Abstract: We investigate time-resolved wave-packet transport in monolayer graphene patterned with asymmetric arrays of circular electrostatic scatterers. Using the Dirac continuum model with a split-operator scheme, we track how transmission evolves with scatterer radius and polarity sequence. To this end, we consider three potential configurations (Samples 1–3). The results reveal a geometry-controlled crossover from near-ballistic propagation at small radii to interference-dominated backscattering at large radii. Sample 1, where the potential exhibit two parallel lines of circles, each line sharing the same potential sign, preserves the highest transmission. Conversely, in Sample 3, where potential signs are intercalated between circles of the same line, the dwell time increases, which produces stronger confinement. As the radius increases, pronounced temporal oscillations emerge due to repeated internal reflections (similar to Fabry–Pérot), and the radius dependence of the saturated transmission probability exhibits anti-resonant dips that are tunable by geometry and potential magnitude. These behaviors establish simple design rules for graphene nanodevices: small-radius Sample 1 for high-throughput transport, Sample 2 (with inverted potential signs as compared to Sample 1) for broadband suppression, and Sample 3 for finely tunable, interference-based confinement.

Abstract: Herein, we consider the significance of cumulative residual entropy (CRE) and its numerous generalizations. This article presents an extension of the cumulative residual inaccuracy as proposed by Taneja and Kumar to k-record values. We examine certain properties of this measure. Additionally, we investigate some stochastic ordering and identify the proposed measure for several distributions that frequently arise in various realistic scenarios and have applications across multiple fields of science and engineering.

Abstract: This paper introduces a conceptual framework for black hole thermodynamic coherence, reframing evaporation and mass absorption as inverse virial dynamics. Coherence is defined as the inverse of the entropy–temperature product and shown to scale inversely with mass-energy. Two Python-based simulations were implemented to explore this model. The first simulation tracks black hole evaporation as a coherence ascent, modeling mass loss and contradiction energy absorption using a simplified virial imbalance condition~\cite{VirialSim2025}. The second simulation extends this by incorporating Hawking temperature and entropy, and introduces an entropic penalty mechanism for absorbing highly contradictory matter~\cite{Barton2025b}. This penalty scales with both virial imbalance and coherence, demonstrating reduced tolerance for disorder as structural selectivity increases. Together, these simulations offer a diagnostic lens for horizon dynamics, contradiction resolution, and phase alignment, positioning black holes not as entropy sinks but as coherence-processing regimes.

Abstract: The amount of millimeter-wave radiation which is absorbed or transmitted through pig skin is investigated. Millimeter waves are currently used in a range of technologies, including communication systems, fog-penetrating radar, and the detection of hidden weapons or drugs. They have also been proposed for use in non-lethal weaponry and, more recently, in targeted cancer therapies. Since pigs are often used as biological models for humans, determining how deeply millimeter waves penetrate a pig’s skin and influence the underlying tissues is essential for understanding their potential effects on humans. This experimental study aims to quantify that penetration and associated energy loss.

Abstract: Modern computational methods across scientific domains achieve precision through iterative refinement. This precision regime creates opportunities for refined evaluation methods: as measurement uncertainties decrease while parameter dimensionality remains fixed, statistical significance becomes more easily obtained through combinatorial search. When spurious simple relationships can achieve sub-sigma agreement by chance, discrimination might be enhanced through additional evaluation criteria.We propose a seven-criteria framework emphasizing temporal convergence through timestamped predictions. The core approach: pattern predictions are established with timestamping, then tracked against future data releases to demonstrate directional convergence or stability as precision improves. This requirement provides robust protection against retroactive fitting - no data mining after results are known, reduced opportunity for selective data usage, no post-hoc hypothesis adjustment. Combined with six supporting criteria (scale invariance, compression, statistical agreement, mathematical simplicity, independent validation, theoretical viability), temporal tracking systematizes evaluation criteria previously applied informally during peer review.We demonstrate framework operation using lattice QCD quark mass ratios - deliberately selected as a particularly challenging test case (N=3 parameters at 2% precision, maximum combinatorial coincidence risk). The Diagnostic Pattern 2(m_d/m_u)^3 ≈ m_s/m_d achieves 0.16σ statistical agreement yet self-falsifies through directional divergence: as uncertainties improved 37%, central values converged toward 2.162 rather than the predicted 2.154, with statistical significance doubling from 0.075σ to 0.16σ. This demonstrates successful filtering of numerical coincidence despite passing traditional validation.Historical patterns that gained community acceptance (Gell-Mann-Okubo relations, Koide's lepton formula) align with framework criteria, suggesting the framework formalizes evaluation standards the community has informally applied. Explicit criteria can facilitate cross-disciplinary contributions by providing clear operational targets. Framework value is methodology-independent - we demonstrate filtering through failed patterns, not to advocate specific physics. Initial thresholds serve as community starting points; the contribution is establishing systematic, temporally-tracked standards for pattern evaluation in any domain where computational precision outpaces dimensional growth.

