Abstract: Inspired by the author 's Riemann hypothesis, this paper attempts to solve the contradiction between general relativity and quantum mechanics in physics. Under the guidance of Euler identity, two important ideas of collision and vibration are introduced. It is concluded that quantum mechanics cannot describe gravity because gravity cannot constitute this dimension of matter. The document deeply discusses the relationship between material dimension and energy, including the stability and change of dimension, the relationship between energy and material, and the relationship between time and dimension. Through detailed assumptions and explanations, this paper provides a new perspective for us to understand the complexity of the material world. It mainly introduces how different dimensions of matter interact, the generation and transformation of energy, and the influence of dimensional changes on matter. The following is a summary of the core content of the paper : the influence of material dimension and energy, the change of dimension, the stability and change of dimension, the relationship between gravitation and material, time and dimension, and the realization of dimension change.

Abstract: Background: The Standard Model of particle physics leaves fundamental questions unanswered regarding particle masses, maximum energy scales, and spacetime emergence at the quantum level. Recent theoretical developments suggest the possibility of additional fundamental forces beyond the four known interactions. Objective: To analyze Large Hadron Collider (LHC) collision data for evidence of new fundamental particles and forces that could explain the origin of spacetime and particle masses. Methods: We analyzed 594,630 collision events from four LHC ROOT files using custom algorithms to identify maximum-energy particles, harmonic relationships, and anomalous features. Statistical analysis included χ² tests, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, and Bayesian inference methods. Results: We discovered three distinct maximum-energy bosons at 795,205 GeV, 594,630 GeV, and 17,585 GeV, forming perfect harmonic ratios of 1, 3/4, and 1/45 respectively. Anomalous 2.000 GeV particles appear at exactly 4000 electron masses. Only one maximum boson appears per collision event (p < 10⁻¹⁰⁰). The field structure follows E(r) = M/r¹²·¹⁵, creating ultralocalized spacetime bubbles. Statistical significance exceeds 65σ. Conclusions: These findings suggest a fifth fundamental force—the frequency force—mediated by the 795,205 GeV boson. Each collision containing this boson generates an independent spacetime bubble, validating the principle that particles create spacetime rather than existing within it.

Abstract: Dark matter and dark energy represent two pivotal unresolved problems in modern cosmology, postulated to explain phenomena such as galactic rotation curves and the universe's accelerated expansion, respectively. In this work, we propose a purely geometric model where our universe is a three-dimensional hypersphere embedded in a higher-dimensional space. This framework leads to a 4D spacetime with a generalized metric, where the hyperspherical radius R(t) replaces the standard scale factor a(t) of the FLRW metric. From this geometry, we derive modified Friedmann equations directly from Einstein’s General Relativity, which naturally yield correct pressure-density relations and predict a decelerated cosmic expansion driven by the total mass-energy. A key novelty is the hypothesis that this global deceleration, stemming from the higher-dimensional geometry, projects an additional acceleration onto the observable 3D universe. This effect, rigorously derived from the full 5D metric, manifests as a natural cross term (g_tr) in a Schwarzschild-type metric embedded within the expanding hyperspherical background. This g_tr term leads to an effective additional radial acceleration. Building on this, we formulate a generalized Schwarzschild–FLRW metric that coherently embeds local gravitational fields within the cosmologically expanding background. This unified spacetime geometry allows for a fully covariant derivation of this additional acceleration, gravitational lensing, and redshift effects. Crucially, this mechanism explains the flattening of galactic rotation curves without invoking non-baryonic dark matter and reproduces a Tully–Fisher-like relation (scaling as v³). The model also successfully accounts for the velocity dispersion in galaxy clusters and the dynamics of wide binary systems, predicting correct mass–velocity relations. Finally, we demonstrate that the 5D metric in a matter-dominated universe naturally implies a gravitational redshift between comoving observers. When combined with the cosmological redshift due to the hypersphere's expansion, this provides a natural explanation for observational effects typically attributed to dark energy, eliminating its need. This model offers specific, testable predictions for velocity curves and redshift-distance relations, providing a compelling, purely geometric alternative to dark components in cosmology.

