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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0186.v1

Machine Learning-Based Improvement of Aerosol Optical Depth from CHIMERE Simulations using MODIS Satellite Observations

Farouk Lemmouchi, Juan Cuesta, Mathieu Lachatre, Julien Brajard, Adriana Coman, Matthias Beekman, Claude Derognat

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: mineral dust; north African dust; Saharan dust; Bodélé depression; bias correction; machine learning; aerosol optical depth; chemistry-transport model; aerosols; particulate matter

Online: 14 September 2022 (03:02:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0145.v1

A New Look at Physico-Chemical Causes of Changing Climate: Is the Seasonal Variation in Seawater Temperature a Significant Factor in Establishing the Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide in the Earth’s Atmosphere?

Ivan R. Kennedy, John W. Runcie, Shuo Zhang, Raymond J. Ritchie

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: CO2; Keeling curve; Mauna Loa; carbonates; ocean pH; chemical potential; acidification 1

Online: 12 September 2022 (10:00:52 CEST)

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Seasonal oscillations in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in the Earth’s atmosphere stronger in northern latitudes are assumed to show that terrestrial photosynthesis exceeds respiration in summer reducing the pCO2, but increasing in winter when respiration exceeds photosynthesis. We disagree, proposing that variations in the temperature of the surface mixing zone of seawater also regulate the atmospheric pCO2, thermodynamically. We show that carbonate (CO32-) concentrations will therefore increase in summer with CaCO3 (calcite or aragonite) becoming less soluble, so calcium and carbonate ions are predicted to aggregate more while CO2 concentration falls in warmer seawater, thermodynamically favoring lower atmospheric pCO2. In winter, these physical processes are reversed, redissolving suspended calcite thus increasing carbonate alkalinity; carbonate concentration lessens as bicarbonate and soluble CO2 increase, raising the pCO2 in air. Our numerical computation shows that thermal fluctuations in equilibria favor absorption from air of more than one mole of CO2 per square meter in summer, coinciding with calcite formation maximizing in warmer water, potentially augmenting limestone reefs if there is a trend for increasing temperature . Another assumption we challenge is that upwelling from deeper water is the sole cause of increases in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity in surface waters, particularly in the southern hemisphere. Instead, calcite dissolution is favored as water temperature falls near the surface. It is well established that the seasonal summer decline in atmospheric CO2 coincides in fertile seawater with higher rates of biotic calcification and acidity, allowing increased CO2 capture by photosynthesis. However, its reversal in winter is proposed to be also a result of the cyclic dissolution of calcite as temperature falls, facilitated by biogenic respiration now exceeding photosynthesis; this can mutually provide the CO2 needed to convert carbonate ion alkalinity from calcite dissolution with bicarbonate increasing. Physical reasons why this oscillation is more obvious in the northern hemisphere include greater seasonal variations in water temperature (ca. 7.1 oC) being almost twice that in the cooler southern hemisphere (ca. 4.7 oC) and the greater depth of the surface mixing zone of seawater in the southern oceans. Evidence from 13CO2 fluxes between surface seawater and air is also assessed to test this hypothesis but questions remain regarding the regional rates of inorganic precipitation and dissolution of CaCO3 in the mixing zone. In summary, rapid biogenic calcification is favored by summer photosynthesis, but slower abiogenic calcification is more likely in warmer water.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0108.v1

Selection of CMIP6 Climate Models Using Statistical and Data Mining Approaches, Case of Upper Awash Sub-Basin (UASB), Ethiopia

Yonas Abebe Balcha, Andreas Malcherek, Tena Alamirew

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: GCMs; PDF; Trend Test; IDW; QM; PCA; DTW; bias correction; Ethiopia; climate change

Online: 7 September 2022 (10:18:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0072.v1

Modeling the Regional Effects of Climate Change on Future Urban Ozone Air Quality in Tehran, Iran

Ehsan Mosadegh, Iman Babaeian, Khosro Ashrafi, Majid Shafiepour Motlagh

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Ozone; climate change; air quality modeling; artificial neural networks; statistical downscaling; Tehran

Online: 6 September 2022 (02:36:46 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0540.v1

The Rain-induced Urban Waterlogging Risk and its Evaluation: A Case Study in the Central City of Shanghai

Lanjun Zou, Zhi Wang, Qinjing Lu, Shenglan Wu, Lei Chen, Zhengkun Qin

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: urban waterlogging risk; extreme rain; drainage capacity; Shanghai

Online: 31 August 2022 (08:55:36 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0536.v1

Prediction of Bay of Bengal Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm "Fani” Using Moving Nested Domain

Kuvar Satya Singh, Sridhara Nayak, Suman Maity, Hara Prasad Nayak, Soma Dutta

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: WRF model; Moving-nest; Fani; Bay of Bengal; Wind Speed

Online: 31 August 2022 (07:48:18 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0446.v1

Intramolecular Isotope Analysis enables Multivariate Climate Reconstructions

Thomas Wieloch, Jun Yu, Jürgen Schleucher, Totte Niittylä

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: climate reconstruction; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; paleoclimate information; stable isotope analysis; tree rings

Online: 26 August 2022 (04:26:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0400.v1

Comparison of S5P/TROPOMI Inferred NO₂ Surface Concentrations with in-situ Measurements over Central Europe

Andreas Pseftogkas, Maria-Elissavet Koukouli, Arjo Segers, Astrid Manders, Jos Van Geffen, Dimitris Balis, Charikleia Meleti, Trissevgeni Stavrakou, Henk Eskes

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: remote sensing; air-quality; S5P/TROPOMI; LOTOS-EUROS; EEA; NO2 surface concentration

Online: 23 August 2022 (11:40:33 CEST)

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The aim of this paper is to evaluate the surface concentration of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) inferred from the Sentinel-5 Precursor TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (S5P/TROPOMI) NO2 tropospheric column densities over Central Europe for two time periods, the summer of 2019 and the winter of 2019-2020. Simulations of the NO2 tropospheric vertical column densities and surface concentrations from the LOng-Term Ozone Simulation – EURopean Operational Smog (LOTOS-EUROS) chemical transport model are also applied in the methodology. More than two hundred in-situ air quality monitoring stations, reporting to the European Environment Agency (EEA) air quality database, are used to carry out comparisons with the model simulations and the space-borne inferred surface concentrations. Stations are separated into seven types (urban traffic, suburban traffic, urban background, suburban background, rural background, suburban industrial and rural industrial) in order to examine the strengths and shortcomings of the different air quality markers, namely the NO2 vertical column densities and NO2 surface concentrations. S5P/TROPOMI NO2 surface concentrations are inferred by multiplying the fraction of the satellite and model NO2 vertical column densities with the model surface concentrations. The estimated inferred TROPOMI NO2 surface concentrations are examined further with the altering of three influencing factors: the model vertical levelling scheme, the versions of the TROPOMI NO2 data and the air mass factors applied to the satellite and model NO2 vertical column densities. Overall, the inferred TROPOMI NO2 surface concentrations show a better correlation with the in-situ measurements for both time periods and all station types, especially for the industrial stations (R>0.6) in winter. The calculated correlation for background stations is moderate for both periods (R~0.5 in summer and R>0.5 in winter), whereas for traffic stations it improves in the winter (from 0.20 to 0.50). After the implementation of the air mass factors from the local model, the bias is significantly reduced for most of the station types, especially in winter for the background stations, ranging from +0.49% for the urban background to +10.37% for the rural background stations. The mean relative bias in winter between the inferred S5P/TROPOMI NO2 surface concentrations and the ground-based measurements for industrial stations is about -15%, whereas for traffic urban stations it is approximately -25%. In summertime, biases are generally higher for all station types, especially for the traffic stations (~ -75%), ranging from -54% to -30% for the background and industrial stations.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0389.v1

A Lagrange-Laplace Integration Scheme for Weather Prediction and Climate Modelling

Peter Lynch

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Numerical weather prediction; Time integration; Filtering; Laplace transform; semi-implicit; semi-Lagrangian; Forecast accuracy

Online: 23 August 2022 (03:13:59 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0360.v1

Two Decades-long Satellite Observations of Carbon Monoxide Confirm the Northern Hemispheric Wildfires Increase

Leonid Yurganov, Vadim Rakitin

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Thermal Infrared satellite data; carbon monoxide; boreal fires; carbon dioxide

Online: 19 August 2022 (08:27:04 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0214.v1

Agroclimatic Zone-Based Analysis of Long-Term Rainfall Trends and Variability in the Wabi Shebele River Basin, Ethiopia.

