Abstract: Large magnetic fields, either imposed externally or produced spontaneously, are often present in laser-driven high-energy-density systems. In addition to changing plasma conditions, magnetic fields also directly modify laser-plasma interactions (LPI) by changing participating waves and their nonlonear interactions. In this paper, we use two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations to investigate how magnetic fields directly affect crossbeam energy transfer (CBET) from a pump to a seed laser beam, when the transfer is mediated by the ion-acoustic wave (IAW) quasimode. Our simulations are performed in the parameter space where CBET is the dominant process, and in a linear regime where pump depletion, distribution function evolution, and secondary instabilities are insignificant. We use a Fourier filter to separate out the seed signal, and project the seed fields to two electromagnetic eigenmodes, which become nondegenerate in magnetized plasmas. By comparing the seed energy before CBET occurs and after CBET reaches quasi-steady state, we extract CBET energy gains of both eigenmodes for lasers that are initially linearly polarized. Our simulations reveal that starting from a few MG fields, the two eigenmodes have different gains, and magnetization alters how the gains depend on laser detuning. The overall gain decreases with magnetization when the laser polarizations are initially parallel, while a nonzero gain becomes allowed when the laser polarizations are initially orthogonal. These findings qualitatively agree with theoretical expectations.

Abstract:

We propose a novel operator-based formulation of quantum gravity grounded in two foundational principles: a discrete causal lattice and algebraic microcausality. Departing from traditional continuum approaches and wavefunction-based quantum mechanics, this framework models spacetime and matter as emergent phenomena arising from the algebraic structure of displacement operators. In this first part of a two-part series, we construct the foundational framework and demonstrate how key features of quantum mechanics—such as the uncertainty principle, de Broglie relations, and entanglement—emerge naturally without invoking wavefunctions, path integrals, or metric-based geometry. Operator non-commutativity on the causal lattice gives rise to a self-consistent quantum structure with natural ultraviolet finiteness, intrinsic time directionality, and a microcausal interpretation of measurement. This foundational part lays the groundwork for gravitational dynamics, cosmology, and the grand unification principles of gravity and the Standard Model to be explored in the sequel to quantum gravity part II.

Abstract: High-resolution optical sensing typically relies on complex, high-finesse interferometers, limiting the scalability and cost-effectiveness of extreme precision metrology. We propose a simple, compact alternative: a metallic-boundary waveguide containing a single point dielectric impurity, operated near its cutoff frequency. This device achieves ultra-high spectral resolution by exploiting Fano resonance, arising from the quantum-optical interference between the waveguide's continuous modes and a quasi-bound state induced by the local impurity. For analytical modeling, we employ the Impurity D Function (IDF), an approach previously confined to quantum mechanical scattering, demonstrating its first application in an integrated optical system. Our analysis shows that the spectral resolution (R) scales powerfully with the geometry, specifically R~(e/w)^-12, where (e/w) is the impurity-to-waveguide ratio. This translates directly into an extremely sensitive strain gauge, with transmission linearity T=1/2+Ry near the 50% working point (y is the mechanical strain). We calculate that for a practical ratio of (e/w)~1%, the device yields a resolution of R~10^20, confirming its potential to measure mechanical strains smaller than 10^-21 using a fundamentally simple, integrated platform.

Abstract: We propose a physical picture in which light propagation in vacuum is carried by a sea of fluctuating degrees of freedom. At the effective, linear-response scale, this collective medium determines the electromagnetic properties that govern how light moves, while preserving the characteristic impedance of the vacuum and avoiding artefacts arising from arbitrary parameter choices. This conceptual idea forms the primary aim of this work. To test whether this picture is realistic, we propose a platform-independent and testable approach. We introduce a simple band-averaged reporting measure that reduces any measurement to a single comparable quantity derived from the spectral weighting of the experiment. Using first-order, model-independent relations, we show how this quantity connects to observable shifts in cavity frequencies, interferometric phase, radiometric balance, and Casimir measurements. These links are presented solely as consequences that render the concept empirically testable, not as applications in themselves. The approach is constrained by the standard principles of linear response, causality, passivity, and a high-frequency limit consistent with Maxwell electrodynamics, so that the carried-light picture remains compatible with established physics and testable through reproducible, band-averaged limits on deviations from ideal vacuum propagation.

