Abstract: The integration of microalgal cultivation with wastewater streams offers a promising pathway to enhance resource efficiency within circular bioeconomy frameworks. In this study, clarified aquaponics sedimentation effluent was evaluated as a cultivation medium for producing carbohydrate-rich Chlorella sp. biomass targeted for bioethanol feedstock applications. The nutrient composition of the effluent was first characterised, followed by systematic optimisation of wastewater dilution and light intensity under controlled laboratory conditions. Undiluted aquaponics effluent supported robust algal growth without freshwater dilution, achieving a maximum biomass concentration of 2.05 ± 0.03 g L⁻¹ under an optimal light intensity of 185 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, representing a 78% increase compared with the conventional Bold’s Basal Medium control. Carbohydrate accumulation was significantly enhanced in the wastewater-grown biomass, reaching 40.71 ± 2.14% of dry weight and resulting in a total carbohydrate yield of 0.835 g L⁻¹. Based on stoichiometric conversion, the corresponding theoretical bioethanol potential (0.427 g L⁻¹) was more than three times higher than that of the control. In parallel, the system demonstrated strong bioremediation performance, achieving nitrate and phosphate removal efficiencies of 96.6% and 97.3%, respectively, while maintaining a more stable pH profile than the synthetic medium. These results indicate that clarified aquaponics sedimentation effluent can simultaneously function as an effective growth medium and a wastewater polishing stream.

Abstract: The increasing demand for seafood recorded over the years led to an increase in the by-products produced by the seafood processing sector. These by-products, which can represent up to 70% of the processed product, are rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds, so if recovered, by means of eco-friendly methods, they can be used in lot of sectors, such as food, packaging, cosmetics and pharmaceutics. In the present work, two lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus lactis and L. brevis) and the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, able to produce organic acids and proteases during the fermentation process, were used to extract chitin from deep-water shrimp (Aristeus antennatus) by-products. The results showed that L. lactis was the most effective microorganism in removing both the mineral and protein fractions, being chosen for the optimization of the extraction technique of chitin, eventually converted in chitosan. The chitosan showed a deacetylation degree (DD) of 82%, which led to good film-forming capacity. The developed biological technique allowed valorizing shrimp by-products by recovering chitin and chitosan, which was able to produce biofilm to be employed to prolong seafood shelf life, in a circular economy point of view, contributing even more to increase the sustainability of the production sector.

Abstract: Background: Bladder adenocarcinoma (BA) is a rare malignancy, accounting for up to 2% of bladder cancers. Its molecular drivers remain poorly defined, limiting therapeutic options and prognostic assessment. This study characterizes the genomic landscape of BA using a large, multi-institutional sequencing database to identify recurrent alterations and potential therapeutic targets. Methods: Clinical and genomic data for BA were extracted from the AACR Project GENIE® database (accessed July 2025). Samples underwent targeted next-generation sequencing (50–555 genes, >500× coverage). Analyses included somatic mutation frequency, copy number alterations (CNAs), tumor mutational burden (TMB), and stratification by sex, race, and tumor site (primary vs. metastatic). Statistical comparisons used chi-squared, Student’s t-test, or Mann–Whitney U with Benjamini–Hochberg correction. Results: A total of 206 tumor samples from 195 patients were an-alyzed. The cohort was predominantly male (61%) and White (43%). Common somatic point mutations included TP53 (65.0%), KRAS (35.4%), PIK3CA (17.0%), SMAD4 (16.5%), and ARID1A (11.2%). CNAs were frequently affected by CDKN2A (11.6%), CDKN2B (11.6%), and SMAD4 (7.0%). Sex-stratified analysis revealed male enrichment in ARFGAP3, PTEN, LATS2, TSC2, and PRKDC, while CD40, FOXQ1, and WEE1 were observed only in females. Race-based differences included FANCD2 and EGFR en-richment in Asian patients. Co-occurring somatic point mutations were identified between ARID1A–TERT, NSD1–KDM6A, and KRAS–SMAD4, while SMAD4 and KDM6A point mutations demonstrated mutual exclusivity. Discussion: Findings confirm TP53, KRAS, and PIK3CA as recurrently mutated drivers in BA and highlight FGFR3 as a novel re-currently mutated gene, as well as frequent copy number losses involving SMAD4, CDKN2A, and CDKN2B. Subgroup analyses highlight sex- and race-associated muta-tional differences, suggesting potential biologic underpinnings of demographic dispari-ties. Co-occurrence and exclusivity analyses reveal previously unreported interactions, underscoring pathway redundancy and cooperation in tumor progression. Conclusion: This study provides one of the most comprehensive genomic characterizations of BA to date, identifying recurrent drivers, subgroup-specific alterations, and mutational inter-actions. These insights highlight TP53, KRAS, and PIK3CA pathway disruption as central in BA biology and support the development of targeted therapeutics and prospective validation in independent cohorts.

