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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0366.v3

Influence of Temperature on the Global Spread of COVID-19

Indrani Roy

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: COVID-19; coronavirus; temperature; solutions

Online: 21 June 2020 (16:19:26 CEST)

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This article investigated whether the atmospheric temperature had any role in the spread and vulnerability to COVID-19 worldwide and how that knowledge can be utilized to contain the fast-spreading disease. It highlighted that temperature was an important factor in transmitting the virus, and a moderately cool environment was the most favourable state for its susceptibility. In fact, the risk from the virus is reduced significantly in high temperature environment. Warm countries and places were likely to be less vulnerable. We identified various degrees of vulnerability based on temperature and specified countries for March and April. The maximum reported case, as well as death, was noted when the temperature was in the range of around 275°K (2°C) to 290°K (17°C). Countries like the USA, UK, Italy and Spain belonged to this category. The vulnerability was moderate when the temperature was less than around 275°K (2°C) and countries in that category were Russia, parts of Canada and few Scandinavian countries. For temperature 300°K (27°C) and above, a significantly lesser degree of vulnerability was noted. Countries from SAARC, South East Asia, the African continent and Australia fell in that category. In fact, when the temperature was more than 305°K (32°C), there was a unusually low number of reported cases and deaths. For warm countries, further analyses on the degree of vulnerability were conducted for the group of countries from SAARC and South East Asia and individual countries were compared. We also showed countries can switch from one vulnerability state to another based on the variability of temperature. We provided maps of temperature to identify countries of different vulnerability states in different months of the year. That influence of temperature on the virus and previous results of clinical trials with similar viruses gave us a useful insight that regulating the level of temperature can provide remarkable results to arrest and stop the outbreak. Based on that knowledge, some urgent solutions are proposed, which are practically without side effects and very cost-effective too.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0083.v1

The Joint Use of Multiple Satellite SAR Data and Geotechnical Models for the Study of the Shanghai Ocean-Reclaimed Lands

Antonio Pepe, Manuela Bonano, Qing Zhao, Tianliang Yang, Hanmei Wang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: deformation; interferometry; geotechnical models; non‐linear problem; synthetic aperture radar (SAR); time‐series

Online: 8 August 2016 (14:50:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0064.v1

Global Health Perspectives on Cigarette Butts and the Environment

Paula Stigler-Granados, Lawrence Fulton, Evangelina Nunez Patlan, Mischa Teryzk, Thomas E. Novotny

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: tobacco product waste; framework convention; cigarette butts; tobacco control

Online: 6 May 2019 (12:21:37 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0069.v1

Good in The Worst: COVID-19 Restrictions and Ease in Global Air Pollution

Naser A. Anjum

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; respiratory diseases; air pollution

Online: 6 April 2020 (15:48:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0316.v1

Multi-temporal Crop Type and Field Boundary Classification with Google Earth Engine

Michael Marszalek, Maximilian Lösch, Marco Körner, Urs Schmidhalter

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: Precision farming; Crop type mapping; Digital agriculture; Sentinel-2; Random Forest; SVM; Field boundaries; Canny; Simple non-iterative clustering

Online: 19 April 2020 (03:14:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.3390/sci2030081

Atmospheric Temperature and CO<sub>2</sub>: Hen-or-Egg Causality?

Demetris Koutsoyiannis, Zbigniew Kundzewicz

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: temperature; global warming; greenhouse gases; atmospheric CO₂ concentration

Online: 14 September 2020 (00:00:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0120.v1

Comparative investigation into Pre-COVID-19 and Post-COVID-19 lockdown Water Demand in selected schools in Osun State, Nigeria

Timothy O. Ogunbode

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: Pre-COVID-19; Post-COVID-19; Secondary Schools; Water Demand; Groundwater; Nigeria

Online: 5 April 2021 (12:22:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201707.0004.v1

Environmental Footprint of Domestic Dogs and Cats

Jose Herrera-Camacho, Eduardo Baltierra-Trejo, Paul Adolfo Taboada-González, Luisa Fernanda Gonzalez, Liliana Marquez-Benavides

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: life cycle analysis, dogs; cats; carbon footprint; environmental pawprint

Online: 4 July 2017 (16:00:10 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0078.v1

Copernicus Sentinel-2 Calibration and Products Validation Status

Ferran Gascon, Olivier Thépaut, Mathieu Jung, Benjamin Francesconi, Jérôme Louis, Vincent Lonjou, Bruno Lafrance, Stéphane Massera, Angélique Gaudel-Vacaresse, Florie Languille, Bahjat Alhammoud, Françoise Viallefont, Jakub Bieniarz, Bringfried Pflug, Sébastien Clerc, Laëtitia Pessiot, Thierry Trémas, Enrico Cadau, Roberto De Bonis, Claudia Isola, Philippe Martimort, Valérie Fernandez

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: calibration; validation; optical; instrument; processing; imagery; spatial; operational

Online: 19 October 2016 (10:59:29 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201803.0097.v1

On the Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Environmental Monitoring

Salvatore Manfreda, Matthew McCabe, Pauline Miller, Richard Lucas, Victor Pajuelo Madrigal, Giorgos Mallinis, Eyal Ben Dor, David Helman, Lyndon Estes, Giuseppe Ciraolo, Jana Müllerová, Flavia Tauro, M. Isabel De Lima, Joao L.M.P. De Lima, Felix Frances, Kelly Caylor, Marko Kohv, Antonino Maltese, Matthew Perks, Guiomar Ruiz-Pérez, Zhongbo Su, Giulia Vico, Brigitta Toth

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: UAS; remote sensing; environmental monitoring; precision agriculture; vegetation indices; soil moisture; river monitoring

Online: 14 March 2018 (02:38:42 CET)

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Environmental monitoring plays a central role in diagnosing climate and management impacts on natural and agricultural systems, enhancing the understanding hydrological processes, optimizing the allocation and distribution of water resources, and assessing, forecasting and even preventing natural disasters. Nowadays, most monitoring and data collection systems are based upon a combination of ground-based measurements, manned airborne sensors or satellite observations. These data are utilized in describing both small and large scale processes, but have spatiotemporal constraints inherent to each respective collection system. Bridging the unique spatial and temporal divides that limit current monitoring platforms is key to improving our understanding of environmental systems. In this context, Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) have considerable potential to radically evolve environmental monitoring. UAS-mounted sensors offer an extraordinary opportunity to bridge the existing gap between field observations and traditional air- and space-borne remote sensing, by providing not just high spatial detail over relatively large areas in a cost-effective way, but as importantly providing an entirely new capacity for enhanced temporal retrieval. As well as showcasing recent advances in the field, there is also a need to identify and understand the potential limitations of UAS technology. For these platforms to reach their monitoring potential, a wide spectrum of unresolved issues and applications specific challenges require focused community attention. Indeed, to leverage the full potential of UAS-based approaches, sensing technologies, measurement protocols, post-processing techniques, retrieval algorithms and evaluations techniques need to be harmonized. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive general overview of the existing research on studies and applications of UAS in environmental monitoring in order to suggest users and researchers on future research directions, applications, developments and challenges.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0236.v1

Noise Pollution and Control in Wood Mechanical Processing Wood Industries

Mayowa Jacob Owoyemi, Babajide Falemara, Ayomide Joseph Owoyemi

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: noise pollution; mechanical wood industries; equipment; control

Online: 31 August 2016 (09:03:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201908.0313.v1

Community Empowerment Model for Forest Revegetation and Preservation the Area Around the Springs: Arjuna Mount Case Study in East Java, Indonesia

