Abstract:

The physical nature of dark matter and dark energy remains one of the most pressing questions in modern cosmology. This work presents a phenomenological model where the entire dark sector is described by two minimally coupled scalar fields within General Rela-tivity. The first, an ultra-light scalar field Ψ with mass m_Ψ, constitutes Fuzzy Dark Matter (FDM), whose coherent oscillations dynamically replicate cold dark matter on large scales. The second, a quintessence field ϕ, evolves under an axion-like potential and serves as the dark energy component. We demonstrate that this framework can successfully reproduce the canonical cosmic history while offering a physical mechanism to address the S₈ tension. By exploring the model’s parameter space, we show that the suppression of small-scale structure is a direct function of the FDM mass. For a benchmark mass of m_Ψ = 10⁻²² eV, chosen to illustrate the potential impact, we show that the model can produce a value of S₈ σ₈(Ω_m/0.3)^0.5 of approximately 0.79, significantly alleviating the tension between early and late-universe probes [1,9,10]. Concurrently, the model predicts a “thawing” behavior for dark energy, with a present-day equation of state, w_ϕ,0, that depends on the potential’s parameters, yielding w_ϕ,0 0.92 in our benchmark case—a value distinguishably different from the cosmological constant’s w_Λ = 1. We acknowledge that the FDM mass required to affect the S₈ tension creates a testable conflict with some Lyman-alpha forest constraints [16], a point we discuss as a key feature for the model’s falsifiability. By connecting cos-mic acceleration, dark matter, and the S₈ tension, this self-consistent framework offers a compelling and highly testable alternative to the ΛCDM model, motivating a full statistical analysis.

Abstract: We present a geometric framework for quantum entanglement within the Cosmic Energy Inversion Theory wherein space-time torsion, dynamically sourced by primordial energy field gradients, physically mediates non-local quantum correlations. Unlike standard quantum mechanics treating entanglement as axiomatic, CEIT attributes correlations to torsion-induced phase coupling propagating at light speed through energy field variations, preserving relativistic causality while explaining Bell violations geometrically. The modified von Neumann entropy incorporates geometric contributions scaling as λℰ⁻¹∇ₐTᵅμν∂μΦₑₙₜ∂νΦₑₙₜ, where Φₑₙₜ quantifies how space-time twisting modulates correlation strength. Integration with Loop Quantum Gravity establishes holographic entropy encoding on torsion defined minimal surfaces, resolving black hole information paradoxes through geometric mechanisms. Numerical validation against gravitational gradient measurements yields 98.7% agreement with observed fidelity ratios, while pulsar coherence data constrains electromagnetic coupling parameters within 2.7% precision. The framework predicts Bell parameter modifications ΔB=0.182±0.026 in particle accelerator environments testable via CERN MATISSE interferometry, squeezed-light gravitational wave correlations accessible through LIGO observations, and enhanced cosmological structure formation signatures in JWST high-redshift spectroscopy. Experimental verification would establish entanglement as emergent space-time geometry rather than fundamental quantum axiom, unifying quantum mechanics with general relativity through six independently calibrated parameters.

Abstract: In this article the relationships are revealed between the views on neutrinos as they show up in various approaches of study. Among these are (a) Fermi’s theory on beta decay, (b) the classical view on the decay of the pion into a muon and a muon neutrino, (c) instrumental attempts for direct measurements of the neutrino’s rest mass like in the KATRIN project, (d) the studies in modern neutrino observatories on the phenomenon of neutrino oscillation and (e) the view on neutrinos in the Structural Model of particle physics. A non-classical kinematic analysis on lab frame decay processes shows that the effective masses of the three neutrinos are the same, although in this respect the comparison with the present data in the PMNS theory is not fully conclusive. Adopting the hypothesis that neutrinos fly at the lab frame speed of pions in free flight, their rest masses have to be set at 182.5 meV/c².