Abstract: The Wailukum area in North Maluku Province, Indonesia, is an ultramafic rock com-plex with a high degree of serpentinization. The mineral composition of ultramafic and mafic rocks strongly influences scandium (Sc) distribution and enrichment during lat-eritization. This study aims to analyze the element distribution, mineral composition, and rock identification in three types of geological materials in a lateritic profile which contains Sc, specifically bedrock, saprolite, and limonite. The analytical methods used are petrography, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Inductively Cou-pled Plasma (ICP), and Scanning Electron Microscopy – Energy Dispersive Spectros-copy (SEM-EDS). Results show that in the bedrock, Sc is mainly hosted in clinopyrox-ene minerals such as augite and diopside, with minor amounts in chromite, magnetite, dolomite, and anorthite. In the saprolite, Sc content decreases due to higher mobility but remains partly associated with clinopyroxene and chromite. In the limonite zone, Sc reaches maximum enrichment, primarily hosted in Fe–Mn oxides including goe-thite, magnetite, and asbolane. Among rock types, gabbro contains the highest abso-lute Sc concentration (23.25 ppm in bedrock and up to 58.5 ppm in limonite), while wehrlite records the greatest enrichment ratio, with a 9.18-fold increase from bedrock to limonite. In contrast, gabbro shows the lowest enrichment ratio (2.52-fold) despite its high initial Sc content. These patterns indicate that Sc enrichment is controlled by clinopyroxene as the primary host in bedrock, its relative stability during weathering, and the subsequent fixation of Sc in Fe, Cr, and Mn oxides within the lateritization profile.

Abstract:

Chromium complexes with triamidoamine derivatives bearing bulky substituents at the terminal positions of the ligands, tris(2-(3-pentylamino)ethyl)amine (H₃L^Pen) and tris(3-dicyclohexylmethylaminoethyl)amine (H₃L^Cy), have been prepared: [{Cr(L^Pen)}₂(m-N₂)] (1), [{CrK(L^Pen)(m-N₂)(Et₂O)}₂] (2), [CrCl(L^Pen)] (3), [Cr(L^Cy)] (4), [CrK(L^Cy)(m-N₂)(18–crown–6)(THF)] (5(THF)), and [CrCl(L^Cy)] (6)). The preparation of these complexes has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Complexes 1, 2, and 5(THF) have coordinated dinitrogen molecules, with N–N bond lengths of 1.185(3), 1.174(9), and 1.162(3) Å, respectively. These lengths are significantly elongated compared to that of free dinitrogen molecule (1.10 Å), indicating that the N₂ ligands are activated. The n(¹⁴N–¹⁴N) values of 1, 2, and 5(THF) are 1715 cm^-1 (n(¹⁵N–¹⁵N): 1651 cm^-1) for 1 (Raman, in solution), 1787, 1743 cm^-1 (n(¹⁵N–¹⁵N) 1728, 1687 cm^-1) for 2 (IR, in solid), and 1824 cm^-1 (n(¹⁵N–¹⁵N) 1757 cm^-1) for 5(THF) (IR, in solid), respectively. These values are markedly smaller than free nitrogen (2331 cm^-1), confirming that the dinitrogen is interacting with the metal ions and activated. The structures of 2 and 5(THF) in solution have also been studied by ¹H NMR and solution IR spectroscopies. ¹H NMR spectra of these complexes have revealed that the peaks of 2 and 5(THF) have been observed in the diamagnetic region, whereas those for the other complexes (1, 3, 4, and 6) have exhibited paramagnetic shifts. The reactions of these complexes with K[C₁₀H₈] and HOTf under N₂ in THF have yielded hydrazine and a small amount of ammonia, however, they have not been catalytic. The ¹H NMR and IR spectra of the products obtained by reacting 1 or 3 with reductant K in THF under N₂ atmosphere have indicated that 2 has been formed based on spectral agreement. Similarly, upon examining for 4 or 6, it has been confirmed that a species similar to 5(THF) has been generated.

