Abstract: Existing information-theoretic derivations of quantum mechanics from Fisher informationlack a thermodynamic embedding: they contain no temperature, no entropy, and no free-energy balance, and therefore cannot address the quantum–classical boundary within thesame variational structure. We show that this limitation is removed by a Helmholtz-typefree-energy functional on probability distributions in which Fisher information provides theenergy and relative Shannon entropy, weighted by an effective temperature ϑ, provides theentropic cost. Chentsov’s theorem and the Shore–Johnson axioms constrain this functionalup to two coefficients, one of which is fixed by consistency with the quantum kinetic energy.At ϑ= 0 the functional reproduces the Fisher-information variational principle of Reginattoand Hall–Reginatto; extremisation of the associated action recovers the Schr¨odinger equationvia the Madelung transformation. Quantum mechanics is thereby identified as the zero-temperature fixed point of the Helmholtz structure. The finite-temperature sector ϑ > 0,which has no counterpart in previous approaches, yields three results: a gauge-invariantbalance scale Lc = ℏ/2√mϑ at which both the free-energy descent and the gradient-flowspreading law change character — the spreading exponent crossing over from the quantum-pressure value 1/4 to the diffusive value 1/2 — together with, under harmonic confinement,a genuine variationally stable minimum interpolating between the exact quantum ground-state and classical equipartition widths; a dissipation bound for localisation transitions,derived from a Wasserstein gradient flow with Lyapunov structure, from which Landauer’sprinciple follows as a corollary in the entropy-dominated regime; and a thermodynamicstability property that singles out the Born weights as the unique stable basin fractionsunder the dissipative dynamics, presented as a consistency check.

Abstract: This proof-of-concept work demonstrates a Bayesian Network (BN) augmentation of the Joint Authorities for Rulemaking on Unmanned Systems (JARUS) Specific Operations Risk Assessment (SORA) 2.5. The proposed architecture maintains the deterministic decision structure of SORA while introducing BN only where operational uncertainty exists. Mission characteristics and observable operational conditions are used as evidence, whereas uncertain factors, such as the risk of ground and air disturbances, are represented probabilistically. Consequently, the Bayesian Network enhances the assessment by quantifying uncertainty while maintaining the official SORA outputs, including the Ground Risk Class (GRC), residual Air Risk Class (ARC), and Specific Assurance and Integrity Level (SAIL). An airframe inspection mission at Riga Airport is used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework and to compare its outputs with those of the SORA 2.5. The results indicate that BN provides an enhanced representation of operational uncertainty and causal relationships while preserving the deterministic structure of SORA. The framework is intended as a probabilistic decision-support tool rather than a replacement for regulatory assessment; therefore, this article does not estimate the probability of regulatory approval or claim predictive superiority over SORA. The contribution is a transparent model specification and a proof-of-concept foundation for future validation using empirical operational data and multiple mission scenarios.

Abstract: This study investigates the fabricability, microstructures, mechanical and corrosion behavior of multi-material structure (MMS) composed of niobium alloy (NbZr1) and titanium alloy (Ti64) using a wire-arc directed energy deposition process. The microstructure of NbZr1 alloy primarily consisted of equiaxed grains oriented in the rolling direction, while the deposited Ti64 microstructure exhibited ‘banding’ morphology and a basket weave structure composed of α phase lamellae in a β matrix. The MMS interface revealed good metallurgical bonding and was free from defects such as cracks, pores and intermetallic phases. Niobium diffusion from the NbZr1 into the Ti64 alloy resulted in formation (β-Ti + Nb) solid solution which imparted strength to the MMS. The hardness testing showed that microhardness values follow the trend: NbZr1 substrate > MMS interface > Ti64 deposit. The NbZr1–Ti64 multi-material structure developed in this study exhibited a balanced combination of ductility (22.73% elongation) and moderate tensile strength (254.18 MPa), outperforming most reported NbZr1-Ti64 MMS studies. All tensile specimens failed in ductile manner on NbZr1 side. The MMS demonstrated superior corrosion resistance, exhibiting the lowest corrosion current density and corrosion rate compared to its individual counterparts.

