Abstract: In this study, 3D Mg scaffolds were obtained by the spark plasma sintering (SPS), and a calcium phosphate coating was then obtained on the samples by the plasma electrolytic oxidation. A hybrid coating with vancomycin, zoledronic acid and menaquinone MK-7 was formed additionally to improve biocompatibility. The mechanical properties of the formed specimens were studied. According to XRF, SEM, EDS and OSP studies obtained scaffolds have developed morphology and contain hydroxyapatite as well as bioactive substances. Formation of coatings improves samples wettability as well as wear resistance. This makes them promising for use as a new generation of implantation materials. The results are important for the development of personalized implants with improved functional characteristics.

Abstract: Fast-growing hardwoods like poplar often lack natural durability in outdoor use and require homogeneous impregnation with protective agents, though achieving homo-geneity remains a known challenge. Various anatomical structures influence fluid transport in wood. This study compares pit characteristics in normal wood and tension wood of a hybrid poplar genotype, including both impregnated (with an aqueos, dye-containing solution) and non-impregnated regions, to identify anatomical barriers to impregnation. Light and scanning electron microscopy revealed significant differences in pit morphology and frequency in libriform fibres between normal wood and tension wood. In non-impregnated regions, pits were often encrusted. Cross-field pits did not differ between normal wood and tension wood but showed distinct differences between impregnated and non-impregnated regions: in the latter, pits were occluded by ty-lose-forming layers. Intervessel pits differed in border and aperture size between ear-lywood and latewood in both normal wood and tension wood. Hence, fluid transport is strongly impeded by occluded cross-field pits and, to a lesser extent, by encrusted fibre pits.

Abstract: A series of linear isocyanate-free polyurethanes (NIPUs) were obtained by aminolysis of erythritol dicarbonate (EDC) with polyethers (diamino-PEG, diamino-PPO and diamino-PEG/PPO) and 1,12-diaminododecane (DADD), which acts as a chain extender to form hard segments. The obtained NIPUs contained different concentrations of DADD relative to the polyether (72.5–80 wt%). Detailed chemical structure analysis of synthesized NIPU was performed using a combination of FTIR and 1H NMR. FTIR spectra confirmed that the EDC-DADD segments formed a network of hydrogen bonds. This is reflected in WAXD diffractograms showing ordered crystalline domains originating in DADD. The reflections assigned to the DADD segments exhibited changes in their position and intensity with decreasing concentration, indicating an increase in interplanar spacing and a loss of higher-order order. WAXD also showed that the soft segments of PEG and PEG/PPO retain their ordered crystal structure regardless of the DADD content. At a larger length scale, SAXS revealed similar micromorphology for the different polyethers, with a broad peak indicating long-range order in the DADD-rich segments and a weak separation of the soft and hard phases. DSC analyses confirmed the complex phase behavior, where the PEG-based materials showed melting of crystalline fragments and the amorphous PPO showed a glass transition. DMA indicated the stability of the glass transition temperature in the PPO samples and the presence of an unusual structural transition. The results emphasize the influence of the type of poly(ether) on the thermal and microphase properties of the studied non-isocyanate polyurethanes.

Abstract: Aiming to contribute to environmental remediation strategies, this work proposes a novel fabrication of photoelectrocatalytic electrodes containing a BiOI coating deposited onto non-conductive glass (NCG) for CO2 conversion applications. Since the BiOI electrodes are not deposited onto FTO or ITO conductive supports, the electrochemical measurements enable the registration of the (photo)electrochemical response for bare BiOI, thereby excluding remnant signals from the conductive support and reporting an exclusive and proper photoelectrocatalytic BiOI response. A systematic procedure was carried out to improve the physicochemical properties of BiOI through a simple variation of the reagents amount employed in a solvothermal synthesis, thus increasing the crystallite size and surface area of the resulting material (BiOI-X3-20wt.%). The tailored BiOI coating on a non-conductive support showed activity in performing the CO2 photoelectroreduction under UV-Vis irradiation in aqueous media. Finally, the BiOI-X3-20wt.% sample was evaluated to perform the photocatalytic CO2 conversion in gaseous media, producing CO as the reaction product. This study confirms that BiOI is a suitable and easily synthesized material with potential applications for CO2 capture and conversion when employed as a photoactive coating for environmental remediation.