Abstract:

Hybridization is considered an important process in plant evolution, especially in the origin domesticated plant taxa, with many crop species being the result of interspecific hybridization events. There are several unidentified lineages of Spondias in the Northeastern region of Brazil known only by vernacular names such as ‘cajaguela’, ‘umbu-cajá’, and ‘umbuguela’. These taxa are often regarded as being of hybrid origin, based on supposedly intermediate morphological features. However, the morphology-based hypotheses of hybrid origin and parentage of these Spondias taxa remains largely untested experimentally. We collected 355 accessions of Spondias including the putative hybrid taxa and both native and introduced species. We then reconstructed phylogenies of plastid and nuclear markers, and also haplotype networks in order to ascertain the genetic affinities between putative hybrids and other Spondias species. All taxa with intermediate morphology were confirmed as hybrids between their putative parental species. All hybrids involving S. purpurea (native to Mexico) appear to be F1 generation. The recently described Spondias bahiensis is shown to have originated from hybridization between S. tuberosa and S. venulosa. The other ‘umbu-cajá’ taxon found in Northeastern of Brazil is revealed to be the result of hybridization between S. mombin and S. tuberosa. Both the northern ‘umbu-cajá’ taxon and S. bahiensis appear to be well-established hybrid lineages and not early generation hybrids. Additionally, some introgression and backcrossing processes between S. bahiensis and one of the parents was also observed. Our findings confirm the hybrid origins of the domesticated Spondias taxa found in Northeastern Brazil.

Abstract: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a global health problem driven primarily by obesity and insulin resistance. Growing evidence indicates that hepatic autophagy dysfunction contributes to lipid accumulation, inflammation, and disease progression, making this process a promising therapeutic target. This review discusses pharmacological, nutritional, and bioactive compound interventions that modulate autophagy. Among pharmacological therapies, in experimental models, liraglutide and metformin reportedly activate the AMP-activated protein kinase/ mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, increasing the expression of microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3 form II and beclin 1, decreasing sequestosome 1 expression, and augmenting the nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB, indicating effective autophagy induction. Moreover, nutritional strategies, such as calorie restriction and intermittent fasting, regulate energy-sensing pathways and have been associated with improvements in steatosis, oxidative stress, and metabolic parameters. Bioactive compounds also modulate autophagy signaling and reduce hepatic lipid accumulation. Taken together, the evidence reinforces autophagy as a central mechanism by which various therapeutic approaches can attenuate MASLD, supporting the development of more effective and mechanism-based interventions.

Abstract: Background: Semi-automated offside technology (SAOT) deployed across European professional football leagues represents a critical case study illustrating the urgent necessity for explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) and deterministic algorithmic systems in high-stakes decision-making contexts.Methods: This study employs a mixed-methods approach combining technical system analysis of SAOT specifications, quantitative examination of publicly available VAR decision statistics from La Liga's 2024-25 season, content analysis of media-documented technical failures, and governance framework analysis against established algorithmic accountability principles.Results: Empirical evidence reveals that in La Liga's 2024-25 season, Barcelona gained approximately 7 points from net favorable VAR decisions while Real Madrid lost 7 points from adverse calls—the worst balance in the league. Documented technical failures include wrong defender selection in Celta Vigo matches, a power outage eliminating VAR oversight during a disputed penalty, and system misinterpretation of goalkeeper touches. Mathematical quantification of measurement uncertainties (34 cm total error from temporal, spatial, and calibration sources) reveals that precision claims exceed physical capabilities.Conclusions: The legitimacy crisis stems not from whether systematic bias exists but from the structural impossibility of detection under current opacity. When Spanish authorities leaked full VAR audio recordings, the federation responded not with transparency reforms but by dispatching police to investigate the leak—exemplifying governance structures that prioritize control over accountability. This research proposes mandatory open-source algorithms, real-time audit logs accessible to affected parties, independent calibration verification, and genuine appeal mechanisms with remedial authority.