Abstract: This study investigates the average neutron multiplicity of fission fragments in ²³⁵U neutron-induced fission, with a focus on its correlations with fragment mass number (A) and total kinetic energy (TKE). The core objective is to elucidate the composition of fragment excitation energy—including intrinsic excitation energy (originating from nuclear excitation at the fission breakpoint) and deformation energy (resulting from shape relaxation to equilibrium)—and its impact on neutron evaporation. Using a Metropolis random walk model based on a five-dimensional potential energy surface (constructed through a macro-micro approach combined with cubic-quadratic surface (3QS) shape parameterization), the entire nuclear shape evolution process up to the fission breakpoint was simulated. Shape-dependent microscopic energy level density guided the random walk, distributed intrinsic energy among newly formed primitive fragments, and enabled calculations of neutron evaporation in excited fragments. Results show that computational results for thermal neutron-induced fission (TNNF) align well with experimental data. As incident neutron energy increases (e.g., MeV), the super-long (SL) fission mode—characterized by highly elongated fission breakpoint configurations (quadrupole moment) and low total kinetic energy—dominates, enhancing heavy fragment excitation and leading to higher neutron multiplicity than light fragments. The study reveals that the distribution of total excitation energy (E) (where E represents fission release energy) depends on nuclear structural effects and fragment mass number. This work establishes a quantitative foundation for understanding correlations between fission observables, highlights the roles of intrinsic energy, deformation energy, and super-long fission modes in neutron evaporation, and provides critical references for predicting neutron yields in high-energy neutron-induced fission.

Abstract: Paper attempts to clarify the meanings of key concepts in cosmology, such as matter, energy, mass, and hypothetical spacetime fabric. It also presents an attempt to prove the existence of spacetime fabric as physical entity that fills the entire Universe, based on the experimental effects it manifests. Furthermore, the paper hypothesizes that matter consists of three fundamental components (states): energy, mass, and spacetime fabric, forming another triplet in the Standard Model classification.

Abstract: This article proposes a radical simplification of physics foundations through the introduction of the concept of protomatter - the imaginary density of space, representing an additional non-geometric dimension. It is shown that this concept allows for a unified description of phenomena that previously required separate entities: charges become density clusters, the electric field becomes its gradient, the magnetic field becomes the gradient of flow, and quantum states become its resonant modes. Within the formalism, Coulomb's law and the Biot-Savart law are derived from first principles, Bohr's postulate is justified, and the finiteness of the self-energy of a charge is demonstrated. The model does not contradict experimental data but reinterprets them, indicating the derivative nature of the magnetic field and the existence of absolute (gravitationally-bound) reference frames. Dark matter and dark energy are identified with the very fabric of protomatter, eliminating the need for hypothetical particles.

Abstract: Quantum gravity aims to reconcile general relativity, which governs the macroscopic dynamics of spacetime, with quantum mechanics, which describes matter and interactions on microscopic scales. The tension between the background-independent, deterministic framework of general relativity and the background-dependent, probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics underscores the need for a unified theoretical description. Although several major theories have been developed, most notably string theory and loop quantum gravity, no fully consistent and experimentally validated theory of quantum gravity has yet emerged. A successful formulation is expected to illuminate the fundamental structure of spacetime and provide resolutions to singular phenomena such as those inside black holes and at the Big Bang. In this article, a unifying quantum theory of gravity is presented through the quantization of the double cover of the Lorentz group. In this framework, particles in the fundamental representation correspond to fermionic matter, while gauge fields in the adjoint representation carry quantum energy–momentum and encode spacetime curvature, thereby playing the role of the gravitational field. Classical general relativity arises as an effective field theory within this formulation. The resulting theory is renormalizable, free of singularities, and capable of describing black hole and Big Bang dynamics.

Abstract: The Standard Model introduces fermion masses through Yukawa couplings, yet it provides no underlying principle governing their values or generation structure. We propose a geometric–algebraic framework in which fermion masses emerge from discrete eigenmodes of the Laplace–Beltrami operator defined on compactified internal manifolds within a quantized, micro-causal spacetime. The internal geometry is endowed with E₈ exceptional symmetry, whose lattice structure organizes harmonic modes and constrains flavor multiplicity. Exponential suppression from internal curvature naturally produces hierarchical mass scales without fitted Yukawa parameters. The resulting spectrum reproduces the charged-lepton masses and yields Koide’s relation as a structural consequence. Internal quantum numbers and generation triplicity arise from the sedenionic gauge algebra, while embedding the mass eigenmodes into the E₈ lattice enforces symmetry breaking and geometric consistency. The quantized spacetime adopted here is treated as a working hypothesis—motivated by causal-set, loop-quantum-gravity, and lattice-regularization approaches—providing a finite, testable framework for fermion mass generation and flavor structure.

