Abstract: This paper introduces a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to jointly classify images with multiple classes on the Fashion-MNIST dataset, with a test accuracy of 90.20% and 0.11 million parameters of parameters a lightweight model, which significantly outperforms classical baselines (HOG+SVM: 85%) and is both computationally efficient. The CNN uses three convolutional blocks with varying filter depth (3264128), ReLU activation, MaxPooling, Batch Normalization, Dropout regularization, and fully connected classification head that is trained using Adam optimizer. These architectural concepts are generalised to the field of AI-related cybersecurity: namely, the deep learning-based Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) classifying network traffic flows as benign and attack ones - a problem that is characterised by the same core challenge architecture as Fashion-MNIST (spatial feature hierarchy extraction, multi-class discrimination, imbalanced class difficulty). State-of-the-art CNN based IDS are 94.8-97.5% accurate in detection (Attention-CNN-LSTM; Nature Scientific Reports, 2025), 98.5% with combined host/network data (Springer Nature, 2024), and 99.67% with encrypted malicious traffic.

Abstract: The growing demand for efficient and sustainable materials for air purification has stimulated interest in activated carbons derived from renewable biomass resources. In this study, activated carbons were prepared from rice husk, wheat straw, sawdust, and walnut shells and systematically investigated as sorbents for toxic gases and volatile organic compounds. The materials were characterized using nitrogen and water vapour sorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis to evaluate their textural properties, morphology, thermal stability, and surface chemistry. The results showed that the precursor type strongly influences the pore structure and functional group composition of the activated carbons. Wheat straw and Rice husk–derived activated carbons exhibited the highest total pore volume and a well-developed porous structure, together with a high content of oxygen- and silicon-containing elements. Gas breakthrough experiments with different probes showed that wheat straw–derived activated carbon excels in VOC removal due to its highly microporous structure. In contrast, rice husk–derived activated carbon displays strong affinity toward inorganic gases such as NH₃ and, after urea modification, achieves enhanced performance for SO₂. These results underscore the versatility and practical applicability of carbon materials obtained from plant residues.

Abstract: Major depressive disorder remains a leading cause of disability, and decades of mono-amine-centered pharmacology have yielded delayed and often incomplete relief. Rap-id-acting antidepressants reshaped the field by linking swift symptom improvement to glutamatergic plasticity, yet durable benefit depends on how newly reconfigured cir-cuits are stabilized and tuned. This review synthesizes evidence that antidepressant ef-ficacy arises from the coordinated engagement of synaptic plasticity, spanning induc-tion and consolidation, and intrinsic excitability, which provides gain control, and pro-poses an integrated framework to guide future discovery. It first outlines induction through N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs), exemplified by ketamine and esketa-mine, followed by consolidation mediated by tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) signaling, translational disinhibition via eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2K), and presynaptic stabilization indexed by synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A); to-gether, these processes transform transient potentiation into persistent network change. It then highlights intrinsic excitability, emphasizing voltage-gated potassium channel subfamily Q (Kv7), hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN), and G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels as circuit-level governors that normalize firing and limit relapse-prone hyperexcitability. Finally, it presents the Induction-Consolidation-Maintenance (ICM) framework as a hypothesis-generating roadmap for future studies, with SV2A positron emission tomography (PET), electroen-cephalography (EEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) biomarkers discussed as candidate tools rather than validated guides for treatment timing or pa-tient selection. The proposed contribution is not another list of plasticity pathways, but a phase-specific model that links synaptic induction, consolidation, and excitability-based maintenance to distinct therapeutic windows, biomarkers, and relapse-prevention strategies.

Abstract: Background: Paediatric respiratory diseases remain major causes of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide, including pneumonia, asthma, bronchiolitis, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, and environmentally related airway disease. Despite increasing scientific output, comprehensive bibliometric evaluation of this field remains limited. Objective: To analyse the global evolution, leading contributors, collaboration patterns, and emerging themes in paediatric respiratory disease research from 2000 to 2025. Methods: A bibliometric study was conducted using Scopus as the primary database and PubMed as a supplementary source. English-language articles and reviews published between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2025 were included. Bibliometrix/R, VOSviewer, and Gephi were used for performance analysis and science mapping. Outcomes included publication growth, leading countries, institutions, authors, journals, citation metrics, collaboration networks, keyword co-occurrence, thematic evolution, and funding patterns. Results: The dataset comprised 18,742 publications. Research output increased more than eight-fold during the study period, particularly after 2015. The United States remained the leading contributor, followed by China and the United Kingdom. Highly cited publications focused on bronchiolitis guidelines, lung-function standardisation, preschool wheeze, and RSV burden. Four major thematic clusters emerged: asthma and allergy; RSV, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia; cystic fibrosis and chronic suppurative lung disease; and critical care, COVID-19, air pollution, and digital health. Conclusion: Paediatric respiratory research expanded rapidly and became increasingly collaborative and translational. However, research activity remains concentrated in high-income countries despite greater disease burden in low- and middle-income set-tings.

