynthesis from early hyperthermophiles would have allowed life to escape the hydrothermal setting to the mesophilic global ocean.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0094.v1

How Plesiosaurs Swam: New Insights into Their Underwater Flight Using “Ava”, a Virtual Pliosaur

Max Hawthorne, Mark McMenamin, Paul De la Salle

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: aquatic reptiles; plesiosaurs; pliosaurs; swim kinematics; Strouhal numbers

Online: 9 October 2019 (08:05:38 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0287.v1

A ‘Giant Microfossil’ from the Gunflint Chert and its Implications for Fungal and Eukaryote Origins

Mark A. S. McMenamin, Aurora Curtis-Hill, Sophie Rabinow, Kalyndi Martin, Destiny Treloar

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: Gunflint Chert; stromatolites; black chert; origin of eukaryotes; evolution of fungi; Precambrian microfossils

Online: 26 September 2019 (00:48:56 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0033.v1

Permian Aquatic Reptiles

Mark McMenamin

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: aquatic reptiles; parareptiles; procolophonids; neodiapsids; Permian; Barasaurus; mesosaurs; Hovasaurus; Tangasauridae; Claudiosaurus; neuroanatomy; swim kinematics; neural canal; caudal vertebrae; transverse process

Online: 5 August 2019 (00:35:21 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Cambrian Chordates and Vetulicolians

Mark McMenamin

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: chordates; vetulicolians; cephalochordates; vertebrates; tunicates; Cambrian; Chenjiang Biota; Burgess Shale; Banffia; Vetulicolia; Myllokunmingia; Metaspriggina; agnathans; deuterostomes; all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA); morphogen gradients

Online: 3 July 2019 (11:01:11 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Human Discovery and Settlement of the Remote Easter Island (SE Pacific)

Valenti Rull

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: islands, discovery, settlement, colonization, Easter Island, Rapa Nui, Pacific Ocean, Polynesians, Amerindians

Online: 28 March 2019 (11:22:33 CET)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Human Discovery and Settlement of the Remote Easter Island (SE Pacific)

Valenti Rull

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: islands, discovery, settlement, colonization, Easter Island, Rapa Nui, Pacific Ocean, Polynesians, Amerindians

Online: 20 March 2019 (14:54:52 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0102.v1

Paleoenvironment Variability during Termination I at the Reykjanes Ridge, North Atlantic

Alexander Matul, Max S. Barash, Tatyana A. Khusid, Padmasini Behera, Manish Tiwari

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: global warming and environmental change; Late Quaternary paleoenvironments; Termination I; sea-water paleotemperature; marine microfossils; North Atlantic; stable isotopes

Online: 6 August 2018 (08:56:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0610.v1

A Comparison of the Dinosaur Communities from the Middle Jurassic of the Cleveland (Yorkshire) and Hebrides (Skye) Basins, Based on Their Ichnites

Mike Romano, Neil D. L. Clark, Stephen L. Brusatte

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: ichnite; Skye; Yorkshire; footprints; dinosaur; sauropod; theropod; ornithopod

Online: 31 July 2018 (06:40:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201801.0229.v1

The Mid Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO) Indication at Low Latitude Sediment Case Study: The Miocene Cibulakan Formation, Bogor Basin

Wahyu Dwijo Santoso, Rubiyanto Kapid, Ben Ikhsan, Moehammad Ali Jambak, Dasapta Erwin Irawan

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Paleontology Keywords: Mid Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO); nannoplankton; temperature changes; Cibulakan Formation

Online: 24 January 2018 (18:50:42 CET)

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Environmental and Earth Sciences