Abstract: Tunisian wheat bran (TWB), a major milling by-product, was assessed as a substrate for BLB1 biopesticide production. Four fractions (F1-F4) were generated after sieving, with coarse fractions (> 500 µm) dominating at 67% w/w. with comparable protein, fat and starch content. Notably, water retention capacity was the highest in coarse particles (F2), reflecting porosity and buffering potential. When tested as culture medium, the mix F2+F3 (1:1) significantly enhanced BLB1 bioperformances in shake flask level, yielding 2.9 times higher toxin concentrations (1.38 mg.mL^-1) and improved spore production, compared to semi-synthetic medium (SSM). This amelioration was suggested to be due to balanced porosity and nutrient accessibility, providing a better oxygen transfer. Indeed, in bioreactor trials, F2+F3 stabilized abiotic parameters (pO₂, pH, and stirring), supported smoother growth transitions, and achieved higher protein concentrations (≈1.7 mg.mL^-1) compared to SSM (0.52 mg.mL^-1), confirming its buffering capacity. Additionally, the insecticidal potential of the BLB1-based biopesticide produced with the F2+F3 mix was evaluated against Ectomyelois ceratoniae and Ephestia kuehniella, showing mortality rates comparable to those of the commercial Delfin product. These findings highlight TWB, particularly F2+F3 mix, as a cost-effective, sustainable substrate for BLB1 biopesticide production, combining favorable physico-chemical properties, fermentation stability and a high insecticidal activity.

Abstract: Background: Infantile dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is uncommon but carries substantial mortality, particularly when accompanied by neurological, ocular, or metabolic abnormalities. Long-Olsen-Distelmaier syndrome is a rare mTORopathy caused by heterozygous gain-of-function variants in RRAGC and may include cortical malformations, congenital cataracts, mineral disturbances, and early-onset DCM. Case Summary: We describe a term male infant born to consanguineous parents who developed hypocalcemia with hyperphosphatemia, bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria, bilateral congenital lamellar cataracts, and small patent ductus arteriosus and ventricular septal defect with initially preserved biventricular function. Consequently, clinical whole-exome sequencing was requested. At 53 days of age, he presented with poor feeding, lethargy, cardiogenic shock, severe lactic acidosis, and hyperkalemia during a rhinovirus/enterovirus-positive respiratory illness. Echocardiography demonstrated newly developed severe DCM, marked left ventricular dilatation, and an ejection fraction of 27%. Despite multi-agent inotropic support and intensive care, ventricular function did not recover, and he died at approximately two months of age. Whole-exome sequencing identified a heterozygous RRAGC NM_022157.4:c.343T>C, p.(Trp115Arg) variant. The diagnostic laboratory classified the variant as likely pathogenic, and an independent manuscript-level ACMG/AMP reassessment was concordant. The multisystem phenotype was also highly consistent with the reported syndrome. Conclusion: This case broadens the clinical and geographic spectrum of RRAGC-related Long-Olsen-Distelmaier syndrome and documents rapid progression from preserved neonatal ventricular function to fatal infantile DCM. Moreover, respiratory viral detection should be interpreted cautiously because myocardial infection or myocarditis was not established. Early exome-based testing should be considered in infants with cardiomyopathy and multi-system abnormalities.