Abstract: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive and heterogeneous disorder in which accurate prognostication is essential for risk stratification, treatment escalation, and transplant planning. This review summarizes established and emerging prognostic factors in pulmonary arterial hypertension, emphasizing clinical status, six-minute walk distance, World Health Organization functional class, invasive hemodynamics, natriuretic peptides, echocardiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Particular attention is given to right ventricular adaptation, because right ventricular function and rightventriculo-pulmonary arterial coupling remain central determinants of outcomes. The review also discusses biomarkers reflecting myocardial stress, inflammation, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling, including GDF-15, MR-proADM, IL-6, TNF-α, suPAR, angiopoietin-2, VEGF, periostin, and kallistatin. Contemporary risk models such as COMPERA 2.0, REVEAL 2.0, and REVEAL Lite 2 are reviewed as dynamic tools for longitudinal risk assessment. Integrating conventional parameters with imaging, biomarkers, and emerging proteomic approaches may improve individualized prognostication and support precision medicine in pulmonary hypertension.

Abstract: We propose a unified theoretical framework for observed redshift phenomena in astrophysics, in which gravitational and cosmological contributions arise from distinct but coexisting physical mechanisms. In this model, the gravitational field itself carries an effective mass, leading to a nontrivial field–mass structure that naturally identifies halo mass with the gravitational field mass outside baryonic sources. Independently, a cosmological redshift mechanism is derived from a relativistic quantum treatment of coherent photon propagation through an effective medium, resulting in a nonlinear closed-form energy-loss law characterized by a single effective parameter with units of Hubble’s constant. Through the definition of redshift, these two mechanisms combine multiplicatively, yielding a mathematically consistent total-redshift expression. The framework provides a unified mapping between distance and redshift for both galaxies and quasars without assuming a single dominant redshift cause. The model is constructed from explicit assumptions grounded in relativistic field dynamics and quantum coherence, and its internal consistency is demonstrated through analytic solutions and calibrated examples. Although parameter calibration is used for illustration, it does not constitute empirical validation; the focus is on formal structure, logical coherence, and theoretical plausibility. The proposed framework serves as a basis for future observational tests and theoretical refinement, illustrating how alternative physical interpretations of redshift can be formulated within a consistent relativistic setting.

Abstract: Background: Laparoscopic surgery requires technical, perceptual and psychomotor skills that differ from those used in open surgery. Simulation, box trainers, virtual reality and augmented reality have therefore been incorporated into surgical education to support safe, repeated practice before exposure to real clinical scenarios. However, evidence on students’ perceptions of these technologies remains dispersed, and direct evidence for Surgical Instrumentation students is particularly limited. Objective: To map the available evidence on health sciences students’ perceptions of emerging technologies in laparoscopic training and to identify implications for Surgical Instrumentation education. Methods: A scoping review was conducted following PRISMA-ScR and JBI guidance. The review question was structured using the PCC framework: population, health sciences and surgical training students; concept, perceptions of emerging technologies; and context, laparoscopic surgery education. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Redalyc and Google Scholar were searched for publications in English or Spanish from January 2020 to March 2025. Two reviewers independently screened records and resolved disagreements by consensus. Findings were synthesized narratively. Results: A total of 1,800 records were identified. Fifty-seven full-text reports were assessed, and 11 studies met the eligibility criteria. Ten of the 11 studies reported favorable perceptions of emerging technologies, mainly related to confidence, satisfaction, perceived safety, self-efficacy and opportunities for repeated practice. Most studies involved medical students, surgical residents, nursing students or mixed surgical trainees; only one study directly addressed Surgical Instrumentation students. Conclusions: Emerging technologies are generally perceived favorably in laparoscopic training, but their educational value depends on structured pedagogy, feedback, faculty development, access to equipment, and objective assessment. The limited direct evidence in Surgical Instrumentation supports the need for multicenter studies, validated perception instruments and competency-based evaluations adapted to this professional field.

Abstract: Introduction: Locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains a major therapeutic challenge, with limited curative options. In recent years, several multimodal approaches combining systemic therapies with innovative locoregional treatments such as endoscopic brachytherapy with Phosphorus-32 have shown promising results. Case Presentation: We report the case of a patient diagnosed with locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by Phosphorus-32 brachytherapy and subsequent surgical resection. Conclusions: The multimodal approach resulted in a near-complete response on histopathological examination, good local disease control, and acceptable tolerability, thereby suggesting a potential role for brachytherapy in selected patients with locally advanced pancreatic tumors.