Abstract: This research answers the knowledge gap regarding the explanation of the quantum jump of the electron. This scientific paper aims to complete Einstein’s research regarding general relativity and attempt to link general relativity to quantum laws.

Abstract:

We propose a non-associative reformulation of quantum electrodynamics (QED) based on octonionic and sedenionic hypercomplex algebras, replacing the conventional associative Clifford algebra and Dirac gamma matrices. In this framework, the associator — a quantity that vanishes in standard QED — becomes physically active, inducing Yukawa-type screening and regulating self-energy divergences. This removes the need for renormalization and resolves the vacuum catastrophe. Lepton masses arise algebraically from associator norms without invoking the Higgs mechanism, yielding accurate predictions for the electron, muon, and tau masses. Likewise, anomalous magnetic moments (g-2)/2 for all three charged leptons emerge naturally from generation-dependent associator corrections, matching experimental values to high precision — including the muon anomaly — without perturbative loop corrections. The model introduces gauge fields valued in non-associative algebras and generalizes the field strength tensor to include commutators and associators. This results in a divergence-free, highly predictive quantum field theory with no adjustable parameters. Our results suggest that non-associativity provides a deeper algebraic foundation for quantum dynamics, encoding mass, anomaly, and vacuum structure in a unified formalism.

Abstract: We present a quantum framework grounded in micro-causality and spacetime quantization, where spacetime is composed of discrete, causally ordered units rather than a continuous manifold. This intrinsic structure naturally generates fundamental quantum features—wave–particle duality, energy quantization, and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle—without invoking canonical quantization, matter-wave postulates, or harmonic-oscillator models. Consequently, this paradigm eliminates the long-standing paradoxes of wavefunction collapse, self-interference, and non-local spooky correlations in entanglement.Within this causal lattice spacetime, quantum commutation relations emerge from finite shift operators, and the uncertainty principle arises geometrically from non-commutativity at the fundamental level. Unlike standard quantum field theory (QFT), which predicts infinite vacuum energy and requires renormalization, the present framework removes zero-point energy, ultraviolet divergences, and fine-tuning. Moreover, U(1) symmetry is broken geometrically on the lattice, leading to mass generation without a Higgs mechanism.The Casimir effect is reinterpreted as a temperature-dependent imbalance in thermal radiation pressure rather than the consequence of vacuum fluctuations, predicting that the Casimir force should vary with ambient temperature. Experimental confirmation of such dependence would directly support the lattice interpretation and challenge the QFT view of vacuum energy.By unifying key quantum behaviors through discrete causal geometry, this model offers a divergence-free and physically grounded alternative to continuum-based QFT. It opens new avenues for quantum unification, cosmology, and the understanding of fundamental constants, without speculative constructs, singularities, or infinities.