Matheus Nugroho, Soemarno Soemarno, Harsuko Riniwati, Aminudin Afandhi

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: community empowerment; springs; forest revegetation; Arjuna mount; soil and geographical conditions; plants vegetation profile

Online: 29 August 2019 (17:17:32 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201912.0226.v1

Long Term Homogeneity, Trend and Change-Point Analysis of Rainfall in the Arid District of Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh State, India

Sandeep Kumar Patakamuri, Krishnaveni Muthiah, Venkataramana Sridhar

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: Trend Analysis; Non-parametric trend tests; Mann-Kendall; Modified Mann-Kendall; Climate Change; modifiedmk; trendchange

Online: 17 December 2019 (10:04:35 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201810.0098.v1

Flood Prediction Using Machine Learning, Literature Review

Amir Mosavi, Pinar Ozturk, Chau Kwok-wing

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: flood prediction; machine learning; forecasting

Online: 5 October 2018 (11:52:28 CEST)

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Floods are among the most destructive natural disasters, which are highly complex to model. The research on the advancement of flood prediction models has been contributing to risk reduction, policy suggestion, minimizing loss of human life and reducing the property damage associated with floods. To mimic the complex mathematical expressions of physical processes of floods, during the past two decades, machine learning (ML) methods have highly contributed in the advancement of prediction systems providing better performance and cost effective solutions. Due to the vast benefits and potential of ML, its popularity has dramatically increased among hydrologists. Researchers through introducing the novel ML methods and hybridization of the existing ones have been aiming at discovering more accurate and efficient prediction models. The main contribution is to demonstrate the state of the art of ML models in flood prediction and give an insight over the most suitable models. The literature where ML models are benchmarked through a qualitative analysis of robustness, accuracy, effectiveness, and speed have been particularly investigated to provide an extensive overview on various ML algorithms usage in the field. The performance comparison of ML models presents an in-depth understanding about the different techniques within the framework of a comprehensive evaluation and discussion. As the result, the paper introduces the most promising prediction methods for both long-term and short-term floods. Furthermore, the major trends in improving the quality of the flood prediction models are investigated. Among them, hybridization, data decomposition, algorithm ensemble, and model optimization are reported the most effective strategy in improvement of the ML methods. This survey can be used as a guideline for the hydrologists as well as climate scientists to assist them choosing the proper ML method according to the prediction task conclusions.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0101.v1

Forest Protected Area Systems and Biodiversity Conservation in Bangladesh

Sharif Ahmed Mukul, A. Z. M. Manzoor Rashid, Niaz Ahmed Khan

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: biodiversity conservation, livelihood, co-management, stakeholder, law enforcement

Online: 18 November 2016 (15:20:07 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0237.v1

Advancing the AirMOSS P-Band Radar Root Zone Soil Moisture Retrieval Algorithm via Incorporation of Richards’ Equation

Morteza Sadeghi, Alireza Tabatabaeenejad, Markus Tuller, Mahta Moghaddam, Scott B. Jones

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: AirMOSS; radar backscatter; P-band remote sensing; root zone; soil moisture profile; Richards’ equation

Online: 31 August 2016 (08:48:11 CEST)

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Preprint OPINION | doi:10.3390/sci2030057

Global Significance of Mangrove Blue Carbon in Climate Change Mitigation (Version 1)

Daniel Alongi

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: blue carbon; carbon; carbon stock; carbon sequestration; climate change; CO₂ emissions; mangrove; mitigation

Online: 23 July 2020 (00:00:00 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0021.v1

E-waste Management in South Africa: Case Study: Cathode Ray Tubes Recycling Opportunities

Pontsho Ledwaba, Ndabenhle Sosibo

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: electrical and electronic waste; recycling; legislative frameworks; environmental management; landfilling

Online: 3 August 2016 (12:33:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0100.v1

Experimental Study of Montmorillonite Structure and Transformation of its Properties under the Treatment of Inorganic Acid Solutions

Victoria V. Krupskaya, Sergey V. Zakusin, Ekaterina A. Tyupina, Olga V. Dorzhieva, Anatoliy P. Zhukhlistov, Maria N. Timofeeva, Petr E. Belousov

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: engineering barriers; bentonite clays; thermochemical treatments; montmorillonite; structure modification; adsorption properties

Online: 19 December 2016 (11:08:23 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0403.v1

Environmental Impact of Corona Virus (COVID-19) and Nationwide Lockdown in India: An Alarm to Future Lockdown Strategies

Suresh Kumar, Shishir Bhardwaj, Akash Singh, Hemant K. Singh, Puneet Singh, Uzzwal K. Sharma

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: zoonotic; corona virus; COVID-19; SARS; MERS; global health emergency; India; lockdown strategies

Online: 24 May 2020 (19:34:03 CEST)

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Global emerge of zoonotic novel corona virus (COVID-19) became a pandemic and its effect to mankind is talk of the town now a days. This tiny, invisible enemy has affected every country in the world and almost every living directly or indirectly and nationwide complete lockdown has triggered a short-term environmental impact. Since 2003, corona virus came into existence in the form of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and more evolved Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012. This time, at the end of December 2019, outbreak of novel corona virus COVID-19 (also known as SARS-CoV₂, nCoV-2019) draw attention as global health emergency. World Health Organization (WHO) report says that the outbreak of this virus is so immense, it has already affected 35,57,235 people and caused death to 2,45,150 people worldwide and 46,433 Indians got affected with 1568 death as on 5^th May 2020 (2:00 am) and these numbers are increasing exponentially day by day. Virologist, micro-biologist and science community are hammering their head very hard to find out cure and vaccine against this powerful virus and to prevent mass demise of mankind. In order to curb the spread of COVID-19, Janta curfew on 22.03.2020 and nationwide complete lockdown was implemented in India for 21 days (phase-I, from 25.03.2020 to 14.04.2020) to stop community transmission of third stage, for 19 days (phase-II, 15.04.2020 to 03.05.2020) and 14 days (phase-III, 04.05.2020 to 17.05.2020) complete lockdown to minimize the community transmission effect. During complete lockdown and quarantine period a drastic change in Earth’s atmosphere, including reduction in emission of greenhouse gases, air pollution (~50% fall in air quality index), noise pollution, water pollution and solid waste pollution, have been recorded by government agencies as well as private agencies. In this paper we considered data of Janta curfew, phase-I and phase-II lockdown to link between geological and environmental aspect related to environmental impact due to emerge of COVID-19 and massive reduction in pollution level during complete lockdown in India. We propose future lockdown strategies to minimize the emission of greenhouse gas by ~100 Mt to ~200Mt (3.33% to 6.66%) of GHG_total per year by 2-4 days per month nationwide lockdown or ~70 Mt to ~140 Mt (2.33% to 4.66%) of GHG_total per year by 2-4 days per month complete lockdown of energy sectors only.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201607.0056.v1

Dynamic simulation of urban expansion based on cellular automata and logistic regression model: Case study of Hyrcanian region of Iran

Meisam Jafari, Seyed Masoud Monavari, Hamid Majedi, Ali Asghar Alesheikh, Mirmasoud Kheirkhah Zarkesh

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: Land use change; urban sprawl; Logistic regression; Markov chain; Cellular automata; Gilan Province

Online: 18 July 2016 (11:53:16 CEST)