Abstract: Background: Teaching is a high-demand profession associated with elevated levels of occupational stress and burnout. While physical activity and body image have been linked to psychological well-being, their independent and combined associations with burnout in teachers remain insufficiently understood, particularly regarding potential sex differences. Objectives: To examine the associations between physical activity, body image satisfaction, and burnout symptoms in teachers, and to determine whether these relationships differ between men and women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from two independent datasets, comprising 189 teachers from primary and secondary education in the Lisbon and Tagus Valley region, Portugal. Burnout was assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory, body image through a self-report measure (Figure Rating Scale), and physical activity using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were performed, and moderation analyses were conducted, controlling for age and years of service. Results: Moderate physical activity was significantly associated with lower depersonalization (β = -0.180, p = 0.022) and higher personal accomplishment (β = 0.197, p = 0.011), but not with emotional exhaustion. Body image was not significantly associated with burnout dimensions. Moderate physical activity was also marginally associated with higher odds of body image dissatisfaction (OR = 4.467, p = 0.050). Additionally, sex did not moderate the associations between physical activity and burnout outcomes. Conclusions: Moderate physical activity appears to be associated with lower depersonalization and higher personal accomplishment in teachers, whereas body image does not play a central role. These associations were consistent across men and women. These findings support a multidimensional perspective of teacher well-being, highlighting physical activity as a relevant, though complementary, factor alongside occupational demands, with consistent effects across sexes.

Abstract: Hot-arid residential buildings experience persistent cooling demand and increasing material intensity, yet most building-performance studies prioritize operational energy while insufficiently integrating life-cycle carbon and material sufficiency into envelope evaluation. This limits the ability to distinguish between performance gains achieved through passive design efficiency and those dependent on increased material input. This study investigates the interaction between material sufficiency, energy use, and life-cycle carbon in residential buildings across three representative hot-arid climates: Riyadh, Abu Dhabi, and Doha. A Pareto-informed multi-criteria evaluation framework was applied using a standardized mid-rise residential prototype to assess predefined envelope design strategies under consistent operational conditions. Dynamic energy simulations were conducted in DesignBuilder/EnergyPlus, while embodied carbon was quantified through a consistent material inventory approach. Baseline energy use intensity (EUI) values reached 64.98, 83.13, and 93.67 kWh/m²·year for Riyadh, Abu Dhabi, and Doha, respectively, reflecting increasing cooling demand from inland dry to humid coastal conditions. Envelope optimization reduced EUI to 47.33–72.40 kWh/m²·year, while embodied carbon ranged from 40,761.2 to 57,146.2 kgCO₂-eq per configuration. Reduced window-to-wall ratio strategies consistently achieved the most balanced performance across all climates, whereas high-glazing configurations increased energy demand, carbon emissions, and material intensity. The study operationalizes a sufficiency-oriented evaluation perspective that supports climate-responsive envelope decision-making by integrating operational and material performance within a unified comparative framework.

Abstract: Objectives: This study aimed to examine the intra- and inter-rater reliabilities of panoramic ultrasonographic measurements of the length (Pm_L), thickness (Pm_T), and cross-sectional area (Pm_CSA) of the pectoralis minor (Pm). Methods: Twenty young male participants (mean age: 22.9 ± 3.8 years) were recruited for this study. All participants had asymptomatic rounded shoulder posture (RSP), with a mean acromion-to-table distance of 59.316 ± 9.631 mm. Longitudinal panoramic scans of the Pm of the dominant arm were acquired 3 trials of 4 measurements for all participants. The first two measurements were examined by the same rater on the same day, and the third measurement was performed by a different rater. The same procedure was carried out by the first rater after 30 days for inter-day reliability. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), standard errors of measurement (SEM), and minimal detectable changes (MDC) were calculated to estimate the reliabilities. Results: The intra- and inter-rater reliabilities of Pm_L, Pm_T and Pm_CSA were excellent (all ICC > 0.932; all SEM < 7.4%; all MDC < 20%). Bland-Altman plots demonstrated good agreement with nearly zero mean differences between measurements. Conclusion: Using panoramic ultrasonography to measure Pm_L, Pm_T and Pm_CSA may be considered a reliable method with excellent inter-day, intra- or inter-rater reliabilities.

Abstract: In a series of publications beginning in 1980, the philosopher John Searle identified intrinsic intentionality as a fundamental problem for then-current attempts to model human cognition and for construction of genuinely intelligent AI systems, and this remains problematic today. The present paper addresses one aspect of it: how to implement intentional lexical meaning in a physical neural system. It proposes preservation of the similarity structure of environmental input stimuli by topographic organization of neural activation as the fundamental mechanism, and that this can be mathematically modelled as a mapping from an input manifold to a graph that preserves the manifold topology. The motivation is technological - how to build an artificial language system that incorporates intrinsic meaning - though what is proposed may be found conceptually applicable to modelling of how linguistic meaning arises in the mind and how this relates to the structure and dynamics of the physical brain.