Abstract: This module of the DUT Quantum Simulator (v3.0) introduces a predictive cosmological framework based on a non-singular continuation of General Relativity. Developed within the Dead Universe Theory (DUT), this simulator mathematically forecasts the imminent discovery of gravitationally fossilized galaxies with redshifts z > 15, beyond the explanatory limits of the ΛCDM model.Using a regularized curvature model and entropy-gradient geodesics, the DUT reproduces structure formation without inflation, singularities, or dark energy. The simulator predicts SRDs (Stellar Remnant Domains) — massive, low-entropy galaxies that formed less than 200 million years after the cosmic turning point — which should become observable by the Roman Space Telescope, ELT (Extremely Large Telescope), and JWST extended missions by 2030.It is the only known simulator equipped with a self-refutation module, capable of rejecting its own predictions if observations contradict its metric evolution. Far from abandoning Einsteinian physics, this platform formalizes a continuous, horizonless geometry as the natural endpoint of relativistic gravity.This work represents not only a computational tribute to Einstein’s legacy, but also a bold mathematical step into the cosmology of the post-singularity universe.

Abstract: In this paper, a low loss and high polarization-maintaining single-mode hollow-core anti-resonant fiber (PM-HC-ARF) is designed. The elliptical core in the PM-HC-ARF is formed by strategically enlarging selected cladding air holes along the y-axis. Additionally, the variations in the wall thickness in both the x and y directions generate the distinct surface modes. We have effectively enhanced the birefringence performance of the fiber structure design by introducing the combined effect of the two. Theoretical analysis results show that the proposed PM-HC-ARF achieves a transmission loss of 0.82 dB/km at wavelength 1450 nm, along with a birefringence of 1.38 × 10-4, it demonstrates CL levels an order of magnitude below state-of-the-art polarization-maintaining HC-ARFs. Moreover, within the S+C+L+U communication bands, it achieves a bandwidth exceeding 380 nm(1420-1800nm) while maintaining a birefringence of greater than1.45 × 10-4. Especially, this PM-HC-ARF demonstrates a maximum higher-order mode extinction ratio of over 32,070, the single-mode transmission characteristics are excellent. along with exceptional bending resistance characteristic. When the bending radius exceeds 3 cm, the impacts on the loss and birefringence are negligible, this also demonstrates that the fiber structure shows good robustness when subjected to harsh environment interference. The proposed PM-HC-ARF is believed to have important applications in the fiber optic gyroscopes, optical amplifiers, and hydrophones.

Abstract: This study investigates pedestrian comfort in a dense urban environment by evaluating the Mean Velocity Ratio (MVR) and Overall Mean Velocity Ratio (OMVR) criteria. It examines how neighboring building heights and wind incidence angles affect pedestrian-level wind conditions within a nine-building arrangement. Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) k-ε model, validated against experimental data, this study analyzes scenarios where surrounding building heights vary from 0L to 6L and wind angles from 0° to 45°. The results demonstrate that wind angles perpendicular to the urban canyons (0° case) induce strong channeling effects, leading to MVR peaks as high as 3.42 and creating hazardous conditions. Conversely, an oblique 45° wind angle promotes more uniform airflow, significantly improving comfort. Increasing the height of neighboring buildings generally elevates the mean MVR due to enhanced channeling. However, even an isolated building (0L case) can generate high localized velocities due to flow separation. The findings underscore that both building configuration and wind direction are critical factors, and CFD serves as an essential tool for urban planners to mitigate adverse wind conditions and ensure pedestrian comfort.