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Although, promotion of urbanization culture in recent decades has made inevitable development of cities in the world, however, the development can be guided in a direction that leave, to the extent possible, minimum socioeconomic and environmental impacts. For this, it is required to first forecast auto-spreading orientation of cities and suburbs in rural areas over time and then avoid shapeless growth of cities. This paper is an attempt to develop a dynamic hybrid model based on logistic regression (LR), Markov chain (MC), and cellular automata (CA) for prediction of future urban sprawl in fast-growing cities. The model was developed using 12 widely-used urban development criteria, whose significant coefficient was determined by logistic regression, and validated by relative operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The validated model was run in Guilan, a tourist province in northern Iran with a very high rate of urban development. For this, changes in the area of urban land use were detected over the period of 1989 to 2013 and then, future sprawl of the province was forecasted by the years 2025 and 2037. The analysis results revealed that the area of urban land use was increased by more than 1.7 % from 36012.5 ha in 1989 to 59754.8 ha in 2013, and the area of Caspian Hyrcanian forestland was reduced by 31628 ha. The results also predicted an alarming increase in the rate of urban development in the province by the years 2025 and 2037, during which urban land use is predicted to develop 0.9 % and 1.38 %, respectively. The development pattern is expected to be uneven and scattered, without following any particular direction. The development will occur close to the existing or newly-formed urban basements as well as around major roads and commercial areas. This development, if not controlled, will lead to the loss of 13863 ha of Hyrcanian forests and if the trend continues, 21013 ha of Hyrcanian forests and 20208 ha of Barren/open lands are expected to be destroyed by the year 2037. In general, the proposed model is an efficient tool for the support of urban planning decisions and facilitates the process of sustainable development of cities by providing decision-makers with an overview on future development of cities where the growth rate is very fast.

Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0370.v1

Essential Indicators for Measuring Area-Based Conservation Effectiveness in the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework

Jonas Geldmann, Marine Deguignet, Andrew Balmford, Neil D. Burgess, Nigel Dudley, Marc Hockings, Naomi Kingston, Helen Klimmek, Alanah Hayley Lewis, Carsten Rahbek, Sue Stolton, Claire Vincent, Sue Wells, Stephen Woodley, James E.M. Watson

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: 2011-2020 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity; biodiversity outcomes; indicators; management effectiveness; other effective area-based conservation measures; post-2020; protected areas

Online: 25 March 2020 (04:31:56 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0113.v1

Deforestation and Forest Degradation Due to Gold Mining in the Peruvian Amazon: A 34-Year Perspective

Jorge Caballero Espejo, Max Messinger, Francisco Roman D., Cesar Ascorra, Luis E. Fernandez, Miles Silman

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: Landsat; artisanal-scale gold mining; infrastructure; protected areas; commodity

Online: 5 November 2018 (11:58:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0006.v1

A New Method of Environmental Assessment and Monitoring of Heavy Metal Polluted Soil Using Fruticose Lichens

Yuri Sueoka, Masayuki Sakakibara, Sakae Sano, Yoshikazu Yamamoto

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: biomarker; environmental assessment; elemental competition; bioconcentration factor; heavy metal absorption

Online: 1 November 2016 (09:34:35 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201702.0093.v1

Valorization of Superabsorbent Polymers from Used Disposable Diapers as Soil Moisture Conditioner

Raymundo Sánchez-Orozco, Beatriz Timoteo-Cruz, Teresa Torres-Blancas, Fernando Ureña-Núñez

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: used superabsorbent polymer; disposable diapers; swelling capacity; soil conditioner

Online: 27 February 2017 (06:50:27 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0134.v1

Prediction of Rice Water Requirement Using FAO-CROPWAT Model in North Iran under Future Climate Change

Javad Gilanipour, Bahram Gholizadeh

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: rice; water requirement; climate change; Penman-Monteith; CROPWAT

Online: 31 October 2016 (03:21:42 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0059.v1

Europe’s Green Arteries—A Continental Dataset of Riparian Zones

Christof J. Weissteiner, Martin Ickerott, Hannes Ott, Markus Probeck, Gernot Ramminger, Nicola Clerici, Hans Durfourmont, Ana Maria Ribeiro De Sousa

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: riparian zone; transitional environment; riparian forest buffer; spatial modelling; mapping; spatial ecology; ecosystem functions

Online: 6 August 2016 (06:07:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0359.v1

Sustainability Indicators and Indices for the Water-Energy-Food Nexus for Performance Assessment: WEF Nexus in Practice – South Africa Case Study

Luxon Nhamo, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi, Sylvester Mpandeli, Charles Nhemachena, Aidan Senzanje, Dhesigen Naidoo, Stanley Liphadzi, Albert T. Modi

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: Adaptation; climate change; composite indices; resilience; livelihoods; adaptation

Online: 29 May 2019 (16:43:50 CEST)

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The missing link between cross-sectoral resource utilisation and management, and full-scale adoption of the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus has been lack of analytical tools to support policy and decision-making. This paper defined WEF nexus sustainability indicators and developed a methodology to calculate composite indices to facilitate WEF nexus performance, monitoring and evaluation. WEF nexus indicators were integrated through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM). Data were normalised to determine composite indices. The method established quantitative relationships among WEF nexus sectors to indicate resource utilisation and performance over time, using South Africa as a case study. A spider graph of normalised indices was used to illustrate WEF nexus indicator performance and inter-relationships, providing a synopsis of the level of interactions and inter-connectedness of WEF nexus sectors. The shape of the spider graph is determined by the level of the interdependencies and interactions among the WEF nexus sectors, whose management is viewed either as sustainable or unsustainable depending on the classification of the developed integrated index. The spider graph produced for South Africa shows an over emphasis on food self-sufficiency and water productivity at the expense of other sectors, which results from the sectoral approach in resource management. Although the calculated integrated index of 0.203 for South Africa is classified as lowly sustainable, the emphasis is on the quantitative relationships among the indicators and on how to improve them to achieve sustainability. The developed method provides evidence to decision makers, indicating priority areas for intervention. The analytical model is another niche area for the WEF nexus, as it is now capable to evaluate synergies and trade-offs in a holistic way to improve efficiency and productivity in resource use and management for sustainable development.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201702.0080.v1

Analysis and Predictability of the Hydrological Response of Mountain Catchments to Heavy Rain on Snow Events: A Case Study in the Spanish Pyrenees

Javier G. Corripio, Juan Ignacio López-Moreno

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: ROS; snow; rain; flood; WRF; numerical weather forecast; energy balance; discharge estimation; early alert system

Online: 22 February 2017 (04:26:49 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0136.v1

Application of HEC-HMS Model to Assess Streamflow and Water Resources Availability in Stung Sangker Catchment of Mekong’ Tonle Sap Lake Basin in Cambodia

Kimhuy Sok, Chantha Oeurng

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: HEC-HMS model; streamflow; water availability; rainfall-runoff; Tonle Sap Basin

Online: 28 December 2016 (11:22:01 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0515.v1

Mobility Restrictions and Air Quality under COVID-19 Pandemic in São Paulo, Brazil

Edmilson D. Freitas, Sergio A. Ibarra-Espinosa, Mario E. Gavidia-Calderón, Amanda Rehbein, Sameh A. Abou Rafee, Jorge A. Martins, Leila D. Martins, Ubiratan P. Santos, Mariangeli F. Ning, Maria F. Andrade, Ricardo I. F. Trindade

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: air pollution; MASP; human health; quarantine

Online: 30 April 2020 (03:11:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0069.v1

Comparison of Pixel- and Object-Based Approaches in Phenology-Based Rubber Plantation Mapping in Fragmented Landscapes

Deli Zhai, Jinwei Dong, Georg Cadisch, Mingcheng Wang, Weili Kou, Jianchu Xu, Xiangming Xiao