Abstract: Tether-net systems represent a leading technology for the Active Debris Removal (ADR) of non-cooperative space objects; however, a fundamental operational gap persists between the discipline of Space Situational Awareness (SSA) and the mechanics of net-based capture. No existing framework propagates the observational uncertainties inherent to SSA data through net deployment dynamics to yield operationally actionable capture probability estimates. This paper addresses that gap by proposing an end-to-end SSA-to-ADR uncertainty propagation pipeline that treats tether-net debris capture as a probabilistic decision problem under observational uncertainty. Characterization of the full debris-state covariance from TLE-derived orbital uncertainties and photometric light-curve spin-state estimates; linear covariance propagation and Monte Carlo sampling through a lumped-parameter tether-net deployment dynamics model to the ejection epoch; and construction of a capture probability surface over the ejection parameter space that quantifies expected capture success as a function of observable data quality. The methodology is developed and exercised using Telkom-3, a defunct Indonesian satellite with concurrent photometric observations from Zimmerwald Observatory. The role of ground-based geographically distributed SSA networks in reducing state uncertainty and improving capture reliability is explicitly quantified. In the present implementation, the framework’s rotational-phase coupling is exercised in its conservative, uniform-phase limiting case; the architecture is designed to accommodate the spin-period-dependent phase concentration suggested by the photometric dataset as a direct extension. The proposed framework establishes a principled, transferable, and traceable methodology for probabilistic ADR mission planning conditioned on actual observational campaign quality.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: India's diet remains dominated by carbohydrates; the recent ICMR–INDIAB survey-21 found that carbohydrates contribute approximately 62% of total energy intake nationally, alongside relatively low protein intake, but did not assess carbohydrate quality by diabetes status. I-STARCH-1 characterised macronutrient intake and carbohydrate quality among Indian adults with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with descriptive comparison to the original STARCH (Study to Assess dietaRy CarboHydrate content) 2014 cohort. Methods: This multicentre cross-sectional study enrolled 1104 adults (690 with T2DM and 414 without T2DM) from 29 healthcare centres across 14 Indian states. Dietary intake was assessed using three non-consecutive 24-hour recalls and harmonised using the Indian Council of Medical Research–National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR–NIN) Food Composition Tables. Macronutrient intake was compared by T2DM status and geographic zone, with STARCH 2014 used as a historical reference. Exploratory Diet-Quality Index (DQI) and Protein–Fat Quality Index (PFQI) scores were also evaluated. Results: Carbohydrates contributed 62.1% of total energy intake, fat 25.1%, and protein 12.8%. Simple carbohydrates accounted for 20.3% of total carbohydrate intake, while fibre intake remained low (~15 g/day). Adults with T2DM derived a lower proportion of energy from carbohydrates than those without T2DM (61.0% vs. 64.1%). Dietary patterns were broadly consistent across geographic zones. Compared descriptively with STARCH 2014, I-STARCH-1 showed lower carbohydrate intake, higher fat intake, a higher simple-carbohydrate proportion, and less favourable exploratory DQI and PFQI values. Convenience clinic-based sampling and the cross-sectional design limit generalisability and causal inference. Conclusions: Carbohydrate intake among Indian adults remains high, while carbohydrate quality is suboptimal, characterised by low fibre and elevated simple-carbohydrate intake. Findings support prioritising carbohydrate quality, fibre, and protein adequacy rather than reducing carbohydrate quantity alone.

Abstract: Modern cancer therapy is investigated primarily through micro-level analyses of molecular, cellular, metabolic, immune, microenvironmental, and physiological mechanisms, together with macro-level evaluation of observable therapeutic outcomes. Current approaches commonly bridge these levels by relating selected microscopic features to outcomes, but they do not explicitly represent the collective dynamic process through which therapeutic outcomes emerge. Recent work formulated cancer therapy as a continuous process in which an initial state-space organization θ_0 and therapeutic input μ give rise to therapeutic trajectory evolution T, attractor formation A, and an observable outcome y: (θ_0,μ) → T → A → y. The present work examines the structural limitation of direct micro-to-macro mapping and current feature-based approaches, and then uses the probability chain rule to factorize the joint conditional distribution P(T_i,A_j,y_k ∣ θ_0,μ), where T_i, A_j, and y_k denote possible realizations of therapeutic trajectories, attractors, and outcomes, respectively. This factorization makes explicit the hierarchical conditional organization of therapeutic evolution. The continuous-process formulation and its probabilistic decomposition identify an analytical domain in which state-space organization, trajectory evolution, and attractor formation are treated as collective dynamic objects; this domain is termed the mesoscopic analytical level. By explicitly representing the therapeutic process between treatment and outcome, the framework formulates a dynamic probabilistic therapeutic-process mapping distinct from a direct input–outcome mapping. Coarse-graining is introduced as one possible methodological principle for transforming high-dimensional microscopic information into lower-dimensional representations suitable for mesoscopic analysis.

Abstract: The quantification of structural resilience and sub-percentile tail risk represents a major challenge across both corporate financial engineering and modern industrial logistics. Traditional aggregation architectures—principally linear risk matrices and parametric extreme-value copulas—harbor critical, systemic blind spots. This paper highlights a numerical limitation of the Gumbel extreme-value copula in deep-tail regions (F≥0.999). Analytical results indicate that the logarithmic structure of the tail generator produces progressively higher sensitivity near the distribution boundary, yielding an empirical condition number greater than 1,220 at the regulatory 99.9% Value-at-Risk (VaR) threshold. This numerical conditioning issue increases sensitivity to sample noise and data scarcity, resulting in a 36.5% underestimation of systemic tail damage. The proposed model formalizes risk scenarios by mapping multi-node threats as normalized directional unit vectors within a compact 3D vector space. Interactions are then calculated algebraically using geometric invariants—the Dot Product for root-cause convergence and the Cross Product Norm for dynamic, second-order risk resonance—effectively contracting high-dimensional combinations into a stable framework. Rather than treating risks as frame-dependent scalar probabilities, this generalized High-Dimensional Geometric Invariant Operational Risk Framework replaces legacy structures with domain-agnostic invariants capturing dynamic risk resonance and multi-trigger cascades. Empirical results across rugged operational environments, acute data scarcity (Ntrain = 100), and high-dimensional scaling (50 risk factors) demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms standard alternatives by a factor of approximately 13 in out-of-sample predictive accuracy (MSE = 0.08193) while maintaining absolute parametric stability. Furthermore, a Taylor-series tensor contraction successfully collapses 1,275 second-order interactions into just 2 free parameters. This framework bypasses iterative Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) bottlenecks, unlocking real-time, low-latency Monte Carlo stress testing for systemic banking compliance and global supply chain risk governance.