Abebe Teklu Toni, Andreas Malcherek, Asfaw Kebede Kassa

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: agroclimatic zone; trend analysis; modified MK; ITA; Wabi Shebele

Online: 11 August 2022 (08:52:32 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0417.v1

Present and future changes of winter cyclonic activity in the Mediterranean-Black Sea region in the 21st century in CMIP6 models’ ensemble

Elena N. Voskresenskaya, Veronika N. Maslova, Andrey S. Lubkov, Viktor Y. Zhuravskiy

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: storm tracks; track density; cyclogenesis areas; climate variability and change; the North Atlantic Oscillation; the East Atlantic–West Russia pattern

Online: 27 July 2022 (10:00:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0356.v1

Mscligan- A Structure-Informed Generative Adversarial Model for Multi-Site Statistical Downscaling of Extreme Precipitation -Using Multi-Model Ensemble

Chiranjib Chaudhuri, Colin Robertson

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Multi-site statistical downscaling; Generative Adversarial Network; Combination of Errors; Convolutional Neural Network; Struc-tural Similarity Index; Wasserstein GAN; extreme precipitation

Online: 25 July 2022 (07:59:59 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0287.v1

Coupling of the Earth’s Surfaces to the Lower Atmospheres

David Roy Fitzjarrald

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: turbulence and thermals; atmospheric boundary layer

Online: 19 July 2022 (10:49:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0045.v2

A Retrospective Satellite Analysis of the June 2012 North American Derecho

Kenneth Pryor, Belay Demoz

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Satellite meteorology; severe thunderstorms; downbursts; derechos

Online: 15 July 2022 (09:55:51 CEST)

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Severe windstorms resulting from mesoscale convective systems (MCS) cause significant disruption to society, including widespread power outages, tree and structural damage, and transportation accidents that affect multi-state regions and metropolitan areas along their track. A derecho, defined as a long-lived, widespread severe convective windstorm, is composed of numerous downbursts (intense localized storm downdrafts) organized into clusters or families of clusters. Derechos can produce winds above hurricane force along a track that may exceed several hundred kilometers. Convective windstorm potential has been expressed as a grouping of stability parameters that are relevant for downburst generation. These include lower-to-mid-tropospheric and equivalent potential temperature (θe) lapse rates, vertical relative humidity differences, and the amount of convective available potential energy (CAPE) in the troposphere. One major environmental factor addressed in the generation of widespread severe convective winds is an elevated mixed layer and its associated instability that promotes powerful storm updrafts and downdrafts. Another critical factor is developing a rear-inflow jet into an MCS that channels unsaturated mid-tropospheric air into the leading convective storm line. Establishing an elevated, ascending front-to-rear flow originating from deep, moist convection, overlying a strong and deep outflow-induced cold pool has been found to generate and sustain a robust rear inflow jet. The North American Derecho of 29-30 June 2012 exhibits many classic progressive and serial derecho features. It remains as one of the highest-impact derecho-producing convective systems (DCS) over CONUS since 2000. This research effort enhances the understanding of the science of operational forecasting of severe windstorms through examples of employing new satellite and ground-based microwave and vertical wind profile data. During the track of the derecho from the upper Midwestern U.S. through the mid-Atlantic region on 29 June 2012, clear signatures associated with a severe MCS were apparent in polar satellite imagery, especially from the EPS METOP-A Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS), Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) and NASA TERRA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). In addition, morning (descending node) and the evening (ascending node) METOP-A Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) soundings are compared to soundings from surface-based Radiometrics Corporation MP-3000 series microwave radiometer profilers (MWRPs) along the track of the derecho system. The co-located IASI and MWRP soundings revealed a pre-convective environment that indicated a favorable volatile tropospheric profile for severe downburst wind generation. An important outcome of this study will be to formulate a functional relationship between satellite-derived parameters and signatures, and severe convective wind occurrence. In summary, a comprehensive approach to observational data analysis involves both surface- and satellite-based instrumentation. Because this approach utilizes operational products available to weather service forecasters, it can feasibly be used for monitoring and forecasting local-scale downburst occurrence within derecho systems, as well as larger-scale convective wind intensity associated with the entire DCS.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0158.v1

Evaluation of Surface Water Resource Availability under the Impact of Climate Change in the Dhidhessa Sub-Basin, Ethiopia

Damtew Degefe Merga, Dereje Adeba, Motuma Shiferaw Regasa, Megersa Kebede Leta

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Dhidhessa; Sub-basin; RCP; stream flow; SWAT; Climate Models; Surface Water Availability; Scenario

Online: 11 July 2022 (10:15:11 CEST)

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The main target of this study was to evaluate the impact of future climate change on the available surface water resources in the Dhidhessa Sub-basin, Abbay Basin, Ethiopia. For the prediction, high-resolution Regional Climate Models (RCMs) from multiple climate models with data from Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) prepared by the CCAFS were used. The predictions of future discharge (stream flow) were based on climate scenarios data of baseline period of 1991 to 2020 and for the future with two time windows, 2044 (2030–2059) and 2084 (2070–2099), on a monthly time step after bias correction was conducted to both precipitation and temperature in the future climate under each RCP scenario. After sensitivity analysis, calibration (1994–2011), and validation (2012–2020) of the model for the Dhidhessa Sub-basin with the SUFI-2 program in the SWAT-CUP model, the SWAT model was used to determine water balance and stream flow from the SWAT model system. The SWAT model performed well in predicting stream flow in the Dhidhessa Sub-basins, with a coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 0.8 to 0.94 and a Nash Sutcliffe value (NSE) ranging from 0.76 to 0.89. The percent decrease in mean annual stream flow from 2044 and 2084 were 10 %, in 2044, and 6.3% in 2084 respectively. The seasonal result under short-term 2044 of stream flow present change significantly decreased in spring, winter, and autumn with 20.2%, 67.4%, and 67.4% respectively. While summer season increased by 43.1%, under short-term 204. In long-term 2084 percent change declined except summer seasons, with 14.7%, 58.1%, and 3.3%, change in spring, winter, and autumn, respectively, and summer, with 51.1% increased and With RCP4.5 (1.64%) and RCP8.5 (2.1%) changed. In the future Dhidhessa stream flow increases and decreases from the baseline era. The decreasing stream flow in 2044 and 2084 will negatively affect agricultural production. This study revealed that any effect on this river resulting in a drop in flow will have a direct impact on ongoing water resource development and socio-economic development of the area.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0146.v2

Reliability of Satellite-Based Rainfall Products for Water Management Studies: the Case of The Ankavia River Basin in Madagascar

Zonirina Ramahaimandimby, Alain Randriamaherisoa, François Jonard, Marnik Vanclooster, Charles Bielders

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Madagascar; GIRE SAVA; Ankavia; satellite precipitation products; IMERG

Online: 11 July 2022 (09:43:47 CEST)

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Hydrological modeling for water management in large watersheds requires accurate spatially-distributed rainfall time series. In case of low coverage density of ground-based measurements, satellite precipitation products (SPP) constitute an attractive alternative, the quality of which must nevertheless be verified. The objective of this study was to evaluate, at different time scales, the reliability of six SPPs against a 2-year record from a network of 14 rainfall gauges located in the Ankavia catchment (Madagascar). The SPPs considered in this study are the African Rainfall Estimate Climatology (ARC2), the Climate Hazards group Infrared Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS), the ECMWF Reanalysis (ERA5), the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG), the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN), and the African Rainfall Estimation (REF2) products. The results suggest that IMERG (R² = 0.63, slope of linear regression a = 0.96, root mean square error RMSE = 12 mm/day, mean absolute error MAE = 5.5 mm/day) outperforms other SPPs at the daily scale, followed by REF2 (R² = 0.41, a = 0.94, RMSE = 15 mm/day, MAE = 6 mm/day) and ARC2 (R² = 0.30, a = 0.88, RMSE = 16 mm/day, MAE = 6.7 mm/day). All SPPs, with the exception of the ERA5, overestimate the ‘no rain’ class (0 – 0.2 mm/day). ARC2, IMERG, PERSIANN, and REF2 all underestimate rainfall occurrence in the 0.2 – 150 mm/day rainfall range, whilst CHIRPS and ERA5 overestimate it. Only CHIRPS and PERSIANN could estimate extreme rainfall (>150 mm/day) satisfactorily. According to the Critical Success Index (CSI) categorical statistical measure, IMERG performs quite well in detecting rain events in the range 2-150 mm/day, whereas PERSIANN outperforms IMERG for rain events larger than 150 mm/day. Because it performs best at daily scale, only IMERG was evaluated for time scales other than daily. At the yearly and monthly time scales, the performance is good with R² = 0.97 and 0.87, respectively. At the event time scale, the probability distribution function PDF of rain gauge values and IMERG data show good agreement. However, at hourly time scale, the correlation between ground-based measurements and IMERG data becomes poor (R² = 0.20). Overall, the IMERG product can be regarded as the most reliable satellite precipitation source at monthly, daily and event time scales for hydrological applications in the study area, but the poor agreement at hourly time scale and the inability to detect extreme rainfall >200 mm/day may nevertheless restrict its use.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0146.v1

Reliability of Satellite-Based Rainfall Products for Water Man-agement Studies: the Case of The Ankavia River Basin in Madagascar

Zonirina Ramahaimandimby, Alain Randriamaherisoa, François Jonard, Marnik Vanclooster, Charles Bielders

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Madagascar, GIRE SAVA; Ankavia, satellite precipitation products, IMERG

Online: 11 July 2022 (03:33:52 CEST)