Abstract: Correlation and causation are often treated as interchangeable yet describe different relationships. Correlation quantifies how variables co-vary, while causation denotes a directional influence by which one variable determines another’s state. Classical causal inference assumes that where causation occurs, correlation must follow, an assumption formalized as Faithfulness. However, Faithfulness fails in many biological and physical control systems like hormonal regulation, neural homeostasis and ecological feedback loops, which function by counteracting disturbances rather than amplifying them. Causation may therefore operate without producing observable co-variation, causing correlation to vanish and revealing the limits of conventional statistical approaches that rely exclusively on correlated change. We introduce an information-based definition of causation, conceived as preservation of informational structure against disturbance. A variable is considered causal when its influence decreases uncertainty in another variable exposed to unpredictable inputs, thereby maintaining order under noise. Using numerical simulations of feedback and feedforward systems, we showed that strong causal interactions can be reliably detected even when correlations between variables are negligible or negative. Our simulations revealed also reductions in conditional entropy and delayed oppositions between control and outcome, providing quantitative evidence of stabilizing causation hidden to traditional correlation-based measures. Unlike regression, structural equation modeling or transfer entropy, our approach revealed compensatory and self-maintaining dynamics operating through feedback, nonlinearity and temporal delay. By unifying causal inference and control theory, our agenda reframes stability as an active expression of causal power and enables the detection of hidden causal architectures in physiological homeostasis, neural stability, ecosystem resilience and engineered feedback systems.

Abstract: Large magnetic fields, either imposed externally or produced spontaneously, are often present in laser-driven high-energy-density systems. In addition to changing plasma conditions, magnetic fields also directly modify laser-plasma interactions (LPI) by changing participating waves and their nonlonear interactions. In this paper, we use two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations to investigate how magnetic fields directly affect crossbeam energy transfer (CBET) from a pump to a seed laser beam, when the transfer is mediated by the ion-acoustic wave (IAW) quasimode. Our simulations are performed in the parameter space where CBET is the dominant process, and in a linear regime where pump depletion, distribution function evolution, and secondary instabilities are insignificant. We use a Fourier filter to separate out the seed signal, and project the seed fields to two electromagnetic eigenmodes, which become nondegenerate in magnetized plasmas. By comparing the seed energy before CBET occurs and after CBET reaches quasi-steady state, we extract CBET energy gains of both eigenmodes for lasers that are initially linearly polarized. Our simulations reveal that starting from a few MG fields, the two eigenmodes have different gains, and magnetization alters how the gains depend on laser detuning. The overall gain decreases with magnetization when the laser polarizations are initially parallel, while a nonzero gain becomes allowed when the laser polarizations are initially orthogonal. These findings qualitatively agree with theoretical expectations.

Abstract:

We propose a novel operator-based formulation of quantum gravity grounded in two foundational principles: a discrete causal lattice and algebraic microcausality. Departing from traditional continuum approaches and wavefunction-based quantum mechanics, this framework models spacetime and matter as emergent phenomena arising from the algebraic structure of displacement operators. In this first part of a two-part series, we construct the foundational framework and demonstrate how key features of quantum mechanics—such as the uncertainty principle, de Broglie relations, and entanglement—emerge naturally without invoking wavefunctions, path integrals, or metric-based geometry. Operator non-commutativity on the causal lattice gives rise to a self-consistent quantum structure with natural ultraviolet finiteness, intrinsic time directionality, and a microcausal interpretation of measurement. This foundational part lays the groundwork for gravitational dynamics, cosmology, and the grand unification principles of gravity and the Standard Model to be explored in the sequel to quantum gravity part II.

Abstract: High-resolution optical sensing typically relies on complex, high-finesse interferometers, limiting the scalability and cost-effectiveness of extreme precision metrology. We propose a simple, compact alternative: a metallic-boundary waveguide containing a single point dielectric impurity, operated near its cutoff frequency. This device achieves ultra-high spectral resolution by exploiting Fano resonance, arising from the quantum-optical interference between the waveguide's continuous modes and a quasi-bound state induced by the local impurity. For analytical modeling, we employ the Impurity D Function (IDF), an approach previously confined to quantum mechanical scattering, demonstrating its first application in an integrated optical system. Our analysis shows that the spectral resolution (R) scales powerfully with the geometry, specifically R~(e/w)^-12, where (e/w) is the impurity-to-waveguide ratio. This translates directly into an extremely sensitive strain gauge, with transmission linearity T=1/2+Ry near the 50% working point (y is the mechanical strain). We calculate that for a practical ratio of (e/w)~1%, the device yields a resolution of R~10^20, confirming its potential to measure mechanical strains smaller than 10^-21 using a fundamentally simple, integrated platform.