Abstract: The problem of coordination for thermodynamic entropy as a physical quantity is expressed in two related questions: 1) What counts as a measurement of entropy? 2) What is entropy? These issues are considered in this paper for thermodynamic properties of pure substances in classical thermodynamics. The conceptual model to define entropy in the second law of thermodynamics cannot be used directly to produce an ideal experiment related to real measurements. Thus, the solution of the problem of coordination for entropy is based on the tight integration of entropy with other thermodynamic properties in the formalism of classical thermodynamics. Therefore, the solution of the problem of coordination for entropy is related to the simultaneous solution of the problem of coordination for other thermodynamic quantities, such as heat capacity, internal energy, enthalpy, and the Gibbs energy.

Abstract: We present a revised formulation of the Ultimate Black Hole (UBH) cosmology as a reversible and adiabatic fractal model of the Universe. In this framework, the cosmic evolution proceeds as a closed thermodynamic cycle in which the total entropy remains globally conserved, while local exchanges between fractal and non-fractal subsystems maintain adiabaticity. The Universe originates from the fragmentation of a quasi-stable UBH whose fractal horizon and inner structure imprint the initial conditions for cosmic expansion. The resulting post-burst medium inherits the information content of the UBH fractal pattern, leading to a self-similar distribution of black holes and matter with an initial spatial fractal dimension \( D_f^{\mathrm{space}}\!\simeq\!1.656 \). During cosmic evolution, \( D_f(z) \) smoothly increases toward the present-day value \( D_f(0)\!\simeq\!2 \), consistent with large-scale galaxy surveys, while the global entropy balance is preserved through the fractal factor \( F(a)=({R_c}/{\ell_c})^{H(a)} \). Fitting the UBH expansion law to the Pantheon Type Ia supernova dataset yields a statistically superior description compared to the standard \( \Lambda \)CDM model. Using a single calibrated value of \( H_0=73~\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}} \), the model reproduces both the local supernova observations and the CMB-inferred expansion rate, thereby resolving the long-standing Hubble tension. The reversible UBH cosmology thus provides a physically coherent synthesis linking fractal entropy growth, scale-dependent curvature, and information conservation. Future work will focus on the inclusion of BAO and gravitational-wave constraints to further test this emerging picture of a self-similar, entropy-conserving Universe.

Abstract: Usually, the Hilbert-Einstein equations are considered for systems with mass-energy sources, and if one were to reduce the mass-parameter towards zero, the spacetime curvature would also diminish towards zero. However, in systems without mass-energy sources, the spacetime may locally exist as non-flat. We present a novel result—a localized axisymmetric solution of nonlinear GR equations for such massless systems—and provide step-by-step derivation for the solution.

Abstract: Atomic force microscopy is a powerful tool for imaging and characterizing micro and nano-structures, particularly in the realm of biological membranes and model systems such as cells and supported lipid bilayers. The lateral resolution of AFM in liquid environments, necessary for studying membrane interactions, poses a challenge. In this study, we explore the imaging of freeze-dried supported lipid bilayers allowing for the topographical imaging of supported lipid bilayers in air with higher resolution as well as the use of Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy to measure electrical properties. Despite non-physiological conditions, this technique offers unprecedented insights into the study of lipid bilayer structures, bridging the gap between resolution and experimental feasibility. This process underscores the potential of freeze-dried supported lipid bilayers in advancing our understanding of complex membrane dynamics and membrane interactions in diverse experimental settings. The ability to measure the electrical properties of lipid bilayers will greatly advance our understanding and determination of membrane properties and their interactions with proteins, drugs and toxins. A more complete understanding of the factor intervening in the interactions would lead to, for example, better drug development.