Abstract: Universities operate beyond their conventional roles of education and research, functioning as socio-spatial environments where public life is continuously produced through everyday interactions. While previous studies have examined either campus spatial configuration or student practices separately, less attention has been paid to how spatial configuration, spatial affordances, and student-led practices interact to produce campus publicness. Addressing this gap, this study investigates the socio-spatial production of publicness across the North and South campuses of Bahçeşehir University (BAU), an inner-city university located in the dense urban context of Beşiktaş, Istanbul. The study adopts a mixed-methods approach that integrates Space Syntax analysis (Angular Segment Analysis and Visibility Graph Analysis), affordance-based observations of in-between spaces, and semi-structured interviews with student clubs. This analytical framework enables an examination of how spatial configuration creates opportunities for co-presence, how architectural affordances support sustained interaction, and how students appropriate these spatial potentials through artistic co-production and collective practices. The findings demonstrate that campus publicness cannot be explained by spatial configuration alone. Rather than occupying either the most integrated circulation routes or the most segregated areas, student clubs consistently appropriate moderately integrated and visually accessible in-between spaces that balance accessibility with opportunities for prolonged interaction. These spaces—including lounges, appropriated classrooms, gardens, and informal thresholds—support repeated rehearsals, performances, and collaborative activities that transform latent spatial potential into sustained forms of collective public life. The study further shows that, while digital communication reinforces these practices, they remain primarily rooted in face-to-face interaction within the campus environment. By conceptualizing this process as specialized campus publicness, the study extends discussions on campus publicness by demonstrating that public life emerges through the dynamic interaction of spatial configuration, architectural affordances, and repeated student practices. It further contributes to urbanism and campus design research by illustrating how inner-city university campuses function as distinctive socio-spatial environments for collective cultural production.

Abstract: Rehabilitation of mine features associated with abandoned mines is a global challenge in many countries, including South Africa, which has had a mature mining industry since the 1860s. Most existing rehabilitation approaches do not adequately address the physical, chemical, and environmental hazards associated with abandoned mines. In this study, the abandoned mine features at the Louis Moore and Klein Letaba abandoned gold mine sites were identified, assessed, scored, and ranked based on their existing and potential negative impacts on the environment and human health. Soil around the studied abandoned mine features was collected at a depth of 10-30 cm to assess contamination levels. The tailings at the abandoned mines show the decreasing order of A s˃ Co ˃ Ni ˃ Cu ˃ Zn ˃ Pb ˃ Cd. The maximum concentrations of Cu (81mg/kg), Zn (465 mg/kg), As (694 mg/kg), Ni (1213 mg/kg), and Pb (109 mg/kg) exceed the maximum permissible limits in natural soils, indicating that the tailings material was contaminated by these metals. The total physical hazard scores computed for abandoned mine features at Louis Moore and Klein Letaba are 40.96 and 16.04, respectively. Mine features for rehabilitation are prioritized as mine shafts, mine tailings, rock dumps, water reservoirs, silos, ball mills, and old buildings. The highest potential environmental hazard and risk, with a score of 9, is assigned because flooding has high potential to pollute water systems. The flooding of abandoned mine shafts, ore spillages, and toxic metals of abandoned mine dumps contaminate nearby water systems and soil.