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Hydrological modeling for water management in large watersheds requires accurate spatially-distributed rainfall time series. In case of low coverage density of ground-based measurements, satellite precipitation products (SPP) constitute an attractive alternative, the quality of which must nevertheless be verified. The objective of this study was to evaluate, at different time scales, the reliability of six SPPs against a 2-year record from a network of 14 rainfall gauges located in the Ankavia catchment (Madagascar). The SPPs considered in this study are the African Rainfall Estimate Climatology (ARC2), the Climate Hazards group Infrared Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS), the ECMWF Reanalysis (ERA5), the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG), the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN), and the African Rainfall Estimation (REF2) products. The results suggest that IMERG (R² = 0.63, slope of linear regression a = 0.96, root mean square error RMSE = 12 mm/day, mean absolute error MAE = 5.5 mm/day) outperforms other SPPs at the daily scale, followed by REF2 (R² = 0.41, a = 0.94, RMSE = 15 mm/day, MAE = 6 mm/day) and ARC2 (R² = 0.30, a = 0.88, RMSE = 16 mm/day, MAE = 6.7 mm/day). All SPPs, with the exception of the ERA5, overestimate the ‘no rain’ class (0 – 0.2 mm/day). ARC2, IMERG, PERSIANN, and REF2 all underestimate rainfall occurrence in the 0.2 – 150 mm/day rainfall range, whilst CHIRPS and ERA5 overestimate it. Only CHIRPS and PERSIANN could estimate extreme rainfall (>150 mm/day) satisfactorily. According to the Critical Success Index (CSI) categorical statistical measure, IMERG performs quite well in detecting rain events in the range 2-150 mm/day, whereas PERSIANN outperforms IMERG for rain events larger than 150 mm/day. Because it performs best at daily scale, only IMERG was evaluated for time scales other than daily. At the yearly and monthly time scales, the performance is good with R² = 0.97 and 0.87, respectively. At the event time scale, the probability distribution function PDF of rain gauge values and IMERG data show good agreement. However, at hourly time scale, the correlation between ground-based measurements and IMERG data becomes poor (R2 = 0.20). Overall, the IMERG product can be regarded as the most reliable satellite precipitation source at monthly, daily and event time scales for hydrological applications in the study area, but the poor agreement at hourly time scale and the inability to detect extreme rainfall >200 mm/day may nevertheless restrict its use.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0115.v1

Application of Artificial Intelligence Models for Aeolian Dust Prediction at Different Temporal Scales: A Case with Limited Climatic Data

Yog Aryal

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; ANFIS; MLP-NN; aeolian dust

Online: 7 July 2022 (07:52:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0077.v1

Deep Learning to Near-Surface Humidity Retrieval from Multi-sensor Remote Sensing Data over the China Seas

Rongwang Zhang, Weihao Guo, Xiaofeng Li, Xin Wang

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: near-surface humidity; remote sensing; deep learning; China Seas

Online: 5 July 2022 (13:46:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0399.v1

Theoretical Perspectives on the Gas-phase Oxidation Mechanism and Kinetics of Carbazole Initiated by OH Radical in the Atmosphere

Zhuochao Teng, Xiaotong Wang, Mohammad Hassan Hadizadeh, Yanan Han, Xianwei Zhao, Qi Zhang, Hetong Wang, Ying Li, Fei Xu, Yanhui Sun

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: carbazole; OH radical; rate constants; oxidation mechanism; density functional theory (DFT)

Online: 29 June 2022 (08:19:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0340.v1

Heterogeneity of On-Road Traffic Emissions in Norway: A Model for Transition

Henrik Grythe, Susana Lopez-Aparicio, Harald Høyem, Torleif Weydahl

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: bottom-up emission modelling; CO2; NOx; on-road traffic; electrification

Online: 24 June 2022 (15:10:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0238.v1

End-to-End Prediction of Lightning Events from Geostationary Satellite Images

Sebastian Brodehl, Richard Müller, Elmar Schömer, Peter Spichtinger, Michael Wand

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: neural networks; satellite images; class imbalance; feature attribution; lightning prediction; nowcasting; short-term forecasts; machine learning; meteorology

Online: 16 June 2022 (10:48:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0159.v1

Radial Power Spectral Characterizations of Near Surface Rainfall Rates Using Time-Height Vertically Pointing Doppler Radar Measurements

A. R. Jameson, Michael Larsen

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Raindrop size distributions (DSD) from Doppler radar; Computing radial power spectra using radar Doppler spectra; Vertical pointing Doppler rain observations.

Online: 10 June 2022 (10:21:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0106.v1

Understanding Opportunities for Urban Forest Expansion to Inform Goals: Working Toward a Virtuous Cycle in New York City

Michael L. Treglia, Natalia C. Piland, Karen Leu, Alaina Van Slooten, Emily Nobel Maxwell

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: social ecological system; tree canopy goal; urban conservation; urban forest equity; urban forest goals; urban tree canopy

Online: 7 June 2022 (11:08:20 CEST)

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Urban forests are critical infrastructure for mitigating environmental and social challenges cities face. Municipalities and non-governmental entities, among others, often set goals (e.g., tree planting or canopy targets) to support urban forests and their benefits. We focus on canopy goals and develop conceptual underpinnings for an analysis of where additional canopy, as one important dimension of the urban forest, can fit within the landscape, while considering factors that influence where trees can be planted and where canopy can grow – ‘practical canopy.’ We apply this in New York City (NYC) to inform the setting of a canopy goal by the NYC Urban Forest Task Force (UFTF) for the NYC Urban Forest Agenda, which may trigger a virtuous cycle that supports the urban forest there. We further develop framing for a ‘priority canopy’ analysis to understand where urban forest expansion should be prioritized given more context (e.g., environmental hazards, local preferences), which can inform how expansion of the urban forest is achieved. We estimate an opportunity for 15,899 ha of new canopy in NYC given existing opportunities and constraints (practical canopy), which, if leveraged, could result in nearly doubling the canopy as of 2017 (17,253 ha). However, like existing canopy, practical canopy is not evenly distributed, in general, or across jurisdictions and land uses. Relying solely on areas identified as practical canopy to expand the urban forest would exacerbate inequities in its distribution. We discuss how the NYC UFTF established an aspirational but achievable goal of 30% canopy cover by 2035, which was informed by this analysis and guided by priorities of equity, health, and resilience. Achievement of this goal will ultimately require a combination of protecting and stewarding the existing resource, and leveraging opportunities for tree planting. Achieving a more equitable urban forest will also require identification of priority canopy, and, in cases, creation of new opportunities for tree planting and canopy expansion. Overall, the collaborative establishment of such goals based on local context can be instrumental in creating a virtuous cycle, moving conservation actors toward exercising influence and agency within the social ecological system.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0070.v1

AIRS Satellite CO Data Confirm the Increase in Wildfires in the Northern Hemisphere Over the Past Two Decades

Leonid Yurganov

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Thermal Infrared satellite data; carbon monoxide; boreal fires; carbon dioxide

Online: 6 June 2022 (08:39:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0045.v1

A Retrospective Satellite Analysis of the June 2012 North American Derecho

Kenneth Pryor, Belay Demoz

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Satellite meteorology; severe thunderstorms; downbursts; derechos

Online: 3 June 2022 (10:30:02 CEST)

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Severe windstorms resulting from mesoscale convective systems (MCS) cause significant disruption to society, including widespread power outages, tree and structural damage, and transportation accidents that affect multi-state regions and metropolitan areas along their track. A derecho, defined as a long-lived, widespread severe convective windstorm, is composed of numerous downbursts (intense localized storm downdrafts) organized into clusters or families of clusters. Derechos can produce winds above hurricane force along a track that may exceed several hundred kilometers. Convective windstorm potential has been expressed as a grouping of stability parameters that are relevant for downburst generation. These include lower-to-mid-tropospheric and equivalent potential temperature (θe) lapse rates, vertical relative humidity differences, and the amount of convective available potential energy (CAPE) in the troposphere. One major environmental factor addressed in the generation of widespread severe convective winds is an elevated mixed layer and its associated instability that promotes powerful storm updrafts and downdrafts. Another critical factor is developing a rear-inflow jet into an MCS that channels unsaturated mid-tropospheric air into the leading convective storm line. Establishing an elevated, ascending front-to-rear flow originating from deep, moist convection, overlying a strong and deep outflow-induced cold pool has been found to generate and sustain a robust rear inflow jet. The North American Derecho of 29-30 June 2012 exhibits many classic progressive and serial derecho features. It remains as one of the highest-impact derecho-producing convective systems (DCS) over CONUS since 2000. This research effort enhances the understanding of the science of operational forecasting of severe windstorms through examples of employing new satellite and ground-based microwave and vertical wind profile data. During the track of the derecho from the upper Midwestern U.S. through the mid-Atlantic region on 29 June 2012, clear signatures associated with a severe MCS were apparent in polar satellite imagery, especially from the EPS METOP-A Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS), Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) and NASA TERRA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). In addition, morning (descending node) and the evening (ascending node) METOP-A Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) soundings are compared to soundings from surface-based Radiometrics Corporation MP-3000 series microwave radiometer profilers (MWRPs) along the track of the derecho system. The co-located IASI and MWRP soundings revealed a pre-convective environment that indicated a favorable volatile tropospheric profile for severe downburst wind generation. An important outcome of this study will be to formulate a functional relationship between satellite-derived parameters and signatures, and severe convective wind occurrence. In summary, a comprehensive approach to observational data analysis involves both surface- and satellite-based instrumentation. Because this approach utilizes operational products available to weather service forecasters, it can feasibly be used for monitoring and forecasting local-scale downburst occurrence within derecho systems, as well as larger-scale convective wind intensity associated with the entire DCS.