Abstract: The classical Maxwell equations, while foundational to electromagnetism, exhibit an inherent asymmetry in their treatment of electric and magnetic sources—electric charges and currents are explicit, yet magnetic monopoles remain absent. Prior works, such as those by Milton (2006) and Griffiths (2013), have formally extended Maxwell’s equations to incorporate magnetic monopoles, but they stop short of exploring the equations’ geometric structure and calculus properties under the exterior differential form framework, especially the critical distinction between the classical form dF = 0 (no magnetic sources) and the generalized form dF = μ₀J_m (with magnetic sources). Additionally, these works lack a rigorous construction of the Lagrangian density for the generalized system and a derivation of the equations via Noether symmetry, which are essential for linking the theory to fundamental principles of symmetry and conservation.In this work, we revisit the generalized Maxwell equations with magnetic monopoles from a perspective rooted in Dirac’s emphasis on mathematical consistency, symmetry, and physical intuition. We first contextualize our work within existing literature, explicitly acknowledging the contributions of Milton and Griffiths in formulating the vectorial extension of Maxwell’s equations with magnetic sources. We then advance the field by: (1) systematically analyzing the geometric structure of the generalized equations in exterior differential form—including cohomological properties of the field strength 2-form F and the role of the Hodge dual in preserving duality symmetry; (2) constructing a gauge-invariant Lagrangian density that couples both electric and magnetic sources to the electromagnetic field, and deriving the generalized equations via the principle of least action; (3) applying Noether's theorem to the Lagrangian, showing that duality symmetry implies the conservation of both electric and magnetic charges, and that the equations themselves emerge as a consequence of this symmetry.Our formulation maintains manifest Lorentz covariance and duality symmetry, resolving ambiguities in vectorial descriptions and providing a unified geometric framework for electromagnetism with magnetic monopoles. We verify consistency by decomposing the 4-dimensional differential form equations into 3-dimensional vector form, confirming correspondence with charge conservation and dimensional analysis. Finally, we connect our results to Dirac’s original work on monopole-induced charge quantization, showing that our Lagrangian and symmetry arguments reinforce the necessity of the Dirac quantization condition.

Abstract: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a key biomarker for the early detection of prostate cancer recurrence following surgical treatment. In this study, we present a PSA-responsive, aptamer-based switchable aggregate system (AS2-US-AuNPs-Aggregate) composed of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (US-AuNPs) linked by (partially) pairing oligomers that selectively disassemble in the presence of PSMA. The system was optimized also using a previously developed in-silico routine, and is designed for enhanced sensing capabilities and for supporting in vivo applica-bility. We measured the sizes of the nanosystems by dynamic light scattering (DLS), and their extinction spectra, also in presence of PSA in simple buffers, in the presence of DNAse, and under blood-mimicking conditions (filtered plasma) and We measured a response down to 1 fM PSA in buffers and to 1 pM in filtered plasma. Our findings highlight the potential of aptamer-based nanoparticle aggregates as a basis for us-er-friendly, portable diagnostic tools. Additionally, we discuss key optimization strat-egies to further advance their development for in-vivo diagnostic applications.

Abstract: We develop a covariant framework in which the locally measured rate of time arises as an emergent, field-mediated property of the massless sectors—the photon, gluon, and a putative spin-2 graviton represented through curvature invariants. The construction preserves Lorentz and gauge invariance and recovers special and general relativity as limiting cases. A quaternionic time field is introduced to encode sector-specific temporal components within a unified formalism, and a minimal Lagrangian is derived in which their backreaction modulates the effective lapse. Phenomenological consequences are outlined for black-hole horizons, inflationary cosmology, and precision laboratory regimes. The resulting theory yields a relational conception of time: co-located observers remain perfectly synchronized within a shared field environment, while comparisons across distinct environments reveal measurable differentials in temporal rate.