Abstract: In physics, the two most successful theories, quantum mechanics and general relativity, appear to be incompatible with each other. Many theorists believe that the reason behind this, is that these theories treat space and time very differently, thus focus their attempts on finding a new way of modelling our universe and more specifically of modelling time [1]. In this paper we take a different approach to modelling the time dimension. We do not treat time as a fixed dimension which is experienced the same way for every phenomenon or interaction of any dimensionality. Instead, we model time to always be the plus one (+1) dimension relative to the dimensions through which a given phenomenon propagates and interacts. This means that time for one phenomenon can behave as space for a higher dimensional phenomenon whose time is a different +1 dimension. Through this dynamic modelling of time, we aim to integrate some of the mathematical tools of both quantum mechanics and general relativity such as Operators, Complex Functions (Wavefunctions), Probabilistic Behaviour, the Metric Tensor and the Einstein Energy Equation. Finally, we investigate the compatibility of our results with other theories and the possible testability of our framework.

Abstract: We propose the Electromagnetic Structural Encodement (ESE) Hypothesis, afoundational reformulation of matter, wherein all physical structure is not the resultof mechanical particles or substance, but the manifestation of quantized, standingelectromagnetic waveforms. According to ESE, what we perceive as “matter” is infact a spatially coherent interference field governed by a discrete set of resonancefrequencies. This field encodes both the identity and the form of the structure,from subatomic particles to complex systems.We introduce a formal mathematical framework that models matter as a boundedregion of high electromagnetic coherence C(⃗r), stabilized through constructive in-terference of finite wave modes. Structural persistence is defined by a minimumcoherence threshold, while collapse or transformation results from perturbation ofphase or frequency components.This hypothesis offers a unifying ontological bridge between quantum field the-ory, electromagnetic theory, and emerging wave-based models of physical reality.It is testable via AI-driven spectral inversion, photonic cymatics, and quantum-level field perturbation. If validated, ESE provides a programmable foundation forphysics—enabling matter synthesis, biological reconstruction, and waveform-basedcosmological engineering.ESE reframes the universe as not made of particles, but of encoded light—resonantenergy frozen into form by harmony in field space. This model positions coherence,not mass, as the fundamental quantity from which identity, stability, and existenceemerge.

Abstract: In this paper, We constructed a Space-Time with energy model just considering the velocity of the light C and the Plank constant h and "1/" a_g (a_g is the strength of gravition (m/s2)) This model will just provide a probability to combine the Gravitation and Electric-Magnetics field under a basic structure of quantum Space -Time with energy. We hope to throw a little bit light on the big picture of uniting the quantum mechanics and General relative theory. In this paper, We also find the symmetry number structure about line-1/2 for Unified Field Theory.

Abstract: More than fifty years ago, Hawking put forward a theorem that the area of a black hole (or holes) never decreases. Bekenstein immediately followed him with a new idea that the area of the event horizon is “the black hole’s entropy”. Soon after that, Hawking “verified” that the event horizon of a black hole emits “thermal radiation” and the gravitational acceleration there, , is the “black hole’s temperature”. Again, with a thermodynamic way, Bekenstein “confirmed” Hawking’s idea that the gravitational acceleration, , is the “black hole’s temperature”. Based on these three “new concepts”, area entropy, thermal radiation and gravitational temperature, a new branch of astrophysics, namely, the “black hole thermodynamics” was established and developed very quickly. It is an inter discipline, relating to general relativity, theory of quantum fields, and thermodynamics-statistical physics. The authors of this article assert that, Bekenstein and Hawking’s three “new concepts” are all wrong, the event horizon of a black hole has no any such thermal characteristics, and the “black hole thermodynamics” is just a fairy tale in the academic circle.

Abstract: One of the most challenging tasks in studying streamflow is quantifying how the complexities of environmental and dynamic parameters contribute to the overall system complexity. To address this, we employed Kolmogorov complexity (KC) metrics, specifically the Kolmogorov complexity spectrum (KC spectrum) and the Kolmogorov complexity plane (KC plane). These measures were applied to monthly streamflow time series averaged across 1879 gauge stations on U.S. rivers over the period 1950–2015. The variables analyzed included streamflow as a complex physical system, along with its key components: temperature, precipitation, and the Lyapunov exponent (LEX), which represents river dynamics. Using these metrics, we calculated normalized KC spectra for each position within the KC plane, visualizing interactive master amplitudes alongside individual amplitudes on overlapping two-dimensional planes. We further computed the relative change in complexities (RCC) of the normalized master and individual components within the KC plane, ranging from 0 to 1 in defined intervals. Based on these results, we analyzed and discussed the complexity patterns of U.S. rivers corresponding to each interval of normalized amplitudes.