Preprint TECHNICAL NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0008.v1

A Novel Approach for the Global Detection and Nowcasting of Deep Convection and Thunderstorms

Richard Müller, Axel Barleben, Stéphane Haussler, Matthias Jerg

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Thunderstorms; Cumulonimbus; Convection; Nowcasting; Lightning

Online: 1 June 2022 (08:25:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0172.v1

Atmospheric CO₂: A Finite Reservoir Model Reproduces ¹⁴C / ¹³C over Two Centuries and Indicates the Fossil-Fuel Anthropogenic Contribution

Stephen Taylor

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: CO2 residence-time; CO2 lifetime; carbon cycle; CO2 atmospheric flux; anthropogenic emissions; global warming; climate change

Online: 12 May 2022 (14:24:08 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0086.v1

Evaluation of the Applicability of the ERA5 Reanalysis for Interpretation of the Polarization Laser Sensing Data of the High-Level Clouds in Western Siberia

Ilya Bryukhanov, Maxim Penzin, Olesia Kuchinskaia, Evgeny Ni, Konstantin Pustovalov, Valentina Bryukhanova, Nikolay Kirillov, Ivan Zhivotenyuk, Anton Doroshkevich, Alexander Stykon, Iurii Bordulev, Vadim Kostyukhin, Ignatiy Samokhvalov

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: atmosphere; high-level clouds; ice particles; polarization lidar; interpretation of lidar data; radiosonde observations; ERA5 reanalysis.

Online: 7 May 2022 (03:12:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0290.v1

Multi-Indices Diagnosis of the Conditions That Have Led to the Two 2017 Major Wildfires in Portugal

Cristina Andrade, Lourdes Bugalho

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Fire Weather Index (FWI); Continuous Haines Index (CHI); Burning Index (BI); Keetch-Byram drought index (KBDI); Fire Danger index (FDI); Spread Component (SP); Wildfires; Portugal

Online: 29 April 2022 (08:02:54 CEST)

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Forest fires though part of a natural forest renewal process, when frequent and assuming large-scale proportions have detrimental impacts on biodiversity, agroforestry systems, soil erosion, air and water quality, infrastructures, and economy. Portugal (PT) endures extreme forest fires, with a record of burned area in 2017. These extreme wildfire events (EWE) concentrated in few days but with high burned areas, are among other factors, linked to severe fire weather conditions. In this study a comparison between several fire danger indices is performed for a reference period 2001‒2021 and 2017 (May‒October) for the Fire Weather Index (FWI), Continuous Haines Index (CHI), Keetch-Byram drought index (KBDI), Burning Index (BI) and Fire Danger index (FDI). A daily analysis for the so-called Pedrogão Grande wildfire (June 17th) and the October major fires (October 15th) included the Spread Component (SP) and Ignition Component (IC). Results revealed high above average values for all indices for 2017 in comparison with 2001‒2021 particularly, for October. High statistically significant monthly correlations between FWI, FDI and BI were found, along with lower between FWI and CHI. These correlations are depicted in the spatial patterns between FWI and FDI for the two EWE. The spatial distribution of FDI, SC and IC had the best performance in capturing the locations of the occurrence of the two EWEs’. The outcomes allowed to conclude, that since fire danger depends on several factors a multi-index’s diagnosis is highly relevant, though calibration and scale adjustment are needed for PT. The implementation of a Multi-index’s Prediction System should be able to further enhance the ability of tracking and forecast unique EWE, since the shortcomings of some indices are compensated by the information retrieved by others as shown in this study. Overall, a new forecast system can help ensuring the development of appropriate spatial preparedness plans, proactive responses by the civil protection regarding firefighter’s management, suppression efforts to minimize the detrimental impacts of wildfires in Portugal.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0267.v1

Consolidated Amateur Radio Signal Reports as Indicators of Intense Sporadic E Layers

Chris Deacon, Cathryn Mitchell, Robert Watson

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: sporadic E; Es; amateur radio reporting networks; ionosphere; mesosphere-lower thermosphere; citizen science

Online: 28 April 2022 (03:30:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0261.v1

Using Objective Analysis for the Assimilation of Satellite Derived Aerosol Products to Improve PM2.5 Predictions over Europe

Mounir Chrit, Marwa Majdi

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: PM2.5; Aerosol Optical Depth; Data assimilation; MODIS; satellite data; Objective analysis

Online: 27 April 2022 (11:32:49 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0257.v1

Modern Urban Living; Air Quality in Two Northern Greek Cities

Maria-Elissavet Koukouli, Andreas Pseftogkas, Dimitris Karagkiozidis, Ioanna Skoulidou, Theano Drosoglou, Dimitrios Balis, Alkiviadis Bais, Dimitrios Melas, Nikos Hatzianastassiou

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: remote sensing; air quality; NOx emissions; S5P/TROPOMI; MAX-DOAS; LOTOS-EUROS

Online: 27 April 2022 (10:42:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0211.v1

Three-Dimensional Distribution of Biomass Burning Aerosols from Australian Wildfires Observed by TROPOMI Satellite Observations

Farouk Lemmouchi, Juan Cuesta, Maxim Eremenko, Claude Derognat, Guillaume Siour, Gaëlle Dufour, Pasquale Sellitto, Solène Turquety, Dung Tran, Xiong Liu, Peter Zoogman, Ronny Lutz, Diego Loyola

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: fine particulate matter; biomass burning; black carbon; smoke; smoke injection height; 3D distribution of aerosols; Australian fire; TROPOMI

Online: 22 April 2022 (10:53:18 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0107.v1

On the Redox-Activity and Health-Effects of Atmospheric Primary and Secondary Aerosol: Phenomenology

Francesca Costabile, Stefano Decesari, Roberta Vecchi, Franco Lucarelli, Gabriele Curci, Dario Massabò, Matteo Rinaldi, Maurizio Gualtieri, Emanuela Corsini, Elena Menegola, Silvia Canepari, Lorenzo Massimi, Stefania Argentini, Maurizio Busetto, Gianluca Di Iulio, Luca Di Liberto, Marco Paglione, Igor Petenko, Mara Russo, Angela Marinoni, Gianpietro Casasanta, Sara Valentini, Vera Bernardoni, Federica Crova, Gianluigi Valli, Alice Corina Forello, Fabio Giardi, Silvia Nava, Giulia Pazzi, Paolo Prati, Virginia Vernocchi, Teresa La Torretta, Ettore Petralia, Milena Stracquadanio, Gabriele Zanini, Gloria Melzi, Emma Nozza, Martina Iulini, Donatella Caruso, Lucia Cioffi, Gabriele Imperato, Flavio Giavarini, Maria Battistoni, Francesca Di Renzo, Maria Agostina Frezzini, Cinzia Perrino, Maria Cristina Facchini

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: atmospheric aerosol; chemical composition; secondary aerosol; source apportionment; ultrafine particles; oxidative potential; exposure; toxicology; forecasting; micrometeorology

Online: 12 April 2022 (09:54:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0406.v1

Aerosol Optical Thickness Retrieval in Presence of Cloud: Application to S3A/SLSTR Observations

Marta Luffarelli, Yves Govaerts, Lucio Franceschini

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: aerosols; clouds; inversion; optimal estimation

Online: 31 March 2022 (11:47:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0381.v1

Rossby Waves in Total Ozone over the Arctic in 2000–2021

Chenning Zhang, Asen Grytsai, Oleksandr Evtushevsky, Gennadi Milinevsky, Yulia Andrienko, Valery Shulga, Andrew Klekociuk, Yuriy Rapoport, Wei Han

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Rossby wave; quasi-stationary wave; stratosphere; Arctic; ozone

Online: 29 March 2022 (11:26:45 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0373.v1

Preliminary Statistical Characterizations of the Lowest Kilometer Time-Height Profiles of the Rainfall Rate Using a Vertically Pointing Radar

Arthur R. Jameson, Michael L. Larsen

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: raindrop size distributions (DSD) from Doppler radar; computing radial power spectra using radar Doppler spectra; vertical pointing Doppler rain observations

Online: 29 March 2022 (04:04:49 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0346.v1

A Systematic Review of Low-Cost Real-time Air Quality Sensors, Systems, and Evaluation Methods

Hasan Tariq, Farid Touati, Damiano Crescini, Adel Ben Mnaouer

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: ; ow-cost air quality sensors; air quality assessment; sensing technologies (STs); fabrication; measurement; configurations; sensor assemblies; gas sensors calibration systems (GSCS); evaluation; mach

Online: 25 March 2022 (15:14:37 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0158.v1

Carbon and Trace Element Compositions of Total Suspended Particles (TSP) and Nanoparticles (PM_0.1) in Ambient Air of Southern Thailand and Characterization of Their Sources

Muanfun Inerb, Worradorn Phairuang, Phakphum Paluang, Mitsuhiko Hata, Masami Furuuchi, Prasit Wangpakapattanawong

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: air quality management; biomass burning; carbon; PCA; PM0.1; trace elements

Online: 11 March 2022 (03:02:33 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0150.v1

Desert Dust Climatology of Turkey

S. Yeşer Aslanoğlu, Emmanouil Proestakis, Antonis Gkikas, Gülen Güllü, Vassilis Amiridis

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: aerosol; CALIPSO; desert dust; Eastern Mediterranean; North Africa; Middle East

Online: 10 March 2022 (13:57:26 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0037.v1

Forecasting the June Ridge Line of the Western Pacific Subtropical High with a Machine Learning Method

Cunyong Sun, Xiangjun Shi, Huiping Yan, Qixiao Jiang, Yuxi Zeng

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: machine learning; neural network; forecasting system; western Pacific subtropical high.