Abstract: This study evaluated the fermentative potential of eight industrial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for producing mead from honeys originating from the Caatinga Biome in the semi-arid region of Pernambuco, Brazil. The fermentations revealed preferential consumption of glucose and fructose, with limited utilization of apparent sucrose. Despite presenting similar ethanol yields (38% mass conversion), the strains differed in fermentation rate, residual sugar profile, and metabolic composition of the final products. Strains TR313 and JP1 were selected for more detailed analyses, with JP1 standing out for its higher volumetric productivity (0.23 g·L⁻¹·h⁻¹) and shorter fermentation time. The mead produced by JP1 exhibited a higher content of amino acids, particularly alanine and proline, as well as bioactive compounds such as dehydroascorbic acid, glycerate, and GABA, which may confer antioxidant and nutraceutical properties. Analysis of volatile compounds indicated a predominance of 2-phenylethanol and tyrosol, with floral and fruity notes intensified by the presence of anisic acids and alcohols. Technological tests demonstrated that increasing biomass, supplementing with nitrogen, or cell immobilization accelerates fermentation without compromising yield. Thus, the JP1 strain shows promise as a ferment for producing regionally identified mead, combining autochthonous yeasts and honeys typical of the Caatinga biome, which can add socioeconomic value to beekeeping in the semi-arid Northeast of Brazil.

Abstract:

Paris polyphylla (Chonglou), a medicinal herb documented in Shennong’s Classic of Materia Medica and a key component of formulas such as Yunnan Baiyao, is a rare and endangered plant prized for its bioactive steroidal saponins, notably polyphyllin I (PPI) and II (PPII). However, its pharmacological potential is hampered by inefficient extraction and unreliable compound identification. Herein, we developed a sustainable and efficient extraction strategy using ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvents (DES), optimized via an L₉(3⁴) orthogonal experimental design. Extraction efficiencies across the seven Paris species ranged from 2.04% to 16.51%, achieved by systematically optimizing key parameters such as the choline chloride-to-ethanol molar ratio (1:1.8), material-to-liquid ratio (1:20 g mL^-1), and extraction time (100 min). By ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis, PPI and PPII were quantified using specific retention times and characteristic fragment ions, revealing content ranges of 3.282–21.452 mg g^-1 and 4.201–17.975 mg g^-1, respectively. This methodology provides a robust platform for quality control and standardization of Paris-derived medicines, while paving the way for sustainable utilization and in-depth study of its steroidal saponins.

Abstract: Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is a rare, idiopathic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation of both muscle and skin, with a significant contribution from the interferon (IFN) pathway in its pathogenesis. Here, we present the case of a 4-year-old boy with JDM who tested positive for Mi2-α and MDA5 antibodies and showed combined muscle and skin involvement. In view of his markedly elevated IFN signature, the Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor baricitinib was introduced very early as a targeted steroid-sparing agent in addition to standard immunosuppressive therapy. The patient experienced marked clinical improvement, with resolution of skin lesions, normalization of MDA5 antibodies, and a pronounced reduction in the IFN signature. This case highlights the potential efficacy of JAK inhibition in managing JDM with a high IFN signature and supports a mechanism-based, interferon-targeted treatment approach, in line with emerging evidence in refractory JDM. Further studies are warranted to define the role of JAK inhibitors in the treatment of JDM.

Abstract: Schools are increasingly recognised as critical public infrastructure for climate adaptation, particularly in heat-vulnerable and park-poor neighbourhoods. This study examines climate-resilient schoolyards as urban cooling systems, social spaces and educational landscapes. We conduct a comparative review of nine international programmes for schoolyard transformation (Paris, Barcelona, Madrid, Milan, Rotterdam, Los Angeles, New York, Melbourne and Santiago de Chile), drawing on municipal plans, reports and implementation guidelines. We examine programmes’ design strategies, governance configurations and monitoring approaches, and synthesise them through a CAME (Correct, Adapt, Maintain, Explore) framework. Building on this analysis, we develop a Multicriteria Analysis (MCA) structure to prioritise interventions according to four fam-ilies of criteria: environmental and climatic performance, social and educational equity, urban integration and accessibility, and feasibility and co-benefits. Results highlight a recurrent toolkit of measures—depaving, tree planting, cool and permeable surfaces, nature-based drainage systems, BIPV shade canopies and sensor-based monitoring—that can reduce surface temperatures by around 10–12 °C while improving thermal comfort, biodiversity and community use beyond school hours. We argue that climate-resilient schoolyards should be planned as networks of essential public infrastructure and that the combined CAME–MCA framework offers a robust, transferable decision-support tool for local governments and school authorities.