Abstract: Hawking’s cosmology logically leads to an observed multiverse. This article proposes a novel hypothesis for the physical nature and existence of dark matter, derived from his cosmology This article argues it is a superposition of at least three 3-dimensional universes in a 4-dimensional space, of which two dimensions overlap with our universe. Nothing that could disturb the superposition exists outside it. This, with the dimensions of strings in String theory, explains why dark matter causes a linear decrease in gravity with distance to visible mass at large radii in galaxies. To support this, the visible matter distribution in the disks and bulges, calculated by the SPARC team, and the observed rotation velocities are used. Lelli and Mistele showed that the common way to project dark matter halos around galaxies cannot be valid. In this article it is shown a valid alternative is to model dark matter as three added wire-like masses in the centre of galaxies in General Relativity.Linear mass density is a key parameter and explains the weak effect in the centre of galaxies and the strong effect at larger distances as well as the rapid development of large galaxies in the early universe as reported by Labbé. A new prediction method for rotation velocities, that works at all radii in galaxies, is 19 % more accurate than MOND. In galaxy clusters the improvement of the predicted velocity dispersions compared with the Newtonian approach and with MOND is 44 to 57 % over a huge range of cluster masses.

Abstract: The extraction of rotational energy from a Kerr black hole admits several celebrated descriptions, including the Penrose process, wave superradiance, and the Blandford-Znajek mechanism. Traditionally treated as distinct, these processes are shown here to be unified through a single criterion: the existence of negative Killing energy flux across the horizon, locally manifested as negative phase velocity (NPV) in the ergosphere. I demonstrate that (i) the Penrose process corresponds to particle trajectories with Eχ < 0, (ii) superradiance corresponds to wave modes with ω < mΩH, and (iii) the Blandford–Znajek mechanism corresponds to electromagnetic field lines with ΩF < ΩH. In all cases, the horizon absorbs negative energy while positive energy escapes to infinity. By expressing these mechanisms through the NPV condition S · k < 0, I present a unified theoretical framework for black hole energy extraction.

Abstract: The electroweak hierarchy problem—why the Higgs mass remains at 125 GeV rather than the Planck scale—represents one of the most severe fine-tuning crises in modern physics. Standard Model quantum corrections induce quadratic divergences \( δm_H^2∼Λ^2 \), requiring 34 orders of magnitude cancellation without theoretical justification. Supersymmetric solutions remain empirically falsified after null results from LHC Run 3 and direct detection experiments. We present a geometric mechanism within the Cosmic Energy Inversion Theory (CEIT) framework that stabilizes the electroweak scale through loop quantum gravity corrections to the cosmic energy field . A quantum-suppressed potential V_new (ε) incorporating exponential damping and logarithmic screening reduces Higgs mass sensitivity from \( m_H^2∝Λ^2 \) to , eliminating fine-tuning without new particles. The mechanism naturally generates the observed Higgs mass through curvature-coupled spinor dynamics, validated against LHC Run 3 data with . Falsifiable predictions include modified Higgs self-coupling \( λ_H=0.128±0.003 \) (testable at HL-LHC), vacuum stability extending to 10¹⁷ GeV (verifiable via precision electroweak measurements), and gravitational wave signatures from electroweak phase transitions detectable by LISA. This work establishes CEIT’s geometric field as a viable alternative to supersymmetry, providing the first empirically validated solution to the hierarchy problem within a quantum-gravitational framework.

Abstract: Recently, Ksenofontov et al. (arXiv:2510.03256) observed ambient pressure room-temperature superconductivity in graphite intercalated with lithium-based alloys with transition temperature (according to magnetization measurements) \( T_{c} =330K \). Here, I analyzed the reported temperature dependent resistivity data \( \rho(T) \) in these graphite-intercalated samples and found that \( \rho(T) \) is well described by the model of two series resistors, where each resistor is described as either an Einstein conductor or a Bloch-Grüneisen conductor. Deduced Einstein and Debye temperatures are \( \Theta_{E,1} \approx 250~\text{K} \) and \( \quad \Theta_{E,2} \approx 1600~\text{K} \), and \( \quad \Theta_{D,1} \approx 300~\text{K} \) and \( \quad \Theta_{D,2} \approx 2200~\text{K} \), respectively. Following the McMillan formalism, from the deduced \( \quad \Theta_{E,2} \) and \( \quad \Theta_{D,2} \), the electron-phonon coupling constant \( \lambda_{e-ph} \approx 2.2 \) was obtained. This value of \( \lambda_{e-ph} \) is approximately equal to the value of \( \lambda_{e-ph} \) in highly compressed superconducting hydrides. Based on this, I can propose that the observed room-temperature superconductivity in intercalated graphite is localized in nanoscale Sr-Ca-Li metallic flakes/particles, which adopt the phonon spectrum from the surrounding bulk graphite matrix, and as a result, conventional electron-phonon superconductivity arises in these nano-flakes/particles at room temperature. Experimental data reported by Ksenofontov et al. (arXiv:2510.03256) on trapped magnetic flux decay in intercalated graphite samples supports the proposition.