Online: 2 March 2022 (07:41:45 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0264.v1

Zonal Asymmetry of the Stratopause in the 2019/2020 Arctic Winter

Yu Shi, Oleksandr Evtushevsky, Gennadi Milinevsky, Andrew Klekociuk, Wei Han, Oksana Ivaniha, Yulia Andrienko, Valery Shulga, Chenning Zhang

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: stratopause; mesosphere; sudden stratospheric warming; polar vortex; zonal wind; quasi-biennial oscillation; planetary wave; stratosphere

Online: 22 February 2022 (04:07:39 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0239.v1

Weather Research and Forecasting Model Sensitivity to Choice of Parameterization over Ethiopia

Andualem Shiferaw, Tsegaye Tadesse, Clinton Rowe

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: WRF; physical parameterization; sensitivity; Ethiopia

Online: 18 February 2022 (17:41:50 CET)

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Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0201.v2

Wood Burial is Currently the Only Fast and Effective Method of Carbon Neutrality

Kai Xu

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: CO2; carbon neutrality; elemental stoichiometry; energy use efficiency; first principle; sink enhancement

Online: 17 February 2022 (12:02:55 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0177.v1

The Role of Quasi-Stationary Waves in Annual Cycle in Mid-Latitude Stratospheric and Mesospheric Ozone in 2011-2020

Chenning Zhang, Oleksandr Evtushevsky, Gennadi Milinevsky, Yulia Andrienko, Valerii Shulga, Wei Han, Yu Shi

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: quasi-stationary wave; stratosphere; mesosphere; westward phase tilt; geopotential height; ozone; annual and semi-annual oscillation

Online: 14 February 2022 (14:05:03 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0120.v1

Principal Component Analysis of Heavy Metals in Atmospheric Aerosols from Meycauayan, Bulacan, Philippines

Maria Cecilia D Galvez, Edgar Vallar, Red M Castilla, Paulito Mandia, Regine Branzuela, Ofelia Rempillo, Aileen Huelgas Orbecido, Arnel Beltran, Nadine Ledesma, Custer Deocaris, Vernon Morris, Lawrence Phoa Belo

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Meycauayan; aerosols; source apportionment; principal component analysis; MMORS

Online: 8 February 2022 (14:55:34 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0085.v1

Field Campaign Evaluation of Sensors GMX500 and WS100 in Peruvian Central Andes

Jairo M. Valdivia, David A. Guizado, José L. Flores-Rojas, Delia P. Gamarra, Yamina F. Silva, Rosana E. Huamán, Luis F. Suarez

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Meteorological instruments; Drop size distribution; DSD; Huancayo Observatory; Peruvian Central Andes

Online: 7 February 2022 (12:51:55 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202202.0002.v1

15-Year Analysis of Direct Effects of Total and Dust Aerosols in Solar Radiation/Energy Over the Mediterranean Basin

Kyriakoula Papachristopoulou, Ilias Fountoulakis, Antonis Gkikas, Panagiotis G. Kosmopoulos, Panagiotis T. Nastos, Maria Hatzaki, Stelios Kazadzis

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: aerosols; dust; direct radiative effects; solar energy; Mediterranean basin

Online: 1 February 2022 (10:58:53 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0444.v1

Assessing Impacts of Drought on Agriculture and Food Security in the Baribo Basin, Cambodia

Kimhuy Sok, Supattra Visessri, Sokchhay Heng

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Tonle Sap; meteorological drought; agricultural drought; drought index; drought duration

Online: 28 January 2022 (18:04:28 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0397.v1

Effect Of The Aerosol Vertical Distribution On The Modelling Of Solar Radiation

Ilias Fountoulakis, Kyriakoula Papachristopoulou, Emmanouil Proestakis, Vassilis Amiridis, Charalampos Kontoes, Stelios Kazadzis

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: aerosol profile; aerosol extinction coefficient; aerosol radiative effects; spectral solar radiation; solar radiation profile

Online: 26 January 2022 (12:52:00 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0262.v1

Compact Midwave Imaging System: Results from an Airborne Demonstration

Michael A. Kelly, James L. Carr, Dong L. Wu, Arnold C. Goldberg, Ivan Papusha, Renee T. Meinhold

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Stereo winds; midwave infrared; weather satellite; atmospheric motion vectors

Online: 18 January 2022 (15:15:47 CET)

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The Compact Midwave Imaging System (CMIS) is a wide field of view, multi-angle, multi-spectral pushframe imager that relies on the forward motion of the satellite to create a two-dimensional (2D) image swath. An airborne demonstration of CMIS was successfully completed in January-February 2021 on the NASA Langley Research Center Gulfstream III. The primary objective of the four-flight campaign was to demonstrate the capability of this unique instrument to perform stereo observations of clouds and other particulates (e.g. smoke) in the atmosphere. It is shown that the midwave infrared (MWIR) spectral bands of CMIS provide a unique 24/7 capability with high resolution for accurate stereo sensing. The instrument relies on new focal plane array (FPA) technology, which provides excellent sensitivity at much warmer detector temperatures than traditional technologies. This capability enabled a compact, low-cost design that can provide atmospheric motion vectors and cloud heights to support requirements for atmospheric winds in the 2017-2027 Earth Science Decadal Survey. Applications include day/night observations of the planetary boundary layer, severe weather, and wildfires. A comparison with current space-based earth science instruments demonstrates that the SWIR/MWIR multi-spectral capability of CMIS is competitive with larger, more expensive instrumentation. Imagery obtained over a controlled burn and operating nuclear power plant demonstrated the sensitivity of the instrument to temperature variations. The system relies on a mature stereoscopic imaging technique applied to the same scene from two independent platforms to unambiguously retrieve atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) with accurate height assignment. This capability has been successfully applied to geostationary and low-earth orbit satellites to achieve excellent accuracy. When applied to a ground-point validation case, the accuracy for the CMIS aircraft observations was 20 m and 0.3 m/s for cloud heights and motion vectors, respectively. This result was confirmed by a detailed error analysis with analytical and covariance models. The results for CMIS cases with underflights of Aeolus, CALIPSO and Aqua provided a good validation of expected accuracies. The paper also showed the feasibility of accommodating CMIS on CubeSats to enable multiple instruments to be flown in a leader-follower mode.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0185.v1

Investigation of Indoor and Outdoor Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations in Schools in Salt Lake City, Utah

Daniel L Mendoza, Tabitha M Benney, Ryan Bares, Benjamin Fasoli, Corbin Anderson, Shawn A Gonzales, Erik T Crosman, Sebastian Hoch

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Air quality; fine particulate matter; primary schools; building ventilation; environmental inequality; research grade sensors; indoor air quality

Online: 13 January 2022 (10:28:35 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0178.v1

Low-altitude Sensing of Urban Atmospheric Turbulence with UAV

Alexander Shelekhov, Aleksey Afanasiev, Evgenia Shelekhova, Alexey Kobzev, Alexey Tel’minov, Alexander Molchunov, Olga Poplevina

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: quadcopter; ultrasonic weather station; turbulence, longitudinal and lateral spectra, scales, urban environment

Online: 12 January 2022 (16:19:23 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202201.0140.v1

Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Climate Comfort and Population Exposure in Guangdong Province in the Last Half Century

Ziqiang Ye, Song Song, Runfei Zhong

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: climate comfort index; temperature-humidity index; wind-effect index; clothing index; population exposure

Online: 11 January 2022 (13:04:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0554.v3

Biomass Burning and Gas Flares create the extreme West African Aerosol Plume Which Perturbs the Hadley Circulation and thereby Changes Europe’s Winter Climate

Keith A. Potts

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Biomass burning; Anthropogenic aerosols; West Africa; United Kingdom Floods; Iberian Drought; European winter temperatures; Last Millennium Ensemble; NASA MERRA-2

Online: 29 December 2021 (13:14:28 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0428.v1

Application of Advanced Land Observing Satellite 3 (ALOS-3) Data to Land Cover and Vegetation Mapping

Ram C. Sharma, Hidetake Hirayama, Keitarou Hara

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: ALOS-3; Land Cover; Vegetation; Machine learning; Classification; Mapping; Ge-nus-Physiognomy-Ecosystem level

Online: 27 December 2021 (13:43:39 CET)

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Preprint SHORT NOTE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0201.v1

Wood Burial is Currently the Only Fast and Effective Method of Carbon Neutrality

Kai Xu

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: CO2; carbon neutrality; elemental stoichiometry; energy use efficiency; first principle; sink enhancement

Online: 13 December 2021 (12:40:47 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202112.0139.v1

Estimating the Volcanic Ash Plume Course, PM_2.5 Emissions, and Environmental Impacts Based on the December 4, 2021, Mount Semeru Eruption

Andri Wibowo

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: ash plume; course; eruption; PM2.5; Semeru

Online: 8 December 2021 (14:41:58 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0469.v1

Roles of Land and Topography on Propagating Convective Systems During the Heavy Rainfall Event of the 2002 Jakarta Flood, Indonesia

Erma Yulihastin, Danang Eko Nuryanto, Robi Muharsyah

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: land-sea contrast; topography; propagating convective system; early morning convection; Java

Online: 25 November 2021 (11:00:57 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0450.v1

Precipitation Forecast Characteristics of Radar Data Assimilation Based on Precipitation Types

Jeong-Ho Bae, Ki-Hong Min

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Radar; precipitation; 3D-Var; data assimilation; WRF

Online: 24 November 2021 (10:11:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0272.v2