Abstract: Ti-15V-3Al-3Cr-3Sn alloy (Ti-153) plates were subjected to a hydriding process to obtain Ti-153 powder, which was then further hot-press sintered (HPS) into porous electrodes to see their hydrogen storage and evolution capabilities. The effects of processing parameters on the hydrogenation behavior were characterized qualitatively and quantitatively utilizing X-ray diffractometry (XRD: D2 PHASER, BRUKER, USA, 30 kV-10 mA, Cu-Kα λ=1.541838 Å), scanning electron microscopy (SEM: Hitachi 4800), and elemental analysis (EA: Heraeus vario III-NCSH). XRD and EA analyses demonstrate that the hydrogen absorption and evolution capabilities of the powdered electrodes are superior to those of the original bulk sheet specimens. The hydrogen uptake of the specimens was evaluated by cyclic electrolytic hydrogenation at 50 mA/cm² for various periods in a 1N H₂SO₄ aqueous solution containing 0.1 g/L A_s2O₃, followed by solution treatment in a muffle furnace at 300°C for 1 hour. The subsequent dehydrogenation process was conducted at 300°C and 4.67 Pa for 2 hours. The optimal processing conditions in this study are as follows: (1) First, the Ti-153 sheets are treated in a hydrogen furnace at 300℃ under a hydrogen pressure of 50atm for 15 hours to obtain the raw powder; (2) Subsequently, the raw powder is processed in a hot-pressing sintering furnace at 600℃ under 25 MPa for 2 hours to yield the sintered electrodes.

Abstract: For more than half a century, tacit knowledge has explained why skilled organisational work cannot be reduced to written rules or formal procedures. Competent action relies on situated judgement, perceptual cues, and experience-shaped discrimination. Historically, AI systems could not access this know-how because they required explicit rules, labelled examples, or articulated document corpora. The shift to agentic AI changes this practical reality: agents can now use tools, maintain memory, observe workflow traces, and interact with human workers directly. This capability raises a question: which aspects of tacit practice leave enough behavioural traces and contextual conditions to become useful computational artefacts? This paper presents Tacit as a governed memory layer for agentic AI that complements procedural, semantic, and episodic memory. To operationalise it, we introduce Metis, a reference architecture specifying how systems can responsibly capture, represent, validate, govern, and retrieve "tacit fragments". We delineate an exogenous pathway that captures fragments from situated human practice, the paper's primary focus, alongside an endogenous pathway where agents surface latent competence from their own operational traces. We set out how agentic systems can turn situated human practice into governed memory an agent can use, provided each fragment remains strictly bound to its conditions, provenance, confidence, and human validation.

Abstract: Harnessing endophytic bacteria for disease management offers a promising sustainable strategy owing to their biocontrol activity in agriculture. Our previous research has shown that endophytic Bacillus spp. significantly suppressed wheat blast disease in field. Despite their promising biocontrol potential, the successful commercialization of microbial biopesticides depends on economical mass production, high microbial viability, prolonged shelf-life, and consistent field performance. This study optimized fermentation conditions, endospore production and carrier formulations of three endophytic Bacillus strains (B. subtilis, BTS-3 and B. velezensis BTS-4 and BTLK6A) for sustainable management of wheat blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum (MoT). Sugarcane molasses was evaluated as a low-cost alternative to commercial nutrient broth, while supplementation with 500 ppm MnCl2.4H2O enhanced growth and endospore production for Bacillus spp. Talc- and molasses-based liquid formulations were subsequently developed and evaluated for storage stability. Talc formulation containing 1% (w/w) carboxymethyl cellulose and 1.5% calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) provided the highest survival up to 180 days, maintaining a population density of approximately ~10⁵-10⁶ CFU g⁻¹, whereas liquid formulations exhibited a faster decline in cell viability. Despite these differences, both formulation types significantly reduced blast disease severity by 48.78-75.98% compared to the only MoT infected control in the field. Seed priming consistently outperformed foliar application and also enhanced tiller production (9.40–16.62%), thousand-grain weight (13.47-32.41%), and highest grain yield (321 g/plot), achieving up to 38.58% higher yield than the MoT-inoculated control. These findings established an effective approach for developing stable talc- and molasses-based formulations capable of maintaining bacterial viability and supporting the field efficacy for sustainable wheat blast management.