Abstract: The study presents a comparative analysis of the sorption properties of natural and modified diatomite and zeolite of Kazakhstani origin under dynamic conditions of adsorption of methylene blue (MB). The aim of the study was to experimentally identify the effect of thermal and chemical treatment on the physico-chemical characteristics of minerals and their sorption efficiency. The samples were characterized by BET analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), and determination of the residual dye concentration after passing the solution through the sorbent layer. It has been shown that moderate heat treatment of diatomite at 400 °C increases its specific surface area from 34.25 to 46.32 m2/g and improves sorption capacity (removal of MB ≈ 53 %), while heating to 700 °C leads to a decrease in porosity and sorption efficiency (≈ 39 %). For zeolite, it was found that the natural sample has limited sorption activity (≈ 58 %), but thermal activation (500 °C) increases the result to ≈ 72 %. The most pronounced effect is observed after acid modification and subsequent calcination: the specific surface area increases to 80.32 m2/g, and the degree of removal of methylene blue reaches about 86%, which is comparable or exceeds the literature data for similar materials. Comparative analysis shows that the sorption activity of diatomite is mainly determined by textural changes during moderate heat treatment, whereas the effectiveness of zeolite increases significantly due to chemical modification and an increase in the number of available ion exchange centers.

Abstract: Growth of food online delivery to serve the modern life pattern of customer in urban. Plastic waste increased and had problems with waste management. The aim of this study is to investigate the urban waste composition related to online food delivery in Bangkok metropolitan, food delivery consumption behavior, and plastic waste generated from food delivery. Data from online food delivery customers were collected by online questionnaires from 385 participants. Proportion of plastic waste increased in municipal solid waste. Increase of order food delivery in online platforms about 76.6% of the total participants. The single-use plastic (SUP) generation related to online food delivery in household waste. Participants did not choose the green choices to decline the SUP when ordering food in platforms. These findings suggest reducing SUP from online food delivery, close-loop management requiring cooperation of producer-platform-customer-government. Extended producer responsibility (EPR) should apply for producers to make environmentally friendly products, online food delivery platform increase more incentive for merchants and customers to reduce SUP. Polluter-pay-principle (PPP) might be applied for customers. Government must adopt policy to ban SUP and design system for plastic waste management.

Abstract: A program package for calculating regularized classical trajectories for Coulomb n−body problem is developed. The Coulomb singularities from the equations of motion are removed by transformations of variables including the time. This effectively conserves the energy of the time-independent systems to a high accuracy for long time propagation. Sample calculations are shown for the cases of 2,3,4, and 5 particle systems giving comparisons with the un-regularized trajectories. The program can be used for general purposes including the classical-trajectory Monte-Carlo simulations for charged-particle collisions in free or laser environments.

Abstract: This research examines how companies incorporate sustainability into their core strategies to build lasting competitive advantages and improve long-term resilience. The study uses a detailed case analysis of International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) to illustrate that when environmental, social, and governance (ESG) priorities are central to business planning, sustainability shifts from being a regulatory expense to a major contributor to corporate value. Evidence from the analysis shows that an active, strategic posture leads to measurable advantages, such as lower operational expenses, income generated from environmentally-focused technologies and services, and more robust risk mitigation frameworks. Simultaneously, the investigation highlights continuing difficulties common across the sector, including the significant energy demands of artificial intelligence and data center infrastructure, alongside the logistical and reporting hurdles associated with indirect, Scope 3 emissions throughout worldwide supply networks. The final argument posits that for technology companies and the wider business community, a sustainability strategy woven deeply into corporate fabric is essential for securing operations against future disruptions and preserving a leading position in the market.

Abstract: Type -2 (T2) low asthma in children represents a clinically important yet still insufficiently recognized endotype. Current data suggest that it is more prevalent than previously thought and is defined by low type 2 biomarkers, non-allergic clinical profiles, and a high burden of comorbidities such as obesity and passive smoke exposure, while remaining largely understudied phenotype in terms of validated biomarkers and specific targeted therapies. This review aims to highlight and clarify T2-low asthma in children by summarizing emerging evidence on risk factors, pathophysiological mechanisms, bi-omarkers, and treatment strategies, with the goal of informing and improving future care for affected children.