Abstract: Natural sunlight driven photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants is a sustainable solution for water purification. Use of heterojunction nanocomposites in this process shows promise for improved photodegradation efficiency. In this work nanocrystalline Zn2SnO4/SnO2 obtained by the solid-state synthesis method was tested as a heterojunction photocatalyst material for the degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) and Rhodamine B (RhB) dyes as single and multicomponent systems in natural sunlight. Characterization of the structure and morphology of the synthesized nanocomposite using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed formation of Zn2SnO4/SnO2 and heterojunctions between Zn2SnO4 and SnO2 nanoparticles. Photodegradation efficiency of 99.1% was achieved in 120 minutes with 50 mg of the photocatalyst for degradation of MB and 70.58% for degradation of RhB in the same conditions. In the multicomponent system the degradation efficiency of 97.87% for MB and 53.19% for RhB was obtained with only 15 mg of the photocatalyst. Degradation of MB occurred through N-demethylation and the formation of azure intermediates and degradation of RhB occurred through sequential deethylation and fragmentation of the xanthene ring both in single and multicomponent systems.

Abstract: The thermal, thermomechanical, and viscoelastic properties of continuous unidirectional (UD) glass fiber/high-density polyethylene (GF/HDPE) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene/high-density polyethylene (UHMWPE/HDPE) tapes were systematically characterized to support their use in extreme environments. Unlike prior studies focusing on short-fiber composites or limited thermal conditions, this work examines continuous fiber architectures under five operational environments derived from Army Regulation 70-38, reflecting realistic defense-relevant extremes. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) identified melting transitions,127.8 ± 0.2 °C for GF/HDPE and 128.3 ± 0.2 °C for UHMWPE/HDPE, that guided the selection of test conditions for thermomechanical analysis (TMA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). TMA revealed anisotropic thermal expansion consistent with fiber orientation, while DMA, via temperature ramp, frequency sweep, and stress relaxation, quantified the temperature- and time-dependent viscoelastic behavior. The frequency-dependent storage modulus highlighted multiple resonant modes, and stress relaxation data fitted with high accuracy (R² > 0.99) to viscoelastic models, offering parameters for predictive modeling. By integrating thermal and viscoelastic characterization across realistic operational profiles, this study provides a foundational dataset for the application of continuous fiber thermoplastic tapes in structural components exposed to harsh thermal and mechanical conditions.

Abstract: This study presents an innovative modification to the Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) method for synthesizing zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films by incorporating a high-voltage electric field (HVEF), with and without electrical polarity inversion, to influence film growth dynamics. Two configurations, CBD-HVEF-A and CBD-HVEF-B, were developed to assess the effects of electric field strength, periodic inversion, air agitation, and solution pH on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of ZnO coatings. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of the wurtzite ZnO phase, with reduced interplanar spacing and crystallite size under electric fields, especially when polarity was inverted. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that particle size, shape, and distribution were strongly dependent on synthesis parameters, with electric field and air injection enabling higher surface coverage and finer nanostructures. Optical measurements showed a consistent increase in the band gap (blue shift) and reduced defect-related absorption. These findings demonstrate that controlled electric field application during CBD enables precise tuning of ZnO film properties for advanced optoelectronic applications.

Abstract: The milling process of wheat annually generates over 150 million tons of wheat bran (WB), which has significant potential for bioplastic production. However, the production of bioplastics from these resources has never been explored until now. WB polymer is evaluated here to produce environmentally friendly, biodegradable plastic suitable for food packaging. The biodegradable plastic films were prepared through a molding process that involved three steps: (1) extraction of arabinoxylan from wheat bran, (2) hydrolysis and plasticization with glycerol, and (3) blending with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in varying proportions. The resulting bioplastic exhibits competitive mechanical properties and biodegradability. Furthermore, the biodegradable plastic developed in this research contributes to agricultural waste management, the development of value-added products, and the reduction of carbon emissions incurred from plastic industries. Additionally, it can replace and reduce reliance on synthetic plastics, which are non-degradable and a source of severe environmental pollution.