Urban Canyon in the CBD of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil): Thermal Profile of Avenida Rio Branco during Summer

Lidiane de Oliveira Lemos, Antonio Carlos Oscar-Júnior, Francisco Mendonça

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Urban climate; thermal field; three-dimensional structure; surface temperatures; heat islands; thermal inversion

Online: 15 November 2021 (12:30:33 CET)

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This study aims to evaluate the land surface temperature (LST) and the thermal characteristics of the Urban Canopy Layer (UCL) of the urban canyon in Avenida Rio Branco in the Central Business District (CBD) of Rio de Janeiro during summer. In order to conduct this evaluation, two methods were employed: 1) TIRS Landsat-8 sensor for data selection and processing (latest generation, 2011-2020); ; 2) field survey using nine sampling points — seven along two mobile transects, one fixed point, and one vertical measurement point, which required the use of a RPA (Remotely Piloted Aircraft). Three categories of analysis were established for the field survey based on the prevailing synoptic situations: stability, instability, and post-instability. The CBD is characterized by extensive areas with surface heat islands, in which temperatures were higher than 38.9°C; the areas with milder LSTs were Campo do Santana, Avenida Rio Branco, and one of the Mixed-Use Zones (Praça Mauá). With respect to Rio Branco Avenue, the LST niches of lowest elevation were derived through building shadowing; however, the orbital data diverged from the observation data of the ten field-study days. In situ data revealed that the characteristics urban morphology of Avenida Rio Branco is susceptible to the formation of heat islands, presenting heat islands of very strong magnitude (over 6.1°C) in atmospheric stability, strong magnitude (4.1-6.0°C) in atmospheric instability, and moderate magnitude (2.1°C-4.0°C) in post-atmospheric instability. Despite the synoptic situation, thermal cores were concentrated at 1 pm. The intersection between Avenida Rio Branco, Rua do Ouvidor, and Praça Mauá stored most of the solar energy received during the day due to the greater sky obstruction caused by the verticalization. Finally, vertical analysis demonstrated the formation of a thermal inversion on the night of the highest mean air temperature (29.5°C), probably, due to the roughness and number of buildings in the urban canyon.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0554.v2

Biomass Burning and Gas Flares Create the Extreme West African Aerosol Plume Which Perturbs the Hadley Circulation and Thereby Changes Europe’s Winter Climate

Keith A. Potts

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Biomass burning; Anthropogenic aerosols; West Africa; United Kingdom Floods; Iberian Drought; European winter temperatures; Last Millennium Ensemble; NASA MERRA-2

Online: 8 November 2021 (09:55:36 CET)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202111.0081.v1

What Determines the Parameters of a Propagating Streamer: A Comparison of Outputs of the Streamer Parameter Model and of Hydrodynamic Simulations

Nikolai G. Lehtinen, Robert Marskar

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: electric streamer discharges; streamer theory; streamer parameters; plasma instabilities; partially-ionized plasmas; atmospheric electricity

Online: 3 November 2021 (13:59:43 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0212.v4

Sequestering Biomass for Natural, Efficient, and Low-Cost Direct Air Capture of Carbon Dioxide (Version 4)

Jeffrey A. Amelse, Paul K. Behrens

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Carbon Dioxide; Net Zero; Sequestration; Biomass; Direct Capture; Global Warming; Landfills; Forestry

Online: 2 November 2021 (10:53:39 CET)

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Many corporations and governments aspire to become Net Zero Carbon Dioxide by 2030-2050. Achieving this goal requires understanding where energy is produced and consumed, the magnitude of CO₂ generation, and the Carbon Cycle. Many prior proposed solutions focus on reducing future CO₂ emissions from continued use of fossil fuels. Examination of these technologies exposes their limitations and shows that none offer a complete solution. For example, bioethanol is shown to be both carbon and energy inefficient. Direct Air Capture technologies are needed to reduce CO₂ already in the air. The most natural form of Direct Air Capture involves letting nature do the work of creating biomass via photosynthesis. However, it is necessary to break the Carbon Cycle by permanently sequestering that biomass carbon in “landfills” modified to discourage decomposition to CO₂ and methane. Tree leaves and biomass grown on-purpose, such as high yield switchgrass, are proposed as good biomass sources for this purpose. Left unsequestered, leaves decompose with a short Carbon Cycle time constant releasing CO₂ back to the atmosphere. While in any given year, leaves represent a small fraction of a tree’s above ground biomass, leaves can represent a substantial fraction of the total biomass generated by a tree when integrated over a tree’s lifetime. Understanding the chemistry of the distinct phases landfills undergo is the key to minimizing or eliminating decomposition. First, the compact cross-linked structure of cellulose and keeping water out will make it difficult for initial depolymerization to release sugars. Air ingress should be minimized to minimize Phase I aerobic decomposition. pH manipulation can discourage acid formation during Phase II. Lignocellulose is low in nutrients needed for anaerobic decomposition. Inhibitors can be added if needed. The goal is to move quickly to the dormant phase where decomposition stops. The cost for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) for growing and sequestering high yield switchgrass is estimated to be lower than CCS for steam reforming of methane hydrogen plants (SRM) and supercritical or combined cycle coal power plants. Thus, sequestration of biomass is a natural, carbon efficient, and low-cost method of Direct Capture. Biomass sequestration can provide CO₂ removal on giga tonnes per year scale and can be implemented in the needed timeframe (2030-2050).

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202110.0422.v1

An Assessment of Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Lightning Occurrence with Elevation, a Case of Uganda

Peter Wasswa, Geoffrey Sabiiti, Harriette Okal, Paul Kato, Joyce Lunyolo, Harriet Namulindwa

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: spatio-temporal; lightning; elevation; Uganda

Online: 27 October 2021 (18:13:44 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202110.0416.v1

Impact of Madden - Julian Oscillation on North Indian Ocean Cyclone Intensity

M M Ali, Uppalapati Naga Tanusha, C. Purna Chand, B Himasri, Mark A. Bourassa, Y Zheng

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Madden Julian Oscillation; depressions; cyclones; machine learning

Online: 27 October 2021 (13:49:00 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202110.0409.v1

Analysis of Air Pollutant Emissions for Mechanized Rice Cultivation in Korea

Gyu Gang Han, Jun Hyuk Jeon, Yong Jin Cho, Myoung Ho Kim, Seong Min Kim

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Air Pollutant Emissions; Rice Cultivation; Agricultural Machinery; Tier 1 Methodology; Geographic Information System

Online: 27 October 2021 (13:22:08 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202110.0379.v1

Study of Planetary Boundary Layer and Aerosol Transport Using Ceilometer and Air Quality Modelling in New South Wales (NSW), Australia

Hiep Nguyen Duc, Md Mahmudur Raman, Toan Trieu, Merched Azzi, Matthew Riley, Thomas Koh, Shaohua Liu, Kasun Bandara, Vishall Krishnan, Yujing Yang, Jeremy Silver, Michael Kerley, Stephen White, Jordan Capnerhurst, John Kirkwood

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Planetary boundary layer height (PBLH); Mixing level height (MLH); Vaisala CL51 ceilometer; CCAM-CTM; WRF-CMAQ; HYSPLIT trajectory analysis; MODIS satellite

Online: 26 October 2021 (12:15:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202110.0203.v1

A New Separation Methodology for the Maritime Sector Emissions Over the Mediterranean and Black Sea Regions

Andreas Pseftogkas, Maria-Elissavet Koukouli, Ioanna Skoulidou, Dimitrios Balis, Charikleia Meleti, Trissevgeni Stavrakou, Luigi Falco, Jos van Geffen, Henk Eskes, Arjo Segers, Astrid Manders

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Mediterranean; shipping emissions; CAMS-GLOB-SHIP; TROPOMI; LOTOS-EUROS; EMODnet; NOx

Online: 13 October 2021 (13:14:29 CEST)

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The aim of this paper is to apply a new lane separation methodology for the maritime sector emissions attributed to the different vessel types and marine traffic loads in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea defined via the European Marine and Observation Data network (EMODnet), developed in 2016. This methodology is implemented for the first time on the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service Global Shipping (CAMS-GLOB-SHIP v2.1) nitrogen dioxide (NOX) emissions inventory, on the Sentinel-5 Precursor TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) tropospheric vertical column densities and on the LOTOS-EUROS (LOng Term Ozone Simulation – EURopean Operational Smog) chemical transport model simulations. By applying this new, EMODnet-based lane separation method to the CAMS-GLOB-SHIP v2.1 emission inventory, we find that cargo and tanker vessels account for approximately 80% of the total emissions in the Mediterranean, followed by fishing, passenger, and other vessel emissions with contributions of 8%, 7% and 5%, respectively. Tropospheric NO2 vertical column densities sensed by TROPOMI for 2019 and simulated by the LOTOS-EUROS CTM have been successfully attributed to the major vessel activities in the Mediterranean; the mean annual NO2 load of the observations and the simulations reported for the entire maritime EMODnet-reported fleet of the Mediterranean is in satisfactory agreement, 1.26 ± 0.56x1015 molecules cm-2 and 0.98 ± 0.41x1015 molecules cm-2, respectively. The spatial correlation of the annual maritime NO2 loads of all vessel types between observation and simulation ranges between 0.93 and 0.98. On seasonal basis, both observations and simulations show a common variability. The winter-time comparisons are in excellent agreement for the highest emitting sector, cargo vessels, with the observations reporting a mean load of 0.98 ± 0.54 and the simulations of 0.81 ± 0.45x1015 molecules cm-2 and correlation of 0.88. Similarly, the passenger sector reports 0.45 ± 0.49 and 0.39 ± 0.45x1015 molecules cm-2 respectively, with correlation of 0.95. In summertime, the simulations report a higher decrease in modelled tropospheric columns than the observations, however still resulting in a high correlation between 0.85 and 0.94 for all sectors. These encouraging findings will permit us to proceed with creating a top-down inventory for NOx shipping emissions using S5P/TROPOMI satellite observations and a data assimilation technique based on the LOTOS-EUROS chemical transport model.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0477.v1