Abstract: We propose a physical picture in which light propagation in vacuum is carried by a sea of fluctuating degrees of freedom. At the effective, linear-response scale, this collective medium determines the electromagnetic properties that govern how light moves, while preserving the characteristic impedance of the vacuum and avoiding artefacts arising from arbitrary parameter choices. This conceptual idea forms the primary aim of this work. To test whether this picture is realistic, we propose a platform-independent and testable approach. We introduce a simple band-averaged reporting measure that reduces any measurement to a single comparable quantity derived from the spectral weighting of the experiment. Using first-order, model-independent relations, we show how this quantity connects to observable shifts in cavity frequencies, interferometric phase, radiometric balance, and Casimir measurements. These links are presented solely as consequences that render the concept empirically testable, not as applications in themselves. The approach is constrained by the standard principles of linear response, causality, passivity, and a high-frequency limit consistent with Maxwell electrodynamics, so that the carried-light picture remains compatible with established physics and testable through reproducible, band-averaged limits on deviations from ideal vacuum propagation.

Abstract: The problem of coordination for thermodynamic entropy as a physical quantity is expressed in two related questions: 1) What counts as a measurement of entropy? 2) What is entropy? These issues are considered in this paper for thermodynamic properties of pure substances in classical thermodynamics. The conceptual model to define entropy in the second law of thermodynamics cannot be used directly to produce an ideal experiment related to real measurements. Thus, the solution of the problem of coordination for entropy is based on the tight integration of entropy with other thermodynamic properties in the formalism of classical thermodynamics. Therefore, the solution of the problem of coordination for entropy is related to the simultaneous solution of the problem of coordination for other thermodynamic quantities, such as heat capacity, internal energy, enthalpy, and the Gibbs energy.

Abstract: We present a revised formulation of the Ultimate Black Hole (UBH) cosmology as a reversible and adiabatic fractal model of the Universe. In this framework, the cosmic evolution proceeds as a closed thermodynamic cycle in which the total entropy remains globally conserved, while local exchanges between fractal and non-fractal subsystems maintain adiabaticity. The Universe originates from the fragmentation of a quasi-stable UBH whose fractal horizon and inner structure imprint the initial conditions for cosmic expansion. The resulting post-burst medium inherits the information content of the UBH fractal pattern, leading to a self-similar distribution of black holes and matter with an initial spatial fractal dimension \( D_f^{\mathrm{space}}\!\simeq\!1.656 \). During cosmic evolution, \( D_f(z) \) smoothly increases toward the present-day value \( D_f(0)\!\simeq\!2 \), consistent with large-scale galaxy surveys, while the global entropy balance is preserved through the fractal factor \( F(a)=({R_c}/{\ell_c})^{H(a)} \). Fitting the UBH expansion law to the Pantheon Type Ia supernova dataset yields a statistically superior description compared to the standard \( \Lambda \)CDM model. Using a single calibrated value of \( H_0=73~\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}} \), the model reproduces both the local supernova observations and the CMB-inferred expansion rate, thereby resolving the long-standing Hubble tension. The reversible UBH cosmology thus provides a physically coherent synthesis linking fractal entropy growth, scale-dependent curvature, and information conservation. Future work will focus on the inclusion of BAO and gravitational-wave constraints to further test this emerging picture of a self-similar, entropy-conserving Universe.

Abstract: Usually, the Hilbert-Einstein equations are considered for systems with mass-energy sources, and if one were to reduce the mass-parameter towards zero, the spacetime curvature would also diminish towards zero. However, in systems without mass-energy sources, the spacetime may locally exist as non-flat. We present a novel result—a localized axisymmetric solution of nonlinear GR equations for such massless systems—and provide step-by-step derivation for the solution.

Abstract: Atomic force microscopy is a powerful tool for imaging and characterizing micro and nano-structures, particularly in the realm of biological membranes and model systems such as cells and supported lipid bilayers. The lateral resolution of AFM in liquid environments, necessary for studying membrane interactions, poses a challenge. In this study, we explore the imaging of freeze-dried supported lipid bilayers allowing for the topographical imaging of supported lipid bilayers in air with higher resolution as well as the use of Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy to measure electrical properties. Despite non-physiological conditions, this technique offers unprecedented insights into the study of lipid bilayer structures, bridging the gap between resolution and experimental feasibility. This process underscores the potential of freeze-dried supported lipid bilayers in advancing our understanding of complex membrane dynamics and membrane interactions in diverse experimental settings. The ability to measure the electrical properties of lipid bilayers will greatly advance our understanding and determination of membrane properties and their interactions with proteins, drugs and toxins. A more complete understanding of the factor intervening in the interactions would lead to, for example, better drug development.