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantation; phenology; Xishuangbanna; Landsat; object-based approach; pixel-based approach

Online: 6 August 2016 (11:54:28 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0202.v1

Remote Sensing and Data Mining Techniques for Assessing the Urban Fabric Vulnerability to Heat Waves and UHI

Flavio Borfecchia, Vittorio Rosato, Emanuela Caiaffa, Maurizio Pollino, Luigi De Cecco, Luigi La Porta, Simone Ombuen, Lorenzo Barbieri, Federica Benelli, Flavio Camerata, Valeria Pellegrini, Andrea Filpa

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: HR satellite remote sensing; urban fabric vulnerability; UHI & heat waves; landsat & MODIS sensors; LST & urban heating; segmentation & objects classification; data mining; feature extraction & selection; stepwise regression & model calibration

Online: 24 August 2016 (10:19:40 CEST)

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Densely urbanized areas, with a low percentage of green vegetation, are highly exposed to Heat Waves (HW) which nowadays are increasing in terms of frequency and intensity also in the middle-latitude regions, due to ongoing Climate Change (CC). Their negative effects may combine with those of the UHI (Urban Heat Island), a local phenomenon where air temperatures in the compact built up cores of towns increase more than those in the surrounding rural areas, with significant impact on the quality of urban environment, on citizens health and energy consumption and transport, as it has occurred in the summer of 2003 on France and Italian central-northern areas. In this context this work aims at designing and developing a methodology based on aero-spatial remote sensing (EO) at medium-high resolution and most recent GIS techniques, for the extensive characterization of the urban fabric response to these climatic impacts related to the temperature within the general framework of supporting local and national strategies and policies of adaptation to CC. Due to its extension and variety of built-up typologies, the municipality of Rome was selected as test area for the methodology development and validation. First of all, we started by operating through photointerpretation of cartography at detailed scale (CTR 1: 5000) on a reference area consisting of a transect of about 5x20 km, extending from the downtown to the suburbs and including all the built-up classes of interest. The reference built-up vulnerability classes found inside the transect were then exploited as training areas to classify the entire territory of Rome municipality. To this end, the satellite EO HR (High Resolution) multispectral data, provided by the Landsat sensors were used within a on purpose developed "supervised" classification procedure, based on data mining and “object-classification” techniques. The classification results were then exploited for implementing a calibration method, based on a typical UHI temperature distribution, derived from MODIS satellite sensor LST (Land Surface Temperature) data of the summer 2003, to obtain an analytical expression of the vulnerability model, previously introduced on a semi-empirical basis.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0038.v1

Reconstructing Historical VOC Concentrations in Drinking Water for Epidemiological Studies at a U.S. Military Base: Summary of Results

Morris L. Maslia, Mustafa M. Aral, Perri Z. Ruckart, Frank J. Bove

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: historical reconstruction; modeling; drinking water; water quality; VOC; epidemiological study; health study; Camp Lejeune

Online: 4 August 2016 (10:09:23 CEST)

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A U.S. government health agency conducted epidemiological studies to evaluate whether exposures to drinking water contaminated with volatile organic compounds at U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, were associated with increased health risks to children and adults. These health studies required knowledge of contaminant concentrations in drinking water—at monthly intervals—delivered to family housing, barracks, and other facilities within the study area. Because concentration data were limited or unavailable during much of the period of contamination (1950s–1985), the historical reconstruction process was used to quantify estimates of monthly mean contaminant-specific concentrations. This paper integrates many efforts, reports, and papers into a synthesis of the overall approach to, and results from, a drinking-water historical reconstruction study. Results show that at the Tarawa Terrace water treatment plant (WTP) reconstructed (simulated) tetrachloroethylene (PCE) concentrations reached a maximum monthly average value of 183 micrograms per liter (ug/L) compared to a one-time maximum measured value of 215 ug/L and exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s current maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 5 ug/L during the period November 1957–February 1987. At the Hadnot Point WTP, reconstructed trichloroethylene (TCE) concentrations reached a maximum monthly average value of 783 ug/L compared to a one-time maximum measured value of 1,400 ug/L during the period August 1953–December 1984. The Hadnot Point WTP also provided contaminated drinking water to the Holcomb Boulevard housing area continuously prior to June 1972, when the Holcomb Boulevard WTP came on line (maximum reconstructed TCE concentration of 32 ug/L) and intermittently during the period June 1972–February 1985 (maximum reconstructed TCE concentration of 66 ug/L). Applying the historical reconstruction process to quantify contaminant-specific monthly drinking-water concentrations is advantageous for epidemiological studies when compared to using the classical exposed versus unexposed approach.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0059.v1

Geographic Distribution of Registered Packaged Water Production in Ghana: Implications for Groundwater Management and Environmental Impacts

Mawuli Dzodzomenyo, Winfred Dotse-Gborgbortsi, Dan Lapworth, Nicola Wardrop, Jim Wright

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: water footprint; bottled water; groundwater; Africa; water resource management; urban

Online: 10 December 2016 (08:41:51 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0129.v1

Urban Thermal Environment and Heat Island in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam from Remote Sensing Data

Van Tran Thi, Bao Ha Duong Xuan, Mai Nguyen Thi Tuyet

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: emissivity; land cover; land surface temperature; surface urban heat island; thermal environment; mitigation

Online: 29 January 2017 (10:38:44 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201805.0470.v1

Open-Sourced Remote Sensing Data Management with the Irish Earth Observation (IEO) Python Module

Guy Serbin, Stuart Green

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: remote sensing; python; data management; landsat; open-source

Online: 31 May 2018 (11:12:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0024.v1

Development of SWAT-PADDY for Simulating Lowland Paddy Fields

Ryota Tsuchiya, Tasuku Kato, Jaehak Jeong

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: SWAT; model development; paddy fields; irrigation; return flow

Online: 3 November 2016 (09:42:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201901.0227.v1

Raman Tweezers as a Tool for Small Microplastics and Nanoplastics Identification in Sea Water

Raymond Gillibert, Gireeshkumar Balakrishnan, Quentin Deshoules, Morgan Tardivel, Alessandro Magazzù, Maria G. Donato, Onofrio M. Marago, Marc Lamy de La Chapelle, Florent Colas, Fabienne Lagarde, Pietro G. Gucciardi

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: Microplastics, Nanoplastics, Optical Tweezers, Raman Spectroscopy

Online: 22 January 2019 (18:00:37 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0095.v1

Remote Sensing for Crop Water Management: from Experiments to User-Driven Services

Alfonso Calera, Isidro Campos, Anna Osann, Guido D´Urso, Massimo Menenti

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: : Crop Water Requirements; Irrigation Requirements; crop coefficient; web-GIS; Earth Observation; evapotranspiration

Online: 17 November 2016 (15:41:52 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0038.v2

An Inter-Comparison of Techniques for Determining Velocities of Maritime Arctic Glaciers, Svalbard, Using Radarsat-2 Wide Fine Mode Data

Thomas Schellenberger, Wesley Van Wychen, Luke Copland, Andreas Kääb, Laurence Gray

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: SAR offset and speckle tracking; glacier velocity; Radarsat-2 Wide Fine; Svalbard

Online: 10 September 2016 (05:03:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0028.v2

Intra-Urban Mobility in the Estimation of Risk Scenarios by BTEX Emissions

Marco Antonio Garcia-Zarate, María Evarista Arellano-García, Mariana Villada Canela, Patricia Aceves-Calderon, Ana Erika Ruiz-Arellano, Christine Alysse Von- Glascoe, M. C. Arredondo Garcia