Abstract: This article examines the simulation hypothesis through a formal epistemic and axiomatic lens, assessing whether it can constitute a coherent and testable account of cosmological reality. After outlining the conceptual claim that our universe might be a high-level computational construct, the paper develops a minimal axiomatic framework for a “simulation matrix” and evaluates its logical status. It is shown that the hypothesis is internally consistent yet inherently incomplete, in the Gödelian sense that no observer embedded within the simulated domain can obtain evidential access to the ontological ground of its implementation. Even when strengthened with empirical commitments intended to render it testable, the hypothesis remains ontologically underdetermined: detectable implementation is not equivalent to demonstrable provenance. Accordingly, the simulation hypothesis, far from being a cosmological thesis, functions as a limit-case of self-referential epistemology — a modern restatement of the logical horizon beyond which no system can verify the reality of its own foundations.

Abstract:

We define the iterative map from the metric \( g_{\mu\nu} \) to the Einstein tensor \( G_{\mu\nu} \) as the Einstein Tensor Cycle (ETC) transformation, \( g^{(n+1)}_{\mu\nu} := G_{\mu\nu}[g^{(n)}] \), and geometrically characterize Einstein spaces containing the cosmological constant \( \Lambda \) through its fixed points \( G_{\mu\nu}=\lambda g_{\mu\nu} \). The FLRW metric's fundamental symmetries---spatial isotropy (SO(3)) and spacetime homogeneity---are preserved under the ETC transformation and manifest as a fixed-point structure. We apply the ETC transformation to the FLRW metric with curvature parameters \( k=\pm1,0 \), analyzing how distinct spatial geometries are uniformly derived through a single iteration procedure. For the de Sitter family (\( H_{0}=\sqrt{\Lambda/3} \)), we confirm that \( G_{00}=\Lambda \) and corresponding spatial components are realized in the first transformation and remain invariant in subsequent iterations for both k=+1 with \( a(t)=a_{0}\cosh(H_{0}t) \) and k=-1 with \( a(t)=a_{0}\sinh(H_{0}t) \). For the flat case (k=0), the Friedmann equation \( G_{00}=8\pi G\rho/c^{2} \) is reproduced under exponential expansion. The ETC transformation functions as a unified framework that simultaneously provides solution identification and stability evaluation in cosmological models, clarifying the deep relationship between spacetime symmetry and fixed-point structure.

Abstract:

Despite athletes initiating sprints from dynamic starts during gameplay, sprint performance is traditionally measured from a static position. This article aimed to determine whether static start or “pickup” acceleration are related or relatively independent motor qualities by assessing their relationship and examining how athletes’ rank order changes between static and pickup conditions. Thirty-one male athletes (20.3 ± 5.3 years) completed two 30 m sprints from a static start and two 30 m pickup accelerations following 20 m paced entries at 1.5 and 3.0 m/s, regulated by an LED system. Peak acceleration (a_max) was measured via a horizontal linear position encoder (1080 Sprint). The shared variance between a_max from the static and pickup starts was R² =11.6-39.6%, indicating, for the most part, a great amount of unexplained variance. The shared variance between pickup acceleration entry velocities was R² = 16.8%. Visual analysis of an individualized rank order table confirmed that, for the most part, the fastest static start athletes differed from the fastest pickup athletes. In summary, static and pickup acceleration seem relatively distinct motor abilities, most likely requiring a paradigm shift in strength and conditioning practice in terms of acceleration assessment and development.

