preprints.org > physical sciences > astronomy and astrophysics > doi: 10.20944/preprints202201.0301.v1

Preprint Article Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Version 1 : Received: 18 January 2022 / Approved: 20 January 2022 / Online: 20 January 2022 (11:11:44 CET)
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Version 18 : Received: 17 March 2024 / Approved: 19 March 2024 / Online: 19 March 2024 (12:58:11 CET)

In this paper, it is proposed that to fully understand the Cosmology of the Universe, we need to consider the FRW metric to measure the Universe in our past light cone and the internal Schwarzschild metric to accurately predict the scale factor. The unknowns in the internal Schwarzschild metric are solved for using cosmological data and it is shown that the predictions it gives match observations without the need for a cosmological constant. The entire Schwarzschild metric in Kruskal-Sezekeres coordinates is examined and we see that it describes two CPT symmetric Universes moving in opposite directions in the time dimension. One Universe contains matter while the other contains antimatter. It is then shown that due to the sign of the angular term in the internal Schwarzschild metric, the time dimension is complex-valued which allows the Universes to, in a sense, bounce off each other at the Big Bang due to particle annihilation and reproduction, after which both Universes expand away from one another. At the singularity, the geodesics reverse their direction in time and begin to re-collapse toward each other. This creates a discontinuity in the geodesics at the singularity, giving rise to the singular nature of the coordinates at that point in time. Finally, we look at the external solution and find that gravitational event horizons cannot be formed or reached until the end of the re-collapse. We find that all the gravitational event horizons in the Universe represent the same point which is the annihilation event at the end of re-collapse.

Cosmology; Black holes; Dark Energy; Schwarzschild metric

Physical Sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics

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