Abstract: This work presents a unified algebraic framework for cosmology—Sedenionic Quantum Gravity (SQG)—in which spacetime curvature, dark energy, and entropy arise from a common underlying principle: the quantized commutator structure of a 16-dimensional sedenionic gauge field. In this theory, the cosmological constant is not an arbitrary parameter but an algebraic curvature invariant derived from the relation where is the sedenionic covariant derivative. This non-associative operator framework replaces geometric curvature with algebraic curvature, linking microscopic internal spinor dynamics to the macroscopic expansion of the Universe. Unlike the constant Λ of the standard Λ-CDM model, the SQG framework predicts a slowly varying cosmological term where the single algebraic parameter determines the rate of vacuum relaxation. The model naturally reproduces late-time acceleration, baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO), and large-scale structure formation while avoiding ultraviolet divergences through intrinsic non-associativity. Key predictions include: (i) a logarithmic phase drift in the BAO power spectrum; (ii) a small deviation of the dark-energy equation-of-state parameter from −1, and (iii) finite black-hole entropy derived from internal spinor microstates. These results unify dark energy, quantum information, and gravitational curvature within a single predictive algebraic formalism, offering a physically testable alternative to both Λ-CDM and Finsler-kinetic cosmologies.

Abstract: We present a novel formulation of general relativity derived from operator algebra over sedenionic spacetime, replacing the conventional differential-geometric framework with a non-associative, hypercomplex algebra. In this model, displacement operators on a micro-causal lattice define curvature through their commutators, and Einstein’s field equations emerge as projections of nested operator relations. A key achievement of this framework is the elimination of two long-standing problems in modern physics: the missing-mass problem and the cosmological constant puzzle. Galaxy rotation curves and cluster dynamics are explained without invoking dark matter or MOND, as the algebra naturally produces an additional force term at large scales. Likewise, the cosmological constant (Λ) is not an ad hoc insertion but arises as a derived property of the sedenionic commutator algebra, resolving the long-standing vacuum catastrophe. Beyond these breakthroughs, the model avoids black hole singularities through algebraic saturation, predicts fermionic gravitinos, and provides new insights into gravitational entropy and the arrow of time. Distinct from string and M-theory—which require extra dimensions and remain decoupled from the Standard Model—our approach offers a self-contained algebraic geometry that unifies gravity with quantum phenomena and lays the foundation for a grand unified description of all fundamental forces and particles.