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: VOC; technological risk; exposure to risks; DRI; risk mapping; SIG; BTEX

Online: 13 September 2016 (03:42:52 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0081.v1

Remote Sensing for Detection and Monitoring of Vegetation Affected by Oil Spills

Bashir Adamu, Booker Ogutu, Kevin Tansey

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: spectral reflectance; vegetation indices; vegetation; remote sensing; oil spill; mangrove forest; oil pollution; Landsat 8

Online: 23 September 2016 (06:19:49 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0046.v1

Assessment of Carbon Flux and Soil Moisture in Wetlands Applying Sentinel-1 Data

Katarzyna Dabrowska–Zielinska, Maria Budzynska, Monika Tomaszewska, Alicja Malinska, Martyna Gatkowska, Maciej Bartold, Iwona Malek

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: NEE; backscattering coefficient; LAI; soil moisture

Online: 13 September 2016 (10:12:12 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0137.v1

Contamination Characteristics and Assessment of Manganese, Zinc, Chrome, Lead, Copper and Nickel in Bus Station Dusts of Xifeng, Northwest China

Yongfu Wu, Xinwei Lu, Sukai Zhuang, Xiufeng Han, Yan Zhou

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: heavy metal; contamination assessment; X-ray fluorescence; bus station dusts

Online: 13 August 2016 (09:41:18 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202001.0104.v1

Area-Based Conservation in the 21st Century

Sean L. Maxwell, Victor Cazalis, Nigel Dudley, Michael Hoffmann, Ana S.L. Rodrigues, Sue Stolton, Piero Visconti, Stephen Woodley, Martine Maron, Bernardo B.N. Strassburg, Amelia Wenger, Harry D. Jonas, Oscar Venter, James E.M. Watson

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: biodiversity; conserved areas; ecosystem services; effectiveness; management; protected areas; representative; targets

Online: 11 January 2020 (10:58:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0003.v1

Simulated and In Situ Frost Heave in Seasonally Frozen Soil from a Cold Temperate Broad-leaved Korean Pine Forest

Maosen Lin, Anzhi Wang, Dexin Guan, Changjie Jin, Jiabin Wu, Fenghui Yuan

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: seasonally frozen soil; frost heave; soil moisture content; soil type; freezing depth; soil porosity

Online: 1 August 2016 (09:47:52 CEST)

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Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0501.v1

COVID-19 and Amazonia: Sustainable alternatives for an economic collapse

Luisa Diele-Viegas, Eder Pereira

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: Economic recession; SARS-CoV-2; Deforestation; Climate Change; Amazonia Integrity; Green Bonds

Online: 29 April 2020 (05:05:33 CEST)

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The severity of the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak demand from countries to adopt extreme measurements of social isolation to stop the spread and flatten the curve of contamination. Although social isolation measures may have negative impacts on economy, historically it has been showed to be more effective in saving lives and less damaging to economy than not adopting these measurements during a viral pandemic. In Brazil, despite the positioning of the president against social isolation due to the consequent economic recession, the rapid spread of the virus has worried the governors of the Brazilian states, which are thus managing stringent social isolation measurements to avoid the advance of the virus. Since one of the main strategies to guarantee progress and economic growth in Brazil has been the exploitation of natural resources from the Amazonia biome, here we discuss the importance of this biome to Brazilian economy during the post-pandemic recession and highlights potential strategies to burst the economy without promoting Amazonia destruction. We show that, together with the REDD+ and the Amazon Fund, the Forest bonds represents good strategies to burst Brazilian economy in a sustainable way, showing that it is possible to improve the commodities without increasing Amazonia deforestation or the greenhouse gases emissions. Amazonia is a biome of global importance for the avoidance of another global crisis, which will occur if we reach the climatic tipping point of 1.5°C. Thus, governmental actions should go towards its preservation, not exploitation and depletion. The commitment of the government with environmental conservation is paramount so that these economic strategies have positive results, especially in a post-pandemic scenario, where the economy will be extremely weakened. The COVID-19 brings us a lesson regarding how our attitudes can impact the world, and what we can expect from a global crisis. Perhaps we can apply these lessons and focus on change our economy towards a sustainable direction to avoid another global crisis in the years to come.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0070.v1

Models for Calculating Monthly Average Solar Radiation from Air Temperature in Swaziland

Mgidi D. Dlamini, Alakaparampil J. Varkey, Simiso K. Mkhonta

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: solar energy; solar radiation; climatic data; solar radiation estimation

Online: 13 December 2016 (10:06:35 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0134.v1

The Suitability of the Satellite Metrological Inputs Source on the Hydrological Model in a Small Urban Catchment

Song Song, Youpeng Xu, Jiali Wang, Jinkang Du, Jianxin Zhang, Qiang Wang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: spatial resolution; interpolation method; CREST model; Qinhuai catchment

Online: 13 August 2016 (04:28:19 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0149.v1

Estimation of Chlorophyll‐a Concentration and Trophic States for an Inland Lake from Landsat 8 OLI Data: A Case of Nalban Lake of East Kolkata Wetland, India

Pulak Patra, Sourabh Kumar Dubey, Raman Kumar Trivedi, Sanjeev Kumar Sahu, Sangram Keshari Rout

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: landsat 8 OLI; Nalban Lake; East Kolkata Wetland; chlorophyll-a prediction; study points; validation points

Online: 15 August 2016 (13:51:19 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201607.0041.v1

Focus on the development of natural gas hydrate in China

Zhongfu Tan, Ge Pan, Pingkuo Liu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: natural gas hydrate; five forces model; intuitional arrangement

Online: 15 July 2016 (11:33:39 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0151.v1

Global SOC, Annual NPP and CO₂ Turnover Time

Robert Blakemore

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: topography; soil carbon sequestration; humus; earthworms; climate, vermi-compost

Online: 12 June 2020 (12:29:50 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0014.v1

A Review on Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches for Air Pollution Studies

Abulude F. O., Moez B., Adeoya E. A., Olubayode S. A.

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: PM10; TSP; pollutants; element markers; epidemiological; dispersion modeling

Online: 2 March 2017 (07:29:35 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0145.v1

SMOS-IC: An alternative SMOS soil moisture and vegetation optical depth product

Roberto Fernandez-Moran, Amen Al-Yaari, Arnaud Mialon, Ali Mahmoodi, Ahmad Al Bitar, Gabrielle De Lannoy, Ernesto Lopez-Baeza, Yann Kerr, Jean-Pierre Wigneron

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: SMOS, L-band, Level 3, ECMWF, SMOS-IC, soil moisture, vegetation optical depth, MODIS, NDVI

Online: 17 March 2017 (22:14:31 CET)

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The main goal of the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission over land surfaces is the production of global maps of soil moisture (SM) and vegetation optical depth (τ) based on multi-angular brightness temperature (TB) measurements at L-band. The operational SMOS Level 2 and Level 3 soil moisture algorithms account for different surface effects, such as vegetation opacity and soil roughness at 4 km resolution, in order to produce global retrievals of SM and τ. In this study, we present an alternative SMOS product which was developed by INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) and CESBIO (Centre d’Etudes Spatiales de la BIOsphère). This SMOS-INRA-CESBIO (SMOS-IC) product provides daily SM and τ at the global scale and differs from the operational SMOS Level 3 (SMOSL3) product in the treatment of retrievals over heterogeneous pixels. Specifically, SMOS-IC is much simpler and does not account for corrections associated to the antenna pattern and the complex SMOS viewing angle geometry. It considers pixels as homogeneous to avoid uncertainties and errors linked to inconsistent auxiliary data sets which are used to characterize the pixel heterogeneity in the SMOS L3 algorithm. SMOS-IC also differs from the current SMOSL3 product (Version 300, V300) in the values of the effective vegetation scattering albedo (ω) and soil roughness parameters. An inter-comparison is presented in this study based on the use of ECMWF (European Center for Medium range Weather Forecasting) SM outputs and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) from MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer). A 6 year (2010-2015) inter-comparison of the SMOS products SMOS-IC and SMOSL3 SM (V300) with ECMWF SM yielded higher correlations and lower ubRMSD (unbiased root mean square difference) for SMOS-IC over most of the pixels. In terms of τ, SMOS-IC τ was found to be better correlated to MODIS NDVI in most regions of the globe, with the exception of the Amazonian basin and of the northern mid-latitudes.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0173.v1