Abstract: This paper proposes a superconducting shielding model based on the Meissner effect, achieving intermittent magnetic field shielding through phase transition cycles to form time-varying non-conservative fields in specific regions. According to the reversible phase transitions of the superconducting Meissner effect and the law of energy conservation, analysis of the entire closed-space model reveals that while the superconductor’s energy remains conserved, the loop integral of electromagnetic force on the moving magnet is non-zero, leading to electromagnetic energy non-conservation. Furthermore, analysis of the overall model indicates that changes in the magnetic potential energy of the moving magnet, under constant energy conditions for other components, also result in electromagnetic energy non-conservation. COMSOL simulations validate the dynamic characteristics of magnetic shielding, aligning with theoretical predictions.

Abstract: At present, no unified formula is available for estimating the Planck length or the Newtonian gravitational constant in terms of elementary physical constants. In this context, considering our 4G model of final unification, we have noticed a simple relation for fitting the Planck length in terms of nuclear physical constants. The hypothetical distance travelled by photon in a time span equal to the neutron lifetime seems to be: 1) Directly proportional to the proton mass and the nuclear volume; 2) Inversely proportional to the nucleon mass difference, 4G model of weak interaction range and twice the Planck length. It may be noted that, twice the Planck length can be understood as the Schwarzschild radius of the Planck mass. This relation seems to highlight the need and accuracy of the nuclear charge radius and neutron lifetime. Considering our 4G model, nuclear charge radius is 1.2393 fermi and fitted neutron lifetime is 884.2 sec. For a nuclear radius of (1.23 to 1.24) fermi, obtained neutron life time is (864.5 to 885.7) sec. Interesting point to be noted is that, a small reduction in nuclear volume seems to reduce the neutron lifetime significantly. We are working on understanding the reasons in terms of weak interaction and difference in sub-zero cooling temperatures of the bottle and beam methods of neutron lifetime experiments. Proceeding further, without considering any arbitrary coefficients or numbers, the most complicated macroscopic Newtonian gravitational constant can be estimated in a semi empirical approach connected with neutron lifetime experiments and nuclear charge radii experiments.

Abstract: A cornerstone of Einstein’s special relativity is the postulation that light travels at a constant velocity in vacuum throughout spacetime, independent of the direction, location, time and photon-energy. The constancy and universality of the speed of light play an important role in modern physics for understanding the universe, and their validation has been demonstrated by various experiments and observations. Here we present an experiment to demonstrate that photons could interact with the Earth gravitational field and consequently the speed of light would be affected by the Earth gravity. The experimental results show that the speed of light increases with the gravitational field and the variation fits with a test model proposed in this work. The finding of this work would open a new research direction on the interaction between photons and the gravitational field and could lead to explore novel gravito-optic effects and photonics-based gravity detection technologies.

Abstract: We present an updated and self-consistent analysis of lattice simulation data for pure Yang-Mills SU(N ) in 3+1 dimensions, focused on establishing a robust empirical lower bound for the mass gap normalized by the square root of the string tension. In contrast to some previous works that employed functional fits of the form C −k/N 2, we quantitatively demonstrate—through numerical comparison and explicit references—that the correct fit for N ≥ 3 is C + k/N 2, in full agreement with the trend observed in the data. We discuss limitations, both statistical and systematic, the exclusion of SU(2), and propose an agenda for future simulations.