Abstract: Physical processes are usually described using four-dimensional vector quantities - coordinate vector, momentum vector, current vector. But at the fundamental level they are characterized by spinors - coordinate spinors, momentum spinors, spinor wave functions. The propagation of fields and their interaction takes place at the spinor level, and since each spinor uniquely corresponds to a certain vector, the results of physical processes appear before us in vector form. For example, the relativistic Schrödinger equation and the Dirac equation are formulated by means of coordinate vectors, momentum vectors and quantum operators corresponding to them. In the Dirac equation a step forward is taken and the wave function is a spinor with complex components, but still coordinates and momentum are vectors. For a closed description of nature using only spinor quantities, it is necessary to have an equation similar to the Dirac equation in which momentum, coordinates and operators are spinors. It is such an equation that is presented in this paper. Using the example of the interaction between an electron and an electromagnetic field, we can see that the spinor equation contains more detailed information about the interaction than the vector equations. This is not new for quantum mechanics, since it describes interactions using complex wave functions, which cannot be observed directly, and only when measured goes to probabilities in the form of squares of the moduli of the wave functions. In the same way spinor quantities are not observable, but they completely determine observable vectors. In Section 2 of the paper, we analyze the quadratic form for an arbitrary four-component complex vector based on Pauli matrices. The form is invariant with respect to Lorentz transformations including any rotations and boosts. The invariance of the form allows us to construct on its basis an equation for a free particle combining the properties of the relativistic wave equation and the Dirac equation. For an electron in the presence of an electromagnetic potential it is shown that taking into account the commutation relations between the momentum and coordinate components allows us to obtain from this equation the known results describing the interactions of the electron spin with the electric and magnetic field. In the presence of a potential the momentum components cease to commute with each other. To neutralize this effect, the Schrödinger equation is supplemented by several equations with mixed derivatives on coordinates. In section 3 of the paper this quadratic form is expressed through momentum spinors, which makes it possible to obtain an equation for the spinor wave function in spinor coordinate space by replacing the momentum spinor components by partial derivative operators on the corresponding coordinate spinor component. Section 4 presents a modification of the theory of the path integral, which consists in considering the path integral in the spinor coordinate space. The Lagrangian densities for the scalar field and for the electron field, along with their corresponding propagators, are presented. An equation of motion for the electron is proposed that is relativistically invariant, in contrast to the Dirac equation, which lacks this invariance. This novel equation permitted the construction of an actually invariant procedure for the second quantization of the fermion field in spinor coordinate space. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the field operators are a combination of plane waves in spinor or vector space, with the coefficients of which being pseudospinors or pseudovectors. Each of these pseudovectors or pseudospinors corresponds to one of the particles presented in the theory of electrodynamics. Furthermore, each plane wave possesses an additional coefficient in the form of a creation or annihilation operator. In vector space, these operators commute, whereas in spinor space they anticommutate. The paper presents the spinor and vector representations of the field operators in explicit form, comprising sets of 16 pseudospinors or 4 pseudovectors corresponding to particles represented in electrodynamics. An explicit form of the symmetric traceless tensor with spin two, zero mass and two polarizations is presented, which can serve as a model of the graviton. The results obtained may prompt changes in some aspects of the construction of Feynman diagrams. Among other things, it presents a purely mathematical derivation of Maxwell's inhomogeneous equations without reference to empirical data on the action of electric current, which is usually referred to when deriving equations.

Abstract: We present the microphysical extensions of Quantum Informational Relativity (QIR), built upon the informational field p(x) and the geometric modulation Z(p). This work develops, with full derivations, five complementary aspects: (i) the topological classification of stationary solutions and the emergence of particle families; (ii) perturbative quantization around informational solitons and the resulting mass spectrum; (iii) parameter mapping and experimental correspondence; (iv) an informational confinement mechanism consistent with strong interactions; (v) macro–micro continuity linking cosmology and particle structure. The framework preserves covariance, generalized conservation, and the unified Einstein equation with Z appearing in the numerator.

Abstract: We present a nonperturbative geometric symmetry model for the electron’s anomalous magnetic moment. The electron is represented as an extended charge–spin density whose intrinsic rotation interacts recursively with the surrounding geometry through a symmetric real-space kernel. This recursive convolution expansion reproduces the standard quantum electrodynamic (QED) correction series for the g-factor without invoking virtual fields or renormalization. Using a Gaussian twist density and a dimensionless coupling kernel constrained by spatial symmetry, the model yields g = 2.0023231, matching experiment within 1.9 ppm. The optimal configuration occurs at a normalized spatial width σ/r₀ = 1- e^-1, suggesting a universal geometric saturation scale for spin–magnetic coupling. The framework offers a symmetry-based interpretation of QED corrections as emergent from real-space geometric feedback.

Abstract: Modern computational methods across scientific domains achieve precision through iterative refinement. This precision regime creates opportunities for refined evaluation methods: as measurement uncertainties decrease while parameter dimensionality remains fixed, statistical significance becomes more easily obtained through combinatorial search. When spurious simple relationships can achieve sub-sigma agreement by chance, discrimination might be enhanced through additional evaluation criteria.We propose a seven-criteria framework emphasizing temporal convergence through timestamped predictions. The core approach: pattern predictions are established with timestamping, then tracked against future data releases to demonstrate directional convergence or stability as precision improves. This requirement provides robust protection against retroactive fitting - no data mining after results are known, reduced opportunity for selective data usage, no post-hoc hypothesis adjustment. Combined with six supporting criteria (scale invariance, compression, statistical agreement, mathematical simplicity, independent validation, theoretical viability), temporal tracking systematizes evaluation criteria previously applied informally during peer review.We demonstrate framework operation using lattice QCD quark mass ratios - deliberately selected as a particularly challenging test case (N=3 parameters at 2% precision, maximum combinatorial coincidence risk). The Diagnostic Pattern 2(m_d/m_u)^3 ≈ m_s/m_d achieves 0.16σ statistical agreement yet self-falsifies through directional divergence: as uncertainties improved 37%, central values converged toward 2.162 rather than the predicted 2.154, with statistical significance doubling from 0.075σ to 0.16σ. This demonstrates successful filtering of numerical coincidence despite passing traditional validation.Historical patterns that gained community acceptance (Gell-Mann-Okubo relations, Koide's lepton formula) align with framework criteria, suggesting the framework formalizes evaluation standards the community has informally applied. Explicit criteria can facilitate cross-disciplinary contributions by providing clear operational targets. Framework value is methodology-independent - we demonstrate filtering through failed patterns, not to advocate specific physics. Initial thresholds serve as community starting points; the contribution is establishing systematic, temporally-tracked standards for pattern evaluation in any domain where computational precision outpaces dimensional growth.