Farmlands Feature Greater Woody Cover than Savannas in Semi-Arid West Africa

Martin Brandt, Kjeld Rasmussen, Pierre Hiernaux, Stefanie Herrmann, Compton J. Tucker, Xiaoye Tong, Feng Tian, Ole Mertz, Laurent Kergoat, Cheikh Mbow, John David, Katherine Melocik, Morgane Dendoncker, Caroline Vincke, Rasmus Fensholt

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: land use; management; woody cover determinants; human-environment; Sahel

Online: 22 March 2017 (15:55:14 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0068.v1

Application of HYSPLIT and WRF/Chem Models to Investigate the Dust Storm Episodes

Parya Broomandi, Bahram Dabir, Babak Bonakdarpour, Yousef Rashidi

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: particulate matter; dust storm; meteorological parameter; HYSPLIT; WRF/Chem

Online: 17 October 2016 (12:16:08 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0442.v1

Observed and Potential Environmental Impacts of COVID -19 in Africa

Nyarai Mupatsi

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-Co-V-2, Environment, Africa, Pandemic,Pollution

Online: 20 August 2020 (07:42:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0035.v1

An Emergy-Based Hybrid Method for Assessing Sustainability of an Resource-Dependent Region

Lulu Qu, Xueyi Shi, Chang Liu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: sustainability; resource-dependent city; emergy analysis; IPAT (Human Impact Population Affluence Technology); Taiyuan

Online: 7 November 2016 (05:15:13 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0091.v1

Hydrological Modelling Using Rainfall Simulator over Experimental Hillslope Plot

Arpit Chouksey, Vinit Lambey, Bhaskar R. Nikam

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: hydrological processes; hillslope hydrological modeling; rainfall simulators; subsurface flow processes

Online: 21 October 2016 (09:30:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201702.0059.v1

Fusing Observational, Satellite Remote Sensing and Air Quality Model Simulated Data to Estimate Spatiotemporal Variations of PM2.5 Exposure in China

Tao Xue, Yixuan Zheng, Guannan Geng, Bo Zheng, Xujia Jiang, Qiang Zhang, Kebin He

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: fine particulate matter (PM2.5); aerosol optical depth; community multi-scale air quality (CMAQ) model; data fusion; exposure assessment

Online: 16 February 2017 (08:58:09 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201607.0033.v1

Urbanization and Its Effects on Industrial Pollutant emissions: An Empirical Study of a Chinese Case with the Spatial Panel Model

Jin Guo, Yingzhi Xu, Zhengning Pu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: industrial pollutant emissions; urbanization; the spatial panel model; Chinese case

Online: 14 July 2016 (12:12:25 CEST)

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Urbanization is considered as a main indicator of regional economic development due to its positive effect on promoting industrial development; however, many regions, especially developing countries, are troubled by its negative effect — the aggravating environmental pollution. Many researchers have indicated that rapid urbanization stimulated the expansion of industrial production scale and increased industrial pollutant emissions. However, this judgement contains a grave deficiency in that urbanization not only expands industrial production scales but can also increase industrial labour productivity and change the industrial structure. To modify this deficiency, we first decompose the influence which urbanization impacts on industrial pollutant emissions into the scale effect, the intensive effect and the structure effect by using the Kaya Identity and the LMDI Method; second, we perform an empirical study of the three effects’ impacts by applying the spatial panel model with data from 282 Chinese cities between 2003 and 2013. Our results indicate that (1) there are significant reverse U-shapes between Chinese urbanization rate and its industrial pollutant emissions; (2) the scale effect and the structure effect have aggravated Chinese industrial waste water discharge, sulphur dioxide emissions and soot (dust) emissions, while the intensive effect has generated a decreasing and ameliorative impact on that aggravated trend. The definite relationship between urbanization and industrial pollutant emissions depends on the combined influence of the scale effect, the intensive effect and the structure effect; (3) there are significant spatial autocorrelations of industrial pollutant emissions between Chinese cities, but the spatial spillover effect from other cities does not aggravate local urban industrial pollutant emissions, we offer an explanation to this contradiction that the vast rural areas surrounding Chinese cities have served as sponge belts and have absorbed the spatial spillover of cities’ industrial pollutant emissions. According to the results, we argue that this type of decomposition of the influence into three effects is necessary and meaningful, it establishes a solid foundation for understanding the relationship between urbanization and industrial pollutant emissions, and effectively helps to meet relative policy making.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0460.v1

Indirect Exposure to Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): An Overview of Current Knowledge

Christian Ebere Enyoh, Andrew Wirnkor Verla, Wang Qingyue, Dipak Kumar Yadav, Md. Akhter Hossain Chowdhury, Beniah Obinna Isiuku, Tanzin Chowdhury, Francis Chizoruo Ibe, Evelyn Ngozi Verla, Toochukwu Oluwatosin Maduka

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: air pollution; COVID-19; human health; pandemic; transmission; wastewater

Online: 25 April 2020 (10:58:49 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0054.v1

Land Suitability Assessment for Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) Development in Chile

Celián Román-Figueroa, Rodrigo Padilla, Juan Manuel Uribe, Manuel Paneque

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: bioenergy; Camelina sativa; energy crops; agro-climatic suitability; biodiesel

Online: 11 January 2017 (04:57:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0069.v1

Environmental Impacts of Mining of Mineral Resources

Vladimír Lapčík, Andrea Kaločajová, Petr Novák

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: mining; non-energy mineral resources; environmental impact assessment

Online: 13 January 2017 (10:56:46 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0139.v1

Modeling Glacier Mass Balance and Runoff in the Koxkar River Basin on the South Slope of the Tianshan Mts. during 1959 to 2009, China

Min Xu, Haidong Han, Shichang Kang

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: glacier mass balance; runoff; Tianshan Mts.; Koxkar River Basin; HBV model; interpolation

Online: 31 October 2016 (09:43:50 CET)

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Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0142.v1

Seasonal Applicability of Three Plant Constructed Wetlands for Nutrient Removal in Pilot Scale

Farham Aminsharei, Seyed Mehdi Borghei, Reza Arjomandi, Jafar Nouri, Alireza Pendashteh

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: sub-surface flow constructed wetland; nutrient removal; wastewater treatment; Lactuca sativa; Medicago sativa; Phragmites australis

Online: 28 November 2016 (10:34:49 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201607.0081.v1

Impacts of land management on the resilience of Mediterranean dry forests to fire

Matteo Jucker Riva, Gudrun Schwilch, Hanspeter Liniger, Alejandro Valdecantos

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: resilience, land management, wildfire, Mediterranean dry forest

Online: 27 July 2016 (10:01:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0153.v1

The Establishment and Application of an Evaluation Model for Land-Use Change and Eco-Security