Abstract: The classical Maxwell equations, while foundational to electromagnetism, exhibit an inherent asymmetry in their treatment of electric and magnetic sources—electric charges and currents are explicit, yet magnetic monopoles remain absent. Prior works, such as those by Milton (2006) and Griffiths (2013), have formally extended Maxwell’s equations to incorporate magnetic monopoles, but they stop short of exploring the equations’ geometric structure and calculus properties under the exterior differential form framework, especially the critical distinction between the classical form dF = 0 (no magnetic sources) and the generalized form dF = μ₀J_m (with magnetic sources). Additionally, these works lack a rigorous construction of the Lagrangian density for the generalized system and a derivation of the equations via Noether symmetry, which are essential for linking the theory to fundamental principles of symmetry and conservation.In this work, we revisit the generalized Maxwell equations with magnetic monopoles from a perspective rooted in Dirac’s emphasis on mathematical consistency, symmetry, and physical intuition. We first contextualize our work within existing literature, explicitly acknowledging the contributions of Milton and Griffiths in formulating the vectorial extension of Maxwell’s equations with magnetic sources. We then advance the field by: (1) systematically analyzing the geometric structure of the generalized equations in exterior differential form—including cohomological properties of the field strength 2-form F and the role of the Hodge dual in preserving duality symmetry; (2) constructing a gauge-invariant Lagrangian density that couples both electric and magnetic sources to the electromagnetic field, and deriving the generalized equations via the principle of least action; (3) applying Noether's theorem to the Lagrangian, showing that duality symmetry implies the conservation of both electric and magnetic charges, and that the equations themselves emerge as a consequence of this symmetry.Our formulation maintains manifest Lorentz covariance and duality symmetry, resolving ambiguities in vectorial descriptions and providing a unified geometric framework for electromagnetism with magnetic monopoles. We verify consistency by decomposing the 4-dimensional differential form equations into 3-dimensional vector form, confirming correspondence with charge conservation and dimensional analysis. Finally, we connect our results to Dirac’s original work on monopole-induced charge quantization, showing that our Lagrangian and symmetry arguments reinforce the necessity of the Dirac quantization condition.

Abstract: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a key biomarker for the early detection of prostate cancer recurrence following surgical treatment. In this study, we present a PSA-responsive, aptamer-based switchable aggregate system (AS2-US-AuNPs-Aggregate) composed of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (US-AuNPs) linked by (partially) pairing oligomers that selectively disassemble in the presence of PSMA. The system was optimized also using a previously developed in-silico routine, and is designed for enhanced sensing capabilities and for supporting in vivo applica-bility. We measured the sizes of the nanosystems by dynamic light scattering (DLS), and their extinction spectra, also in presence of PSA in simple buffers, in the presence of DNAse, and under blood-mimicking conditions (filtered plasma) and We measured a response down to 1 fM PSA in buffers and to 1 pM in filtered plasma. Our findings highlight the potential of aptamer-based nanoparticle aggregates as a basis for us-er-friendly, portable diagnostic tools. Additionally, we discuss key optimization strat-egies to further advance their development for in-vivo diagnostic applications.

Abstract: We develop a covariant framework in which the locally measured rate of time arises as an emergent, field-mediated property of the massless sectors—the photon, gluon, and a putative spin-2 graviton represented through curvature invariants. The construction preserves Lorentz and gauge invariance and recovers special and general relativity as limiting cases. A quaternionic time field is introduced to encode sector-specific temporal components within a unified formalism, and a minimal Lagrangian is derived in which their backreaction modulates the effective lapse. Phenomenological consequences are outlined for black-hole horizons, inflationary cosmology, and precision laboratory regimes. The resulting theory yields a relational conception of time: co-located observers remain perfectly synchronized within a shared field environment, while comparisons across distinct environments reveal measurable differentials in temporal rate.