Abstract: This paper presents a novel multi-faceted approach to the Riemann Hypothesis (RH) through the synthesis of quantum operator theory, conformal geometry, and spectral analysis. We construct a quantum helical system whose Hamiltonian spectrum, when transformed by a conformal map Phi(z) = alpha * arcsinh(beta * z) + gamma, shows remarkable numerical correspondence with the imaginary parts of non-trivial zeros of zeta(s) to precision 10^{-12} for the first 2000 zeros. We further develop an analytical framework consisting of six interconnected theorems that establish constraints on possible zero locations based on conformal symmetry and functional equation properties. While these results provide substantial evidence and new insights, we present them as a significant step toward rather than a final resolution of RH. The work opens new connections between spectral theory, quantum physics, and analytic number theory.

Abstract: Berries are an excellent source of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and widely used in folklore medicine, particularly by Mapuches people in southern of Chile. The objective of this study was to conduct a phytochemical composition analysis of a hydroalcoholic extract of Berberis congestiflora Gay (BE) and to evaluate its potential as an antioxidant, the vasorelaxant effect as relaxation effects in rat aorta, plus the inhibitory enzyme potential in relation to chronic non-communicable diseases, including a possible underlying vasodilatory mechanism in isolated rat aorta. Antioxidant activities were assayed by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), by scavenging DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothioazolin-6-sulfonic acid) radicals, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Vascular response of Berberis extract was studied by means of isometric tension recording experiments in ex vivo rat thoracic aortic rings model. Identification of the chemical compounds present in BE was determined by HPLC-DAD-MS for the first time. The BE caused, per se, a dose-dependent contraction at 100 and 1000 µg/mL, and relaxation of the aorta pre-contracted with phenylephrine at 100 and 1000 µg/ml, with maximum contraction of 71% and relaxation of 70% both at 1000 µg/mL. The extract induces calcium-mediated contraction, mainly by calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and, to a lesser extent, by extracellular Ca2+ influx. The relaxation mechanism was found to depend on the NO/cGMP pathway and the endothelium. The extract also demonstrated cholinesterase, glucosidase and amylase enzyme inhibitor capacities (IC50: 7.33 ± 0.32, 243.23 ± 0.3 and 27.21 ± 0.03 µg/mL, respectively). Docking calculations were additionally performed for a selection of compounds in the berries. These results demonstrate that berries are an excellent source of bioactive compounds with potential antioxidants and endothelium-dependent vasodilator effect, providing evidence for its traditional use and for the inhibition of enzymes, making it a promising candidate for the development of phytotherapeutic products, especially as a supplement against chronic diseases.

Abstract: Background: Food insecurity is a modifiable social determinant that may accelerate cognitive decline in later life. However, longitudinal evidence is complicated by time-varying confounding, and limited research has examined whether Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation modifies domain-specific cogni-tive outcomes. Objectives: To evaluate the longitudinal associations between food in-security and cognitive function using marginal structural models (MSMs), and to as-sess whether SNAP participation buffers these associations for total cognition, episodic memory, and mental status. Methods: Data came from 30,641 adults aged ≥50 in the 1998–2020 Health and Retirement Study, contributing 156,066 person-year observa-tions. Food insecurity and SNAP participation were assessed biennially. Stabilized in-verse probability of treatment weights accounted for time-varying socioeconomic, health, and cognitive confounding. Weighted pooled linear regression MSMs estimated the marginal effects of food insecurity, SNAP, and their interaction. Analyses were stratified by race/ethnicity. Results: In MSMs, both moderate and high food insecurity were associated with lower overall cognition (moderate: b = -0.36; high: b = -0.71; p< 0.001). Similar graded associations were observed for episodic memory (moderate: b = -0.22; high: b = -0.43; p< 0.001) and mental status (moderate: b = -0.15; high: b = -0.28); p< 0.001). SNAP participation significantly attenuated these associations, with positive interaction terms indicating substantial buffering effects. Race-stratified analyses showed consistent patterns across non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and His-panic older adults, with particularly strong SNAP buffering among minority groups. Conclusions: The findings suggest that strengthening food assistance access may help reduce cognitive health disparities in aging populations.