Abstract: This work presents the General Substrate Theory (GST), a foundational framework in which all physical phenomena—mass, motion, inertia, gravity, time, and quantization—emerge from a single conserved coherence substrate. Unlike conventional approaches that treat geometry, particles, or fields as primitive, GST postulates one irreducible physical law: a stationary, Lorentz-invariant substrate exists whose internal coherence structure governs all observable behavior. From this axiom, we derive the coherence-based principles later formalized in Quantum Substrate Dynamics (QSD), including inertial drag, scalar pacing, mass-phase formation, gravitational tension gradients, quantized emission, and structural collapse as a substrate rupture threshold. GST does not introduce new forces or particles. Instead, it reinterprets all known physics as emergent from phase reconfiguration within a finite-capacity coherence field. In this framework, mass is a localized saturation of phase coherence, motion is re-locking under scalar constraint, and time arises from the interval between scalar recovery events. The substrate neither flows nor exchanges energy—it conserves coherence through local structural adaptation. This paper defines the Law of the Substrate and derives its immediate structural consequences, establishing GST as the root from which QSD and SRL (Substrate Response Law) descend. In doing so, it reframes classical laws, relativistic effects, and quantum discreteness as surface behaviors of a deeper, physically conserved coherence system—one governed not by geometry, but by causal pacing and structural equilibrium.

Abstract: Decoherence is a fundamental challenge for scalable quantum technologies. This work introduces \textit{Difference-Based Variational Reconstruction} (DVR), a novel function-space control paradigm that enables feedback directly in the operator domain, circumventing the limitations of traditional qubit Hilbert space control. By expanding the density matrix in a complete DVR basis (e.g., tensor products of Pauli operators), we represent the quantum system's state evolution through observable-mode amplitudes. Control is applied adaptively via scalar feedback to the dominant DVR coefficients, specifically targeting the most coherence-sensitive channels.

Abstract: Differently measured values of the Hubble constants for extragalactic objects are not considered here. We give a number of examples for the extreme agreement of expansion rates of different fields of knowledge with the cosmological expansion rate. The correspondence of the expansion rates means that a common cause is almost inevitable. All these examples are gravitationally bound and in this case are subject to cosmological expansion. According to standard theory, this should not occur. We therefore question the common boundary of gravity and expansion on both theoretical and observational grounds and conclude that all gravitationally dominated objects participate in cosmological expansion or scale drift in contradiction to the general doctrine. Space expands with its contents while numerically maintaining distance, radius, rotation time and density. What is generally interpreted as expansion is obviously a scale drift with a drift rate that corresponds to the size of the Hubble constant. The Earth is subject to expansion and scale drift. This results in numerically constant measurements. This drift also seems to apply to distant galaxies and other objects. The cosmological redshift is not interpreted here as a Doppler effect and numerical increase in distances, but rather as an expansion or drift of the space-time scale, in accordance with standard theory. The expansion of the radii of galaxies makes the assumption of dark matter superfluous. The continents and our everyday environment are not subject to expansion or scale drift.

Abstract: In this article, we extend the concept of soft groups to ranked soft groups, which also serve as a generalization of fuzzy soft groups, addressing some of their limitations. We begin by introducing the definition of ranked soft groups, accompanied by illustrative examples and applications. Building on this foundation, we develop the notions of normalistic ranked soft groups and their homomorphisms. Furthermore, we explore various related properties and examine the structures preserved under normalistic ranked soft group homomorphisms.

Abstract: Within the theoretical framework of quantum and relativistic physics, the absence of a more comprehensive explanation regarding the emergence of dark matter and black holes still persists (1). Such a gap could potentially be bridged by adopting an alternative approach and modifying the relationship between phase and group velocity(2). The approach developed expands the quantumrelativistic framework without contradicting its fundamental principles, offering a coherent and rigorous reinterpretation of anomalous phenomena that challenge conventional interpretations(3). Which allows us to examine the effects, properties, and dynimic of dark matter and black holes. This proposition enables a deeper understanding of the processes involved in gravitationally collapsing stars and the Big Bang (4), as well as the link between the phase-group velocity relationship and mass or curvature(5), thereby providing new conceptual tools to explore what has, until now, remained misunderstood within the current paradigm.