Abstract: Background and Objectives: Off-label medical narcotic use may be classified as misuse and abuse, but this classification need not coincide with judgments about how broadly medical narcotic use should be permitted. We examined the association and discordance between these judgments, as well as how each was related to three dose reduction-related responses. Materials and Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional web-based survey data from 300 physicians specializing in neurology, psychiatry, or anesthesiology and pain medicine in South Korea. Strict classification of all off-label use as misuse and abuse and a restrictive view of how broadly medical narcotic use should be permitted were entered simultaneously into logistic regression models for prior recommendation of dose reduction or discontinuation, belief that dose reduction would be helpful, and future intention to attempt dose reduction. Models were adjusted for age, sex, practice type, and specialty, with false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment across six primary associations. Results: Strict classification was selected by 42 physicians (14.0%), and a restrictive view by 107 (35.7%). The two judgments were positively associated (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.38–10.46), but 92 of 297 physicians (31.0%) gave discordant responses. After FDR adjustment, strict classification was associated with prior recommendation (aOR, 3.06; 95% CI, 1.37–6.83) and belief that dose reduction would be helpful (aOR, 4.51; 95% CI, 1.91–10.67). A restrictive view was associated with the same belief (aOR, 3.59; 95% CI, 2.12–6.10) and future intention (aOR, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.55–5.40). Conclusions: These findings indicate that physicians’ broad judgments about off-label medical narcotic use and the permitted scope of medical narcotic use are related but distinct and show different patterns of association with three dose reduction-related responses. They support the view that tapering decisions should be guided by individualized clinical assessment rather than by legal and regulatory frameworks alone.

Abstract: Clinical studies have shown that patients who had sepsis with COVID-19 infection had worse clinical outcomes, however, there is a paucity of data on the nationwide impact of COVID-19 infection in patients with sepsis. Hence, we conducted a retrospective cohort study using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2020 through 2022 to determine the impact of COVID-19 infection on the outcomes of patients with sepsis. Adult sepsis hospitalizations were identified using ICD-10-CM codes and stratified by concurrent COVID-19 infection status. Survey weighted multivariate regression analysis was performed. Patients with sepsis with concurrent COVID-19 infection had worse outcomes with higher mortality rate (15.6% vs 5.4%; aOR 3.71; 95% CI 3.62-3.80), higher need for invasive ventilation (13.1% vs 6.5%) and NIV (non-invasive ventilation) (10.2% vs 4.9%), higher incidence of acute kidney injury (37.6% vs 36.7%), acute respiratory failure (57.5% vs 20.3%), acute liver failure (1.0% vs 1.2%), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (0.4% vs 0.3%), cardiac arrest (3.1% vs 1.5%), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (7.9% vs 0.4%), higher need for renal replacement therapy (4.9% vs 4.5%), tracheostomy (1.6% vs 0.6%), extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (0.2% vs 0.04%), longer length of hospital stay (10.3 days vs 7.6 days), higher total charges ($127,632 vs $93,735 respectively). The results demonstrate that the COVID-19 infection was independently associated with worse clinical outcomes among hospitalized with sepsis. These results underscore the need for early recognition, aggressive treatment, and targeted therapy in this high-risk clinical group.

Abstract: Exosomes are small vesicles released by various cells type; compounds of a lipid bilayer and surface proteins that facilitate their recognition, direction and uptake by the target cell. Inside, exosomes contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, the composition of which varies depending on the cell of origin. Exosomes can be internalized by the target cell by endocytosis, fusion, or ligand-receptor interaction. The main functions of these extracellular vesicles (EVs) are intercellular communication, gene regulation, and the activation of cell regeneration and repair processes. Due to these characteristics, exosomes emerge as a promising option for the treatment of various diseases. Therefore, this review addresses the biology of exosomes and provides examples of studies with the molecular mechanisms by which these vesicles are taken up by target cells; examples of factors that influence the secretion and molecular composition of exosomes, which can be modified through exosome engineering, to enhance their effects. Furthermore, it addresses a diverse range of examples of the potential therapeutic applications of exosomes, including those loaded with different types of molecules, to use them as vehicles for drug delivery, with the objective of achieving safer, more precise, and effective treatments. Finally, it includes some clinical studies conducted with exosomes.