Abstract: A challenge involving the lasting usage of organic compounds is problematic worldwide, with scientists finding ways to solve it. This study explores the effects of repeated recycling on the mechanical, thermal, and structural properties of organic material polypropylene (PP) crates with and without antioxidant additives. In the laboratory, ten batches were created: virgin PP, PP made from mechanical recycling of organic compounds and PP with Arenox A-10 as an antioxidant. Characterisation involved tensile and impact tests, Melt Flow Index (MFI), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and FTIR spectroscopy. Results indicated that reprocessing increased MFI values (6.72 to 9.01 g/10 min) due to chain scission, while antioxidant addition mitigated degradation, preserving tensile strength (20–22 MPa) and improving impact resistance (45–58 kJ/m²). Both DSC and FTIR tests revealed that recycled PP and virgin PP have the same stability and composition. With antioxidant treatment, organic recycled PP is effective in several industrial uses and supports cost-efficiency for the environment and economy in many sectors such as construction, pipes and the automotive industry.

Abstract: Silica fume-based geopolymer composite coating, an approach for utilization of metallurgical solid waste, exerts flame retardancy with ecology, halogen-free and environmentally friendly advantage, but its fire resistance needs to be improved further. Herein, the silica fume-based geopolymer composite flame-retardant coating is benignly designed by doping boric acid (BA), zinc phytate (ZnPA), and melamine (MEL). The results of cone calorimeter demonstrate that appropriate ZnPA and BA significantly enhance its flame retardancy, evidenced by that the peak heat release rate (p-HRR) decreases from 268.78 to 118.72 kW·m-2, the flame performance index (FPI) increases from 0.59 to 2.83 s·m2·kW-1, and the fire resistance index increases from 1.00 to 8.48, respectively. Meanwhile, the in-situ formed boron phosphate (BPO4) facilitates the residual resilience of the fire-barrier layer. Furthermore, the pyrolysis kinetics indicate that the three-level chemical reaction model governs the pyrolysis of coatings. BPO4 makes the pyrolysis Eα climb from 94.28 (P5) to 127.08 (B3) kJ·mol-1 during 731-940°C, corresponding to the improved thermal stability. Consequently, it explores the synergistic flame-retardant mechanism of silica fume-based geopolymer coatings doped with ZnPA, BA, and MEL, providing an efficient strategy for high value-added recycling utilization of silica fume.

Abstract: This work presents a comprehensive evaluation of the heat-sealability of films developed from chañar brea gum (CBG), a biopolymer with potential for packaging applications. Heat-sealability is a critical property in the packaging industry, as it directly determines the integrity and functionality of the final product. The films were prepared by the 10% casting method with the addition of glycerin and heat sealing was carried out at 140 °C using a heat sealer. The study employs a joint determination that explore fundamental properties of the films, including proximate analysis, antioxidant capacity, FTIR, DSC, TGA-DTGA, XRD, mechanical testing, water vapor permeability and sorption, and biodegradability. By integrating the results of all these determinations, the study seeks to evaluate and explain the "intimate relationships"—i.e., the complex interconnections among the molecular structure, composition, thermal behavior, mechanical properties, and barrier properties of chañar gum films—and how these fundamental properties dictate and control their heat-sealability. Thermal stability is up to 200°C with a melting point of 152.48°C for CBG. The interstrand spacing is very similar at 4.88nm for CBG and 4.66nm for CBG-H. SEM images of the heat seal show rounded shapes on the surface, while in the cross section it is homogeneous and almost without gaps. The WVP decreases from 1.7 to 0.37 for CBG and CBG-H, respectively. The Young's modulus decreases from 132MP for CBG to 96.5MPa for CBG-H. The heat sealability is 656N/m with a biodegradability of 4 days. This comprehensive approach is crucial for optimizing the sealing process and designing functional and efficient biodegradable packaging.

Abstract: This review paper aims to synthesize the current applications of rapid and simple chemical analysis methods for the geographical classification of edible nuts. Techniques such as Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), spectrophotometry, and mass spectrometry have been widely employed to differentiate nut origins based on their unique chemical signatures. Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the number of studies using these methods, reflecting growing scientific interest in food authentication and traceability. By summarizing key findings and highlighting commonly used techniques, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the field and identifies promising directions for future research in the classification and origin verification of edible nuts.