Characterizing Rain Cells as Measured by a Ka-band Nadir Radar Altimeter: First Results and Impact on Future Altimetry Missions

Bruno Picard, Nicolas Picot, Gérald Dibarboure, Nathalie Steunou

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: rain cells; atmospheric attenuation; microwave radar; Ka-band; altimetry

Online: 28 September 2021 (21:32:59 CEST)

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Working Paper COMMUNICATION

Snowmelt and Snow Sublimation in the Indus Basin

Simon Gascoin

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: snow; snowmelt; snow cover; sublimation; Indus; High Mountain Asia

Online: 23 September 2021 (10:24:05 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Quantifying Horizontal and Vertical Movements in Ho Chi Minh City by Sentinel-1 Radar Interferometry

Dinh Ho Tong Minh, Yen-Nhi NGO, Thu Trang Lê, Trung Chon Le, Hong Son Bui, Quoc Viet Vuong, Thuy Le Toan

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Horizontal East-west velocity; LOS; vertical velocity; InSAR time series; Big Data; PSDS; TomoSAR platform; Sentinel-1; Ho Chi Minh City

Online: 10 September 2021 (11:04:39 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Skyfall 2020: Smartphone Data from a 36 km Drop

Milton Garces, Daniel Bowman, Cleat Zeiler, Anthony Christe, Tyler Yoshiyama, Brian Williams, Meritxell Colet, Samuel Takazawa, Sarah Popenhagen, Yusuke Hatanaka, Jonathan Tobin, Kale McLin

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: smartphones; balloons, internet of things; cyber-physical systems

Online: 8 September 2021 (12:34:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0093.v1

WRF Evaluation During Storm Ophelia Using Remote Sensing and In-situ Measurements at Mace Head, Ireland

Clare Noone, Jana Preißler

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: WRF; Modelling; Climate; Climate Extremes; LIDAR

Online: 6 September 2021 (12:57:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202109.0084.v1

Characteristics of Mesoscale Convective Complexes that Triggered Heavy Rainfall Related to Severe Flash Flood in Luwu, Sulawesi, Indonesia

Erma Yulihastin, Danang Eko Nuryanto, - Trismidianto, Robi Muharsyah

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: mesoscale convective complex; heavy rainfall; warm front; sea surface temperature; eastern Maritime Continent

Online: 6 September 2021 (11:06:17 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0575.v1

A Review of Ambient Nanoparticles (PM_0.1) in South East Asian Cities: Biomass and Fossil Burning Impacts

Worradorn Phairuang, Muanfun Inerb, Mitsuhiko Hata, Masami Furuuchi

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Health Risk; Ultrafine Particles; Nanoparticles; South East Asia; Biomass burning

Online: 31 August 2021 (12:57:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0554.v1

Biomass Burning and Gas Flares Create the Extreme West African Aerosol Plume Which Perturbs the Hadley Circulation and Thereby Changes Europe’s Winter Climate

Keith A. Potts

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Biomass burning; Anthropogenic aerosols; West Africa; United Kingdom Floods; Iberian Drought; European winter temperatures; Last Millennium Ensemble; NASA MERRA-2

Online: 31 August 2021 (08:33:03 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0517.v1

Investigation of Atmospheric Conditions Associated with a Storm Surge in the South-West of Iran

Esmaeil Abbasi, Hana Etemadi, Joseph Smoak, Iman Rousta, Haraldur Olafsson, Piotr Baranowski, Jaromir Krzyszczak

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: synoptic maps; thunderstorm; downburst; WRF Model; Bandar Dayyer.

Online: 27 August 2021 (11:23:59 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0483.v1

An Investigation on Spatiotemporal Variability of Drought Events under Different Climate Change Scenarios, Case Study: Rakai District

Peter Wasswa, Jane Tanner, Geoffrey Sabiiti, Moses Ojara, Harriette Okal, Paul Kato, Harriet Namulindwa

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Spatio-temporal; Drought; Climate Change; SPI; RCP; Rakai

Online: 25 August 2021 (10:45:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0438.v1

Assessment on the Use of Meteorological and Social Media Information for Forest Fires Detection and Prediction in Riau, Indonesia

Anni Arumsari Fitriany, Piotr Jacek Flatau, Khoirunurrofik Khoirunurrofik, Nelly Florida Riama

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: forest fires; forest fires policy; social media; Indonesia

Online: 23 August 2021 (13:17:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0261.v1

Analysis of the Northern Hemisphere Atmospheric Circulation Response to Arctic Ice Reduction Based on Simulation Results

Gennady Platov, Vladimir Krupchatnikov, Viacheslav Gradov, Irina Borovko, Evgeny Volodin

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: sea ice; atmospheric circulation; Rossby waves; climate changes; Arctic; numerical modeling

Online: 11 August 2021 (13:17:14 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0150.v1

Seasonal Rainfall Variability over Southern Ghana

Mohammed Braimah, Vincent Antwi Asante, Maureen Ahiataku, Samuel Owusu Ansah, Frederick Otu-Larbi, Bashiru Yahaya, John Bright Ayabila

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: rainfall trend; Mann Kendall’s test; Sen’s slope estimator; climate statistics; seasonal rainfall; standardized anomaly index; extreme precipitation indicators; rainfall variability; southern Ghana

Online: 6 August 2021 (08:01:09 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Thermal Requirements of Two Egg Parasitoids of Brown Stinkbug Euschistus heros (Hem.: Pentatomidae)

Valeria Freitas Chaves, Fabricio Fagundes Pereira, Jorge Braz Torres, Ivana Fernandes Da Silva, Patrik Luiz Pastori, Harley Nonato de Oliveira, Valmir Antônio Costa, Carlos Reinier Garcia Cardoso

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Biological control, egg parasitoid; biological characteristics; brown stink bug.

Online: 5 August 2021 (10:28:34 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0113.v1

Atmospheric Contamination of Coastal Cities by the Exhaust Emissions of Docked Marine Vessels: The Case of Tromsø

Asier Zubiaga, Synne Madsen, Hassan Khawaja, Gernot Boiger

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: computational fluid dynamics; OpenFOAM; docked vessel; gas pollutants

Online: 4 August 2021 (13:12:08 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0067.v1

3D Geophysical Post-Inversion Feature Extraction for Mineral Exploration Through Fast-ICA

Bahman Abbassi, Li Zhen Cheng

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Feature extraction; independent component analysis; 3D inversion; physical properties

Online: 3 August 2021 (09:45:30 CEST)

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A major problem in the post-inversion geophysical interpretation is the extraction of geological information from inverted physical property models, which do not necessarily represent all underlying geological features. No matter how accurate the inversions are, each inverted physical property model is sensitive to limited aspects of subsurface geology and is insensitive to other geological features that are otherwise detectable with complementary physical property models. Therefore, specific parts of the geological model can be reconstructed from different physical property models. To show how this reconstruction works, we simulated a complex geological system that comprises an original layered earth model that has passed several geological deformations and alteration overprints. Linear combination of complex geological features comprised three physical property distributions: Electrical resistivity, induced polarization chargeability, and magnetic susceptibility models. This study proposes a multivariate feature extraction approach to extract information about the underlying geological features comprising the bulk physical properties. We evaluated our method in numerical simulations and compared three feature extraction algorithms to see the tolerance of each method to the geological artifacts and noises. We show that the fast-independent component analysis (fast-ICA) algorithm by negentropy maximization is a robust method in the geological feature extraction that can handle the added unknown geological noises. The post-inversion physical properties are also used to reconstruct the underlying geological sources. We show that the sharpness of the inverted images is an important constraint on the feature extraction process. Our method successfully separates geological features in multiple 3D physical property models. This methodology is reproducible for any number of lithologies and physical property combinations and can recover the latent geological features, including the background geological patterns from overprints of chemical alteration.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0063.v1

Agricultural Value Chains. A Bibliometric Review and Analysis.

Iván Alberto Analuisa-Aroca, Juan Antonio Jimber del Río, José Antonio Fernández Gallardo, Arnaldo Vergara-Romero

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Bioeconomy, bibliographic databases, value chains agricultural, production.