Abstract: We present a quantum framework grounded in micro-causality and spacetime quantization, where spacetime is composed of discrete, causally ordered units rather than a continuous manifold. This intrinsic structure naturally generates fundamental quantum features—wave–particle duality, energy quantization, and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle—without invoking canonical quantization, matter-wave postulates, or harmonic-oscillator models. Consequently, this paradigm eliminates the long-standing paradoxes of wavefunction collapse, self-interference, and non-local spooky correlations in entanglement.Within this causal lattice spacetime, quantum commutation relations emerge from finite shift operators, and the uncertainty principle arises geometrically from non-commutativity at the fundamental level. Unlike standard quantum field theory (QFT), which predicts infinite vacuum energy and requires renormalization, the present framework removes zero-point energy, ultraviolet divergences, and fine-tuning. Moreover, U(1) symmetry is broken geometrically on the lattice, leading to mass generation without a Higgs mechanism.The Casimir effect is reinterpreted as a temperature-dependent imbalance in thermal radiation pressure rather than the consequence of vacuum fluctuations, predicting that the Casimir force should vary with ambient temperature. Experimental confirmation of such dependence would directly support the lattice interpretation and challenge the QFT view of vacuum energy.By unifying key quantum behaviors through discrete causal geometry, this model offers a divergence-free and physically grounded alternative to continuum-based QFT. It opens new avenues for quantum unification, cosmology, and the understanding of fundamental constants, without speculative constructs, singularities, or infinities.

Abstract:

We propose a novel operator-based formulation of quantum gravity grounded in two foundational principles: a discrete causal lattice and algebraic microcausality. Departing from traditional continuum approaches and wavefunction-based quantum mechanics, this framework models spacetime and matter as emergent phenomena arising from the algebraic structure of displacement operators. In this first part of a two-part series, we construct the foundational framework and demonstrate how key features of quantum mechanics—such as the uncertainty principle, de Broglie relations, and entanglement—emerge naturally without invoking wavefunctions, path integrals, or metric-based geometry. Operator non-commutativity on the causal lattice gives rise to a self-consistent quantum structure with natural ultraviolet finiteness, intrinsic time directionality, and a microcausal interpretation of measurement. This foundational part lays the groundwork for gravitational dynamics, cosmology, and the grand unification principles of gravity and the Standard Model to be explored in the sequel to quantum gravity part II.

Abstract: This paper presents a unified categorical formulation of mass generation, combining the Higgs mechanism of the Standard Model with the gravitational Higgs phenomenon leading to a massive graviton. Using the machinery of higher category theory, derived geometry, and functorial constructions, we propose a framework in which both gauge and gravitational symmetry breaking are viewed as natural transformations within a shared categorical structure. The Standard Model Higgs mechanism, modeled as a functor between principal gauge bundles and vector representations, is shown to have a functorial dual in a gravitational Higgs mechanism where diffeomorphism invariance is spontaneously broken through a scalar-tensor correspondence. The resulting equivalence establishes a categorical isomorphism between gauge and gravitational symmetry reductions, unifying internal and spacetime symmetries through the introduction of the Symmetry Stack S(M) = Hom(PG, TM). We further define a right Kan extension that formalizes the holographic relation between electroweak and gravitational vacua, demonstrating that gravitational mass generation can be holographically reconstructed from the boundary Higgs dynamics. Quantum aspects are incorporated through a categorical path integral over objects of the spontaneous symmetry breaking category CSSB, yielding a quantized interpretation of vacuum transitions and entanglement entropy. The paper culminates in the proposal of a super 3-category CTOE, wherein matter, forces, and spacetime appear as different morphic layers of a universal functorial symmetry descent. This categorical Theory of Everything provides a mathematically consistent foundation for viewing mass, geometry, and quantum structure as emergent from higher symmetries and natural transformations in CTOE.