Abstract: Additive manufacturing (AM) is revolutionizing the fabrication of structural compo-nents, demanding materials that balance printability with superior thermal and me-chanical performance. Polyglycerol-based macromolecular systems have emerged as promising candidates due to their highly tunable chemical architecture. Variations such as linear, hyperbranched, and dendritic topologies significantly influence thermal behavior, elasticity, and mechanical strength. Functional strategies including cross-linking, copolymerization, and additive incorporation enable property enhancement tailored to diverse AM platforms like stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and fused deposition modeling (FDM). While native polyglycerol systems ex-hibit low thermal stability, chemical modifications and hybridization with fillers like carbon nanotubes, cellulose nanofibers, or graphene oxide improve decomposition temperatures, flame retardancy, and thermal conductivity. Crosslinked derivatives also show increased glass transition and melting points, suitable for moder-ate-temperature printing and structural applications. However, trade-offs such as brittleness from excessive crosslinking and dispersion challenges with nanofillers re-main unresolved. This review critically evaluates the structure–property-processing relationships in polyglycerol-based systems, emphasizing their role in the development of next-generation, multifunctional materials for AM. Emphasis is placed on thermal performance, mechanical optimization, and the integration of environmentally friendly processing strategies.

Abstract: Transition metal-based catalysts designed for efficient urea oxidation reactions (UOR) are essential for hydrogen production via urea-assisted water electrolysis. The amorphous cobalt-doped nickel boride electrocatalyst supported on nickel foam (Co-NiB@NF) was in-situ synthesized using the stepwise chemical deposition method (SCDM). B and Co lowers the energy barrier for generating Ni³⁺ active centers, while the unique structure of Co-NiB@NF offers abundant active sites. The catalyst achieves a potential of only 1.29 V at 10 mA·cm⁻² and maintains 83% current retention over 10 hours.

Abstract: This study investigates the occurrence, concentration, and spatial distribution of multiple antibiotics in lake water samples collected from various urban lakes. The analysis revealed that sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim were the dominant antibiotic groups detected, with sulfamethoxazole (SMX) showing the highest frequency and concentration across the sampled sites. Other antibiotics, including sulfadiazine (STZ), were also identified, albeit at lower levels. Higher antibiotic concentrations were observed in lakes influenced by untreated municipal and healthcare wastewater, indicating significant anthropogenic pollution sources. The differing chemical properties of antibiotics affected their environmental behavior, with hydrophilic compounds remaining primarily in the water column, while fluoroquinolones showed a tendency to accumulate in sediments and aquatic organisms, raising concerns about bioaccumulation and antimicrobial resistance. These findings highlight the pressing need for improved wastewater treatment practices and regulatory controls to mitigate antibiotic contamination and its ecological risks. The study provides valuable baseline data for environmental monitoring and contributes to the understanding of antibiotic pollution in urban aquatic environments.

Abstract: Euryops abrotanifolius, commonly known as mountain resin bush, belongs to the Asteraceae family. Ethno-medicinally, it is used to treat chest ailments and as a general tonic for managing high blood pressure and diabetes. This research investigated the qualitative and quantitative metabolite profiling of methanolic extract from E. abrotanifolius using LC-MS and NMR and evaluates its anti-melanogenic and anti-diabetic potential as there has been no report on the phytochemistry as well as the mentioned inhibitory assays despite reports on some of its traditional uses. The air-dried plant material was macerated in 80 % aqueous methanol and fractionated with hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and butanol (BuOH). LC-MS analysis led to the identification of 22 compounds in the methanolic extract. Additionally, three compounds were isolated for the first time from the plant and identified as ligularenolide (1), franchetianone B (2) and 1α-senecioyloxy-10β -hydroxyeremophil-7(11)-en-8α, 12-olide (3). The methanolic extract and the EtOAc soluble fraction showed favourable inhibitory activities against tyrosinase with IC50 values of 34.52 µg/mL and 53.26 µg/mL respectively, whereas the isolated compounds did not show any significant tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Despite reports of the plant being used traditionally for treating diabetes, the α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of the extracts and the isolated compounds did not substantiate this claim.

Abstract: A thermochromic cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) mixture was prepared using epoxies. The structural color of the CLCN film was tuned by changing the concentration of a chiral dopant and the polymerization temperature. It was found the yellow CLCN film can be used as a sensor for the discrimination of methanol and ethanol which was proposed to be driven by the difference between the solubility parameters. Moreover, a colorful pattern was prepared based on the thermochromic property of the CLC mixture, which could be applied for decoration and as a sensor for chloroform.