Online: 2 August 2021 (23:07:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0061.v1

Quantifying and Linking Sustainable Land - Water - Energy - Food Nexus Resources and Livelihoods of Local Community in Ethiopia

Zinabu Wolde, Wu Wei, Haile Ketema, Benjamin Karikari

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Keywords: local community; livelihoods; sustainability; land-water-energy-food; nexus; indicator

Online: 2 August 2021 (22:05:33 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0024.v1

Analyzing the Contribution of Road Traffic to Changes of Air Pollutants Using Random Forest: Insights from COVID-19 lockdown in Wuhan

Jiansheng Wu, Yun Qian, Yuan Wang, Na Wang

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2); Random Forest; Contribution Rate; Air pollution; COVID-19 lockdown

Online: 2 August 2021 (11:54:10 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0009.v1

Using Cloud-Based Array Electromagnetics on the Path to Zero Carbon Footprint during the Energy Transition

Kurt Strack, Sofia Davydycheva, Herminio Passalacqua, Maxim Y. Smirnov, Xiayu Xu

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: CSEM; artificial intelligence; energy transition using electromagnetics; reservoir monitoring; CCUS

Online: 2 August 2021 (09:40:13 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0690.v1

Assessing Low-Cost Terrestrial Laser Scanners for Deriving Forest Structure Parameters

Atticus E. L. Stovall, Jeff W Atkins

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: tls; tree; QSM; PAVD; foliage; sensor; lidar

Online: 30 July 2021 (09:32:59 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Luminescence Sensitivity of Rhine Valley Loess: Indicators of Source Variability?

Kathryn Fitzsimmons, Zoran Perić, Maike Nowatzki, Susanne Lindauer, Mathias Vinnepand, Charlotte Prud'homme, Aditi Krishna Dave, Andreas Voett, Peter Fischer

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: loess-palaeosol sequences, luminescence signal sensitivity, quartz, feldspar, Schwalbenberg, sediment provenance, sediment history, optically stimulated luminescence, infrared stimulated luminescence, Central Europe, Rhine valley

Online: 30 July 2021 (09:11:18 CEST)

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Working Paper ARTICLE

Skyfall 2020: Smartphone Data from a 36 km Drop

Milton Garces, Daniel Bowman, Cleat Zeiler, Anthony Christe, Tyler Yoshiyama, Brian Williams, Meritxell Colet, Samuel Takazawa, Sarah Popenhagen, Yusuke Hatanaka, Jonathan Tobin, Kale McLin

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: smartphones; balloons, internet of things; cyber-physical systems

Online: 29 July 2021 (15:30:08 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0666.v1

A Re-Evaluation of the Swiss Hail Suppression Experiment using Permutation Techniques shows Enhancement of Hail Energies when Seeding

Armin Auf der Maur, Urs Germann

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: hail prevention; non-normal distributions; permutation; bootstrap; confidence intervals

Online: 29 July 2021 (14:21:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0630.v1

Hydrological Responses to Land Use Land Cover Change in the Fincha’a Watershed, Ethiopia

Urgessa Kenea, Dereje Adeba, Motuma Shiferaw Regasa, Michael Nones

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Africa; Ethiopia; Landsat; Land Use Land Cover Change; Remote Sensing; SWAT model

Online: 28 July 2021 (12:20:13 CEST)

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Land use land cover (LULC) changes are highly pronounced in African countries, as they are characterized by an agriculture-based economy and a rapidly growing population. Understanding how land use/cover change (LULCC) influence watershed hydrology will enable local governments and policymakers to formulate and implement effective and appropriate response strategies to minimize the undesirable effects of future land use/cover change or modification and sustain the local socio-economic situation. The hydrological response of the Ethiopia Fincha’a watershed to LULCC happened during the last 30 years was investigated comparing the situation in three reference years: 1994, 2004 and 2018. The information was derived from Landsat sensors, respectively Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS. The various LULC classes were derived via ArcGIS using a supervised classification system, and the accuracy assessment was done using confusion matrixes. For all the years investigated the overall accuracies and the kappa coefficients were higher than 80%, with 2018 as the more accurate year. The analysis of LULCC revealed that forest decreased by 19.99% between the years 1994-2004, and it decreased by 11.85% in the following period 2004-2018. Such decline in areas covered by forest is correlated to an expansion of cultivated land by 16.4% and 10.81%, respectively. After having evaluated the LULCC at the basin scale, the watershed was divided into 18 sub-watersheds, which contained 176 Hydrologic Response Units (HRUs), having a specific LULC. Accounting for such a detailed subdivision of the Fincha’a watershed, the SWAT model was firstly calibrated and validated on past data, and then applied to infer information on the hydrological response of each HRU on LULCC. The modelling results pointed out a general increase of average water flow, both during dry and wet periods, as a consequence of a shift of land coverage from forest and grass towards settlements and build-up areas. The present analysis pointed out the need of accounting for past and future LULCC in modelling the hydrological responses of rivers at the watershed scale.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints201803.0094.v2

Exploring the ‘Rolling Unmasking Effect’ of Downwind Odor Dispersion from Model Plant and Animal Sources

Donald W. Wright, Jacek A. Koziel, David B. Parker, Anna Iwasinska, Thomas G. Hartman, Paula Kolvig, Landon Wahe

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: odor; volatile organic compounds; environmental analysis; air sampling; simultaneous chemical and sensory analysis; prairie verbena; prehensile-tailed porcupine; Virginia pepperweed

Online: 28 July 2021 (10:28:11 CEST)

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Solving environmental odor issues can be confounded by many analytical, technological, and socioeconomic factors. Considerable know-how and technologies can fail to properly identify odorants responsible for the downwind nuisance odor and mitigate it for the affected citizenry. We propose enabling solutions to environmental odor issues by utilizing troubleshooting techniques developed for the food, beverage, and consumer products industries. We showed that the downwind odorant impact-priority ranking process can be definable and relatively simple. The initial challenge is the prioritization of environmental odor character from the perspective of the impacted citizenry downwind. In this research, we aim at summarizing three natural models of the rolling unmasking effect (RUE) and discuss them more systematically in the context of the proposed downwind environmental odor prioritization approach. Regardless of the size and reach of an odor source, a simplification of odor character and composition typically develops with downwind dilution. The extreme odor simplification-upon-dilution was demonstrated for two plant varieties, prairie verbena and Virginia pepperweed. Their downwind odor frontal boundaries were dominated by single, character-defining odorants; p-cresol-dominated ‘barnyard’ odor, and benzyl mercaptan-dominated ‘burnt match’ odor, respectively. The P.T. porcupine downwind odor frontal boundary was dominated by two potent, character-defining odorants: (1) ‘onion’/‘body odor’ odorant #1 and (2) ‘onion’/‘grilled’ odorant #2. In contrast with their downwind boundary simplicities, each odor source presented considerable compositional complexity and composite character difference near the source. The proposed RUE approach’s ultimate significance is the illustration of naturally occurring phenomena that explain why some environmental odors and their sources can be challenging to identify and mitigate using the analytical only approach (focused on compound identities and concentrations). These approaches rarely move beyond comprehensive lists of compounds being emitted by the source.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0609.v1

Vertical Distribution of Aerosols During Deep-convective Event in the Himalaya Using WRF-Chem Model at Convection Permitting Scale

Prashant Singh, Pradip Sarawade, Bhupesh Adhikary

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: Aerosol; South Asia; WRF-Chem; Precipitation; CAPE; CIN.

Online: 27 July 2021 (14:45:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0607.v1

Perioperative Outcome in Dogs Undergoing Emergency Abdominal Surgery: A Retrospective Study on 82 Cases (2018-2020)

Aida Fages, Carme Soler, Nuria Fernández-Salesa, Giuseppe Conte, Massimiliano Degani, Angela Briganti

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: emergency; laparotomy; surgery; dogs

Online: 27 July 2021 (14:22:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0584.v1

Future Precipitation Patterns in the Lake Victoria Basin Using CMIP6 Projections

Obed M. Ogega, Enrico Scoccimarro, Hussen S. Endris, Maurice Nyadawa, James Mbugua, Herbert Misiani

Subject: Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science Keywords: CMIP6; HighResMIP; ScenarioMIP; Lake Victoria; Climate change; East Africa

Online: 26 July 2021 (14:39:44 CEST)

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In late/early 2019/2020, unprecedented high-water-levels were observed in Lake Victoria causing massive flooding in the low-lying lake-adjacent areas and disrupting human and natural systems in the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB). The high lake water-level coincided with unusually heavy and prolonged 2019 June to December precipitation in the LVB. The current study estimates future precipitation patterns over the LVB using HighResMIP and ScenarioMIP general circulation model (GCM) simulations from the 6^th phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). Results show that HighResMIP and ScenarioMIP simulations can adequately reproduce LVB’s precipitation patterns – albeit with location-specific biases. Generally, the GCM simulations tend to over-estimate precipitation patterns over Lake Victoria while under-estimating precipitation patterns over the lake-adjacent areas. Projections show significant future precipitation changes over the LVB relative to the 1970-1999 baseline, with more pronounced changes over the lake than in lake-adjacent areas. Overall, mean annual precipitation is projected to increase by about 18% and 31% by the end of the century, under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, respectively. Additionally, mean daily precipitation intensity (SDII) is projected to increase by up-to 14% while the maximum 5-day precipitation values (RX5Day) increase by up-to 71% under the SSP5-8.5 scenario. Heavy precipitation events, represented by the width of the right tail distribution of precipitation (99p-90p), are projected to increase by 50% and 94% under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, respectively. Given that direct precipitation accounts for about 80% of Lake Victoria’s water budget, the lake’s future water-level fluctuations are likely to be more rampant and unpredictable under the changing climate. Hence, enhanced production and use of climate services is recommended to minimize the risk posed by potentially high water-level fluctuations in Lake Victoria and, ultimately, enhance the socio-economic safety of communities in the LVB.

EARTH SCIENCES