Han-Shen Chen

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: Eco-security; Land use and cover change (LUCC); Sustainability development and assessment

Online: 15 August 2016 (12:41:51 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0113.v1

Air Pollution Exposure in Relation to the Commute to School: A Bradford UK Case Study

Kim N. Dirks, Judith Y. T. Wang, Amirul Khan, Christopher Rushton

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: pedestrian; traffic; ultrafine particles; school; children; exposure

Online: 26 October 2016 (10:31:30 CEST)

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Walking School Buses (WSBs) provide a safe alternative to being driven to school. Children benefit from the contribution the exercise provides towards their daily exercise target, it gives children practical experience with respect to road safety and helps to relieve traffic congestion around the entrance to their school. Walking routes are designed largely based in road safety considerations, catchment need and the availability of parent support. However, little attention is given to the air pollution exposure experienced by children during their journey to school, despite the commuting microenvironment being an important contributor to a child’s daily air pollution exposure. This study aims to quantify the air pollution exposure experienced by children walking to school and those being driven by car. A school was chosen in Bradford, UK. Three adult participants carried out the journey to and from school each carrying a P-Trak ultrafine particle (UFP) count monitor. One participant travelled the journey to school by car while the other two walked, each on opposite sides of the road for the majority of the journey. Data collection was carried out over a period of two weeks, for a total of five journeys to school in the morning and five on the way home at the end of the school day. Results of the study suggest that car commuters experience lower levels of air pollution dose due to lower exposures and reduced commute times. The largest reductions in exposure for pedestrians can be achieved by avoiding close proximity to traffic queuing up to intersections, and, where possible, walking on the side of the road opposite the traffic, especially during the morning commuting period. Major intersections should also be avoided as they were associated with peak exposures. Steps to ensure that the phasing of lights is optimized to minimize pedestrian waiting time would also help reduce exposures. If possible, busy roads should be avoided altogether. By the careful design of WSB routes, taking into account air pollution, children will be able to experience the benefits that walking to school brings while minimizing their air pollution exposure during their commute to and from school.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0114.v1

Marginal Generation Technology in the Chinese Power Market towards 2030 Based on Consequential Life Cycle Assessment

Guangling Zhao, Josep M. Guerrero, Yingying Pei

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: marginal technology; power grid; consequential LCA; China

Online: 28 September 2016 (11:49:30 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0405.v1

Deployment of Solar Energy at the Expense of Conservation Sensitive Areas Precludes its Classification as an Environmentally Sustainable Activity

Francisco Valera, Luis Bolonio, Abel La Calle, Eulalia Moreno

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: sustainability; solar energy; land-use; Taxonomy regulation; territorial planning; biodiversity

Online: 22 November 2022 (04:05:51 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0146.v1

Sulfur Isotope Fractionation as an Indicator of Biogeochemical Processes in an AMD Passive Bioremediation System

Liliana Lefticariu, Paul T Behum, Kelly S Bender, Mihai Lefticariu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: acid mine drainage; bioremediation technology; sulfate reducing bacteria; coal mining

Online: 17 March 2017 (22:27:05 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202104.0209.v1

Making Low-Resolution Satellite Images Reborn: A Deep Learning Approach for Super-Resolution Building Extraction

Lixian Zhang, Runmin Dong, Shuai Yuan, Weijia Li, Juepeng Zheng, Haohuan Fu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: remote sensing imagery; building extraction; super-resolution; deep learning.

Online: 29 July 2021 (11:08:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0058.v1

Public Perception of Climate Risk: The Case of Greece

Asimina Voskaki, Konstantinos Tsermenidis

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: climate risk; climate change; public perception

Online: 6 August 2016 (04:59:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0100.v1

Toxin Release of Cyanobacterium Microsystis aeruginosa after Exposure to Typical Tetracycline Antibiotic Contaminants

Jing Ye, Yuping Du, Lumei Wang, Jingru Qian, Jiejing Chen, Qingwen Wu, Xiaojun Hu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: toxin release; blue-green algae; tetracycline antibiotics; environmental toxicology

Online: 23 January 2017 (09:42:15 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0036.v1

Managing Protected Areas in a Changing World: New Insights and Opportunities

A. Z. M. Manzoor Rashid, Sharif Ahmed Mukul

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: conservation; governance; habitat loss; livelihood; eco-tourism; carbon credits

Online: 7 December 2016 (11:13:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.0944.v1

Groundwater Quality Assessment of Manipur, India, and Worldwide Bibliometric Analysis of Research Progress on Groundwater Quality

Rakshita Chaudhary, Nisha Gaur, Mohit Yadav

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: Groundwater; Water Quality Index; Bacteriological Quality; Irrigational indices; Hydro chemical processes; Potential health risk

Online: 14 September 2023 (08:39:26 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201708.0101.v1

The Significance of Infiltration and Spatial Variability of Rainfall on the Numerical Reproduction of Urban Floods

Laurent G. Courty, Miguel A. Rico-Ramirez, Adrian Pedrozo-Acuna

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: floods; radar rainfall; kriging; computer modelling

Online: 29 August 2017 (06:13:36 CEST)

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Preprint COMMENTARY | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0150.v1

Addressing Environmental Health Problems in Ogoniland through Implementation of United Nations Environmental Program Recommendations: Environmental Management Strategies

Okhumode H. Yakubu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: Environmental Assessment Report (EAR); environmental health; Environmental Management/Environmental Management Systems (EM/EMS) Model; Environmental Management Plan (EMP); Multinational oil companies (MOCs); Niger Delta; Ogoni; Ogoniland; Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC); United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP)

Online: 30 December 2016 (07:39:30 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.3390/sci2020021

Portable XRF Quick-Scan Mapping for Potential Toxic Elements Pollutants in Sustainable urban Drainage Systems: A Methodological Approach

Guri Venvik, Floris Boogaard

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (pXRF); Potential Toxic Elements (PTE); lead (Pb), zinc (Zn); copper (Cu); topsoil; sustainable urban drainage systems; SuDS; LID; BMPs; WSUD; GI; SCMs

Online: 27 March 2020 (00:00:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0079.v1

A Broad-Area Method for Estimation of Upwelling Medium Wave Infrared for Fire Detection

Bryan Hally, Luke Wallace, Karin Reinke, Simon Jones

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: fire detection; upwelling radiation; diurnal variation; training data; geostationary sensors

Online: 15 December 2016 (09:22:10 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201610.0048.v1

Health Hazards Associated with Consumption of Roof-Collected Rainwater in Urban Areas in Emergency Situations

Carol Stewart, Nick D. Kim, David M. Johnston, Mostafa Nayyerloo

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: emergency rainwater tanks; earthquake; Wellington; health hazards; drinking-water quality; E. coli; lead; zinc

Online: 13 October 2016 (05:41:48 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201609.0113.v1

Microphytobenthos Primary Production Estimated by Hyperspectral Reflectance

Vona Méléder, Johann Lavaud, Alexandre Barnett, Bruno Jesus, Laurent Barillé

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: microphytobenthos; intertidal mudflat; primary production; hyperspectral; growth forms; LUE; ETR

Online: 28 September 2016 (11:43:29 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0141.v1

Dynamic Threshold Selection for the Classification of Large Water Bodies within Landsat-8 OLI Water Index Images

Fangfang Zhang, Junsheng Li, Qian Shen, Bing Zhang, Huping Ye, Shenglei Wang, Zhaoyi Lu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: automated water extraction; landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI); modified histogram bimodal method (MHBM); remote sensing

Online: 29 December 2016 (10:49:38 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0037.v1