Abstract: This paper presents the expected and unexpected, but typically substituent-dependent ferrocene-catalysed DDQ-mediated oxidative transformations of a series of 5,8-bis(methylthio)-1-aryl-1,2-dihydropyridazino[4,5-d]pyridazines (1a–e) and 8-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-5-(methylthio)-1-aryl-1,2-dihydropyridazino[4,5-d]pyridazines (2a–e). Under noncatalytic conditions the reactions of 1a–e were sluggish producing substantial amount of undefined tarry materials, but the reactions catalysed by ferrocene gave the aromatic products 3a–e in markedly higher isolated yields. The expected aromatizations were accompanied by ring-transformations proceeding via aryne-generating fragmentation/Diels-Alder (DA)/N2-releasing retro Diels-Alder (rDA) sequence to construct arene-fused phthalazines type 5. On the other hand, neither the noncatalytic nor the catalytic reactions of 2a–e yielded the expected aromatic products. Instead, depending on their substitution pattern, the catalytic reactions of these pyrazolyl-substituted precursors also led to the formation of dearylated arene-fused phthalazines type 6 competing with unprecedented multistep fragmentation sequence terminated by the hydrolysis of cationic intermediates type 30 to give 4-(methylthio)pyridazino[4,5-d]pyridazin-1(2H)-one (7) and the corresponding 3,5-dimethyl-1-aryl-1H-pyrazole type 8. When 0.6 equivalent of DDQ was applied in freshly absolutized THF, the 2-naphthyl derivative 2c underwent an oxidative coupling to give dimer 32c formed by the interaction of cationic intermediate 30c and the N-nucleophilic precursor remained intact. In a cross-experiment with a 1:1 mixture of 2c and 1c the formation of the dimer 34c substituted with three methylthio groups refers to the coupling of cation 30c and the intact 1c which proved to be more resistant to oxidation compared to the cation-generating 2c. Under the same conditions besides 32c and 34c, 1-butoxy-4-(methylthio)- pyridazino[4,5-d]pyridazine 33 was also formed in a sequential nucleophilic displacement-transfer hydrogenation process with the involvement of cation 30c and two solvent molecules probably serving as a nucleophile and a reductive agent. A systematic computational study was conducted on the intriguing reactions to support their complex mechanisms proposed on the basis of the structures of the isolated products.

Abstract: The formation ways of active chlorine, chlorite, chlorate and perchlorate results from electrochemical and chemicals reactions in electrolysis system that shown equations from (1) to (14)[10]. In electrolysis process by Adept Electrochemical Technology, the active chlorine formation is dependence on flow rate and current and initial chloride concentration. The produced active chlorine concentration is increase when current and initial chloride increase but active chlorine is decrease as flow rate increase and reach to highest at 500ml/min. If phenol and DOC presence in sodium chloride electrolyte, produced active chlorine were decrease as phenol and TOC concentration increase. The results show that acetate is not effect to the formation of active chlorine in electrolysis sodium chloride by Adept Electrochemical Technology.

Abstract: Process validation is a critical element in pharmaceutical manufacturing, ensuring consistent product quality and regulatory compliance. This paper examines these guidelines in detail and highlights the transition from traditional validation methods to Quality by Design (QbD)-driven strategies. By integrating QbD principles with digital tools and lifecycle management, pharmaceutical manufacturers can enhance process understanding, reduce variability, and achieve higher product quality. This technical review highlights the critical role of Quality by Design (QbD) methodologies in enhancing pharmaceutical process validation. QbD employs Design of Experiments (DOE) and Multivariate Data Analysis (MVA) to develop predictive models that improve product and process understanding throughout the product lifecycle. DOE systematically investigates the influence of process variables on critical quality attributes, enabling optimization and robust control strategy development, as demonstrated by case studies in crystallization and blending processes. MVA techniques further support process optimization by analyzing complex multi-parameter data to identify critical process parameters and predict product quality. The integration of digital tools and electronic data platforms facilitates efficient data collection and analysis, enhancing continuous process verification and control. This review underscores the transformative impact of digital QbD applications in achieving consistent, high-quality pharmaceutical manufacturing compliant with evolving regulatory expectations.