Abstract: Background: Relapsing polychondritis (RP) is a rare systemic inflammatory disorder characterised by recurrent inflammation and progressive structural damage of cartilaginous and proteoglycan-rich tissues, particularly auricular, nasal and laryngotracheobronchial cartilage. Ocular, audiovestibular, cardiovascular, cutaneous, neurological and musculoskeletal manifestations illustrate its systemic nature. Traditionally regarded as an autoimmune chondropathy, RP is increasingly recognised as a heterogeneous clinical syndrome. The discovery of somatic mutations in UBA1 causing VEXAS (vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic) syndrome has substantially changed this conceptual framework.Objective: To provide an updated translational review of the pathophysiology, clinical phenotypes, diagnostic approach and treatment of RP, with particular emphasis on the distinction between classical immune-mediated RP and UBA1-mutated VEXAS-associated chondritis, and on the transition from empirical immunosuppression towards precision therapeutics.Methods: A narrative review of the literature was undertaken, focusing predominantly on publications between January 2000 and August 2026 while retaining seminal earlier studies defining RP and its diagnostic criteria. PubMed/MEDLINE and the reference lists of major reviews, multicentre cohorts and consensus documents were examined. Because randomised therapeutic evidence remains exceptionally limited in RP, treatment data were interpreted according to study design, number of treated patients, consistency of response and potential sources of bias.Results: Classical RP appears to involve loss of immune tolerance towards cartilage-associated extracellular matrix components, followed by interaction between adaptive and innate immune pathways. By contrast, VEXAS syndrome originates from acquired somatic UBA1 mutations in haematopoietic progenitor cells, resulting in altered ubiquitination, proteotoxic stress, clonal haematopoiesis and profound innate autoinflammation. Macrocytic anaemia, cytopenias, neutrophilic dermatosis, venous thromboembolism, persistent systemic inflammation and myelodysplastic features should prompt UBA1 testing in an appropriate RP phenotype. Airway involvement remains a major determinant of irreversible morbidity and mortality. Treatment of classical RP remains largely evidence-informed rather than evidence-based, whereas VEXAS requires a distinct strategy integrating anti-inflammatory and clone-directed therapy.Conclusions: RP should no longer be regarded exclusively as a uniform autoimmune chondropathy. The VEXAS paradigm demonstrates that a clinically similar phenotype may arise from fundamentally different pathogenic mechanisms. Contemporary management should combine clinical phenotyping, advanced imaging, haematological assessment and selective molecular testing, with therapy chosen according to organ threat, inflammatory activity, accumulated damage and underlying biology.

Abstract: In a finite graph, an independent set is a group of vertices that are not connected by edges. The independence, or independent number, tells how big the largest collection of vertices is where no two nodes are next to each other. When optimizing network architecture, error correcting codes, and resource allocation, the independence number a crucial metric in graph theory plays a significant role. In this article we investigate independence within structured graph families, specifically Toeplitz graphs and circulant graphs. For these graphs, solutions are computationally tractable because of periodic structure which makes them indispensable for combinatorial optimization, modeling cyclic communication protocols, and parallel grid based systems. For k = 2,3,4,5, this problem is solved for C_n < 1,k >, in 2008 (ISITAE) [33], but it remains open for bigger families of circulant graphs that are subject to NP-Hard and for Toeplitz graphs. Moreover, this research solve an open problem for Toeplitz and generalized circulant graphs that highlight an in depth study of the independence numbers that fluctuate across a broad spectrum of generating values and their precise bounds.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory dis-ease associated with a high systemic burden. Inhibition of the IL-23/IL-17 axis is the cornerstone of therapy; however, in the assessment of psoriatic disease-associated comorbidities, an equally crucial topic concerns the study of immune-nutritional sta-tus. The aim of the study was to document the efficacy, safety and systemic impact of Bimekizumab and Tildrakizumab in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis by analyz-ing clinimetric and indices, atherogenic risk, and innovatively the immune-nutritional markers. Methods: this is a real world clinical study, including 52 psoriasis patients, treated with Bimekizumab or Tildrakizumab, followed for 52 weeks. In particular, we analized clinimetric (evaluated by PASI and DLQI) and inflammatory (CRP, ESR, NLR, PLR, and LMR ratios, SII) indices, atherogenic risk (by evaluating lipid profile), and im-munonutritional markers (HALP score, and CONUT score). Assessments were per-formed at baseline and after 52 weeks. Results: both treatments resulted in a significant reduction in PASI at week 52. The systemic inflammatory marker CRP decreased in both groups. A trend of reduction from baseline to week 52 was reported for both the NLR, and the PLR. Conversely, a trend of increase were reported for the LMR. The HALP index was significant increase in Bimekizumab group compared to Tildrakizumab group while the CONUT score was significantly lower, suggesting an improvement in the immune-nutritional status. Conclusion: In conclusion, the integrated assessment of hematological ratios, inflam-matory indices and immune-nutritional markers provides clinically useful information for a more complete and personalized management of the psoriatic patients.