Improving Hydro-Climatic Projections with Bias-Correction in Sahelian Niger Basin

Ganiyu Titilope Oyerinde, Fabien C.C. Hountondji, Agnide E. Lawin, Ayo J. Odofin, Abel Afouda, Bernd Diekkrueger

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: climate change; evapotranspiration; IHACRES model; rainfall; runoff; quantile mapping

Online: 7 December 2016 (11:14:14 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0016.v1

Line-Based Registration of Panoramic Images and LiDAR Point Cloud for Mobile Mapping

Tingting Cui, Shunping Ji, Jie Shan, Jianya Gong, Kejian Liu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: mobile mapping system; LiDAR point cloud; 2D-3D registration; panoramic sensor model

Online: 2 December 2016 (10:58:19 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints201611.0127.v1

In-Situ Assessment of PAHs in Contaminated Sea Sediments

Emanuela Frapiccini, Evgeniya Prokofyeva, Antonina Bondarenko, Maria Letizia Ruello, Mauro Marini

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: persistent organic pollutants, bioavailability, Diffusive Gradient Thin film (DGT), passive probe, degradation

Online: 25 November 2016 (09:59:08 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0119.v1

Hydrological Modeling of Highly Glacierized Basins (Andes, Alps, and Central Asia)

Nina Omani, Raghavan Srinivasan, Raghupathy Karthikeyan, Patricia Smith

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: SWAT; glacier; snow; modeling; watershed

Online: 26 January 2017 (08:07:51 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201608.0193.v1

Spatiotemporal Characterization of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) and CDOM-DOC Relationships for Highly-Polluted River

Sijia Li, Jiquan Zhang, Guangyi Mu, Hanyu Ju, Rui Wang, Danjun Li

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: chromophoric dissolved organic matter; polluted waters; optical properties; Yinma River watershed

Online: 23 August 2016 (10:35:36 CEST)

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Spectral characteristics of CDOM in water column are a key parameter for bio-optical modeling. Knowledge of CDOM optical properties and spatial discrepancy based on the relationship between water quality and spectral parameters in Yinma River watershed with in situ data collected highly-polluted waters are exhibited in this study. Seasonal field data sets collected over a period of 2 months in 2015 in Yinma River Watershed. Based on the comprehensive index method, the riverine waters showed serious contamination, especially the COD, Fe, Mn, Hg and DO were out of range contamination warning. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total suspended matter (TSM) with prominent non-homogenizing were significantly high in the riverine waters, but chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) was opposite. Ternary phase diagram showed that non-algal paritcles absorption played an important role in total non-water light absorption (>50%) in most sampling locations, and mean contribution of CDOM were 13% and 22% in summer and autumn respectively. Analysis of ratio of absorption at 250-365 nm (E_250:365) and spectral slope (S_275-295) indicated that CDOM had higher aromaticity and molecular weight in autumn than in summer, is consistent with the results of water quality and relative contribution. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that the environmental variables OSM had a strong correlation with CDOM absorption, followed by heavy metal, e.g., Mn, Hg and Cr⁶⁺. However, for the specific UV absorbance (SUVA₂₅₄), the seasonal values showed opposite results compared with the reported literature. The potential reasons were the more UDOM (uncolored Dissolved Organic Matter) from human source (wastewater effluent) existed in waters. Terrigenous inputs simultaneously are in relation to the a_CDOM(440)-DOC relationship with the correlation coefficient was 0.90 in summer (2-tailed, p<0.01), and 0.58 in autumn (2-tailed, p<0.05). Spatial distribution of CDOM parameters exhibited that the downstream regions focused on dry land have high CDOM molecular weight and aromatic hydrocarbon. Partial sampling locations around the cities or countries generally showed abnormal values due to terrigenous inputs. As a bio-optical model parameter, spectral characteristic of CDOM is helpful in adjusting the derived algorithms in highly-polluted environments. The study on organic carbon and pollutants in highly-polluted waters had an important contribution to global carbon balance estimation and water environment protection.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0151.v1

Trend of Ecological Footprint in Mongolia and Policy Directions for the Sustainable Development

Enkhjargal Volodya, Min Ju Yeo, Yong Pyo Kim

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: ecological footprint; biocapacity; resource consumption; grazing land; carbon emission; renewable energy

Online: 9 July 2018 (14:05:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0144.v1

Temporal Changes of Per Capita Green Space of Colombo District, Sri Lanka

Lin Li, Pgrni Pussella

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: Green Space; NDVI; Per Capita; Urbanization

Online: 29 December 2016 (16:04:18 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0062.v1

Seasonal Trend Analysis of Climatic Parameters Relation to Impacts on the Crop Productivity of the Major Crops in Bangladesh

Nafia Jahan Rashmi, Md. Forhad Hossain, Mirza Hasanuzzaman

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: agricultural productivity; agrometeorology; climate change; crop yield

Online: 12 December 2016 (09:59:28 CET)

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Preprint CONFERENCE PAPER | doi:10.20944/preprints201612.0011.v1

Examining the Spatio-temporal Dynamics of PM_2.5in Saudi Arabia Using Satellite-derived Data: A Cluster Study

Yusuf Aina, Elhadi Adam, Fethi Ahmed

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: satellite data; fine particulate matter; air pollution; geographic information system; health risks; spatial analysis; Saudi Arabia

Online: 1 December 2016 (15:25:56 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints201706.0005.v1

Within What Distance Does “Greenness” Best Predict Physical Health? A Systematic Review of Articles with GIS Buffer Analyses

Matthew H. E. M. Browning, Kangjae Lee

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: systematic review; greenness; GIS; physical health; buffers; green space; park; health outcomes; NDVI

Online: 1 June 2017 (07:54:16 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0051.v1

Investigation of Urbanization Effects on Land Surface Phenology in Northeast China during 2001–2015

Rui Yao, Lunche Wang, Xin Huang, Xian Guo, Zigeng Niu, Hongfu Liu

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: urbanization; land surface phenology; urban heat island; Northeast China

Online: 10 January 2017 (10:30:26 CET)

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Preprint ESSAY | doi:10.20944/preprints201703.0064.v1

Moss Bag Preparation: A Low-Cost Technique in Monitoring Airborne Particulate and Toxic Elements

Francis Olawale Abulude, Jamok Jacob Elisha

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: air pollution; mosses; low-cost; equipment; time-consuming

Online: 13 March 2017 (09:28:31 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201702.0035.v1

A Study on Applying Biomass Fraction for GHG Emission Estimation of Sewage Sludge Incinerator in Korea: A Case Study

Seongmin Kang, Seungjin Kim, Jeongwoo Lee, Youngjae Jeon, Ki-Hyun Kim, Eui-chan Jeon

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: sewage sludge; biomass fraction; sewage sludge incinerator; GHG emission

Online: 13 February 2017 (09:11:27 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0014.v1

Agro-Meteorological Monitoring: A Study Based on Observations from Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

F.O Abulude, S.D Fagbayide, A.S Efunboade

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: rainwater; weather; windbreaker; cup anemometer; dry and wet bulb thermometers

Online: 4 January 2017 (07:27:41 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201701.0092.v1

Structuring Climate Adaptation through Multiple Perspectives

Mohanasundar Radhakrishnan, Assela Pathirana, Richard Ashley, Chris Zevenbergen

Subject: Environmental And Earth Sciences, Environmental Science Keywords: climate adaptation; flexibility; flood risk management; urban adaptation

Online: 20 January 2017 (04:25:55 CET)

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Environmental and Earth Sciences