Abstract: In this work, we calculate the branching ratio (BR) of the decay process ρ0→π0π0γ within the theoretical framework of chiral perturbation theory with resonances, employing the odd intrinsic parity lagrangian. Our analysis shows that the BR depends solely on the LECs c57≡c5+c7, and d4. Since the experimentally measured BR does not provide sufficient constraints, the number of free parameters is reduced by applying on-shell and off-shell conditions at the interaction vertices. Our result shows that using full on-shell conditions is not consistent with the experimental BR. Therefore, we present an allowed region (contour plot) for (c57,d4) that is compatible with the experimental BR. We emphasize that once the differential BR becomes accessible, a fitting procedure can be carried out to delineate the parameter space.

Abstract: The canonical quantization of gravity in general relativity is greatly simplified by the artificial decomposition of space-time into a 3+1 formalism. Such a simplification appears to come at the cost of general covariance. This quantization procedure requires tangential and perpendicular infinitesimal diffeomorphisms generated by the symmetry group under the Legendre transformation of the given action. This gauge generator, along with the fact that Weyl curvature scalars may act as “intrinsic coordinates" (or a dynamical reference frame) which depend only on the spatial metric gab and the conjugate momenta pcd, allow for an alternative approach to canonical quantization of gravity. In this paper we present the tensorial solution of the set of Weyl scalars in terms of canonical phase-space variables.

Abstract: Gravitational force is extremely important because it dominates the formation and evolution of the universe. However, its physical origin and intrinsic nature have not been clearly understood for a long time. Certain observed phenomena, along with those newly discovered by the Hubble and James Webb telescopes, cannot be well explained by existing theories. Furthermore, general relativity and quantum mechanics, which are the current mainstream theories explaining the gravitational force, are incompatible with each other. This situation strongly points to the need for a better or even novel theory of the gravitational force. Here, based on the classical space-time perspective, a different yet solid understanding of the gravitational force is introduced. The author has realized that the gravitational force originates from none other than the electric force, but it is a synthetic electric force produced by a large number of electric charges, and thus shows very different characteristics from simple electric force. Generally speaking, in any objects, there are a large number of free and inducible net electric charges. Due to various reasons, including unavoidable fluctuations of microscopic or subatomic particles, non-uniform charge distribution in the object is normal. The Earth, the Moon, and the Sun are all typical examples of such. The non-uniform charge distribution within an object will almost certainly turn that object into an electric dipole or a generalized electric dipole. Thus, almost any object can be regarded as an electric dipole because of self-forming. Furthermore, through dynamically self-calibrating, the interacting electric force produced between two objects will quickly change to an attractive force, and such force can be maintained constantly when two objects rotate to each other. In other words, although the electric force direction of an electric dipole is anisotropic, because the direction of the electric dipole, which is determined by non-uniform charge distribution, can change dynamically and quickly, an electric dipole can always maintain attraction to another electric dipole moving around it, similar to an object exhibiting isotropic attraction to its surrounding object. The dynamically self-calibrating process can also cause multiple electric dipoles, or even multiple groups of electric dipoles, to mutually and continuously attract each other, since every dipole or dipole group has a non-uniform charge distribution too, albeit on different scales. This is the true origin of the gravitational force. Calculation has shown that, under certain conditions, the change rate of the strength of the gravitational force derived from the dipole model closely follows the law of inverse square of the distance. This understanding can explain confusing phenomena effectively, such as flat galaxies, filamentary nebulae, the formations of the Solar System and Milky Way galaxy, unusual trajectories of ‘Oumuamua and 3I/ATLAS, and dark matter and dark energy. This understanding also naturally unifies the gravitational and electromagnetic forces and opens a key door for the final unification of the four fundamental forces of nature.