Abstract: Modern computational methods across scientific domains achieve precision through iterative refinement. This precision regime creates opportunities for refined evalua- tion methods: as measurement uncertainties decrease while parameter dimensionality remains fixed, statistical significance becomes more easily obtained through combinato- rial search. Traditional hypothesis testing could benefit from additional discrimination when nearly any simple relationship can achieve sub-sigma agreement by chance. We propose a seven-criteria framework emphasizing temporal convergence through pre-registration. The core innovation: patterns must be publicly registered before new data releases, then demonstrate directional convergence or stability as preci- sion improves. This requirement provides robust protection against retroactive fit- ting—reducing susceptibility to common biases including data selection and post-hoc hypothesis adjustment. Combined with six supporting criteria (scale invariance, com- pression, statistical agreement, mathematical simplicity, independent validation, theo- retical viability), temporal tracking enhances discrimination when statistical tests alone could benefit from additional tools. We demonstrate framework operation using lattice QCD quark mass ratios—deliberately selected as the hardest test case (N=3 parameters at 2% precision, maximum combi- natorial coincidence risk). The Diagnostic Pattern 2(md/mu)3 ≈ ms/md achieves 0.16σ statistical agreement yet self-falsifies through directional divergence: as uncer- tainties improved 37%, central values converged toward 2.162 rather than the predicted 2.154, with statistical significance doubling from 0.075σ to 0.16σ. This demonstrates successful filtering of numerical coincidence despite passing traditional validation. The framework’s discriminatory capability is validated through historical test cases: the Gell-Mann-Okubo relation correctly passes all criteria, demonstrating that physi- cally meaningful patterns survive multi-criteria evaluation. Framework value is methodology- independent—we demonstrate filtering through failed patterns, not to advocate specific 1 physics. Initial thresholds serve as community starting points; the contribution is es- tablishing systematic, pre-registration-based standards for pattern evaluation in any domain where computational precision outpaces dimensional growth.

Abstract: In the framework of the recently proposed 4G model of final unification, integrating three large atomic gravitational constants corresponding to the electromagnetic, strong, and electroweak interactions, we explore the physical existence of a fundamental electroweak fermion of rest energy 585 GeV. This particle is envisioned as the “zygote” of all elementary fermions and as the weak‐field counterpart to photons and gluons. Using three core assumptions and five defining relations, the model quantitatively reproduces key nuclear and particle physics observables, including the strong coupling constant, nuclear binding energies, neutron lifetime, charge radii, and several dimensionless large numbers. Theoretical string tensions and energies are derived for each atomic interaction (weak, strong, electromagnetic) using experimentally relevant scales (GeV–MeV–eV) rather than the inaccessible Planck scale, thus extending string theory’s applicability to testable low‑energy domains. Comparative analysis (Tables 1 and 2) demonstrates close agreement between calculated string energies and known interaction energies, providing a bridge between quantum gravity concepts and measurable nuclear data. The model also predicts possible astrophysical signatures of the 585 GeV fermion through annihilation and acceleration processes capable of generating TeV–multi‑TeV photons. While the approach is qualitative in some mathematical details, its ability to fit fundamental constants and nuclear properties within a unified string–gravitational paradigm offers a promising, experimentally approachable route toward a physically grounded final unification theory. Additionally, our 4G model assumes a charged electroweak fermion with a mass of 585 GeV/ , intriguingly close to half the mass of the neutral supersymmetric Higgsino, estimated to lie between 1.1 and 1.2 TeV/c2. This numerical proximity reinforces the model’s alignment with leading theories of dark matter and supersymmetry, highlighting the charged fermion’s potential role as a fundamental building block within the electroweak sector. Such correspondence provides a compelling avenue for experimental searches and deeper theoretical investigations bridging nuclear physics and particle phenomenology.