Abstract: Food-derived lipids are not only major sources of dietary energy but are increasingly recognized as active signaling molecules and dynamic regulators of immunometabolic homeostasis. This review proposes an integrated framework of multi-scale lipid signaling organized around four major regulatory axes: immune-inflammation, metabolic reprogramming, membrane structural dynamics, and organelle stress responses. Within this framework, we systematically summarize how major classes of functional food-derived lipids, including n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), phospholipids, phytosterols, and medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), coordinately regulate health-related processes at the molecular, subcellular, and cellular levels. We further discuss their potential protective roles and translational evidence in cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, intestinal inflammatory diseases, and cancer-related nutritional support. In addition, we examine how lipidomics, multi-omics integration, and artificial intelligence are driving the field from empirical use toward mechanism-guided precision nutrition. Finally, we highlight major challenges that currently limit clinical translation, including bioavailability, interindividual heterogeneity in responsiveness, variation in endpoint selection, and the need for more rigorous validation of causal mechanisms. Overall, this review provides a systematic perspective on the signaling functions of food-derived lipids and their emerging potential in precision nutrition and disease management.

Abstract: Buildings account for a major share of global energy demand and operational carbon emissions, underscoring the importance of climate-responsive façade design in sustainable architecture. Façade parameters such as glazing ratio, shading systems, and glazing properties strongly influence thermal performance of buildings; however, most optimization studies remain confined to single climates and rarely provide practical design guidance. This study introduces an AI-assisted optimization framework for evaluating façade performance across four contrasting climate zones: Abu Dhabi (hot-arid), Singapore (hot-humid), Athens (Mediterranean), and Berlin (temperate). A standardized five-story residential prototype was modeled in DesignBuilder using the EnergyPlus simulation engine. Window-to-Wall Ratio, orientation, shading depth, and glazing type were optimized using the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II to minimize Energy Use Intensity (EUI) and operational CO₂ emissions while maintaining thermal comfort through ASHRAE 55 discomfort-hour constraints. The optimized solutions reduced EUI by approximately 54% in Abu Dhabi, 56% in Singapore, 43% in Athens, and 40% in Berlin relative to baseline conditions. A post-optimization AI-assisted rule-based interpretation layer applied to identify recurring façade parameter patterns among Pareto-optimal solutions revealed a systematic transition from low-glazing, deep-shading solutions in hot climates toward higher glazing ratios with limited shading in temperate environments. These findings indicate that façade optimization is climate-dependent and that AI-assisted workflows can support interpretable, performance-driven architectural decision-making.

Abstract: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a non-destructive technique for characterizing the battery behavior for estimating the state of health (SOH). EIS provides frequency-domain information on key parameters, including solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) resistance, charge-transfer (CT) resistance, and Ohmic resistance, which are sensitive to battery degradation mechanisms. In an EIS test, a sinusoidal excitation signal is applied to the battery, and the corresponding voltage response is analyzed to extract the impedance spectrum. The reliability of SOH estimation therefore depends critically on the accurate and repeatable extraction of impedance features. This paper investigates the variability in impedance spectra arising from the state of charge (SOC), temperature, rest time, and repeated measurements under nominally identical conditions. This variability is identified as drift and represents previously underexplored variations in the impedance spectrum. To quantify these variations, this work proposes a normalized resistance-based index that captures changes in the impedance spectrum using estimated equivalent circuit model (ECM) parameters. The proposed index is applicable across battery chemistries, sizes, and operating conditions. It is evaluated using published datasets spanning different chemistries, SOC levels, and temperatures, as well as laboratory data collected from repeated EIS experiments. Results show that even at fixed SOC and temperature, repeated measurements can produce measurable bias and variance in ECM parameters. These findings highlight the importance of accounting for drift in EIS analysis and motivate uncertainty-aware battery diagnostics for practical SOH monitoring systems.

Abstract:

MYB transcription factors (TFs) play essential roles in diverse biological processes, including anther and pollen development, vegetative growth, seed development and germination, and stress responses. However, functional characterization of MYB TFs in maize (Zea mays) lags far behind that in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification of 196 maize MYB TFs, along with phylogenetic analysis and Gene Ontology (GO) annotation. To bridge the knowledge gap, we established an integrated cross-species comparative framework that systematically maps functionally characterized MYB TFs from Arabidopsis and rice to their maize orthologs. By coupling this homology-based approach with spatiotemporal expression profiling of developing anthers across multiple inbred lines, we prioritized candidate MYB TFs likely involved in anther and pollen development. This integrated strategy provides a paradigm for translating the rich functional knowledge accumulated in model plants to crops with less-characterized genomes. Our study not only establishes a solid foundation for the functional investigation of maize MYB TFs, but also offers promising targets for the mechanistic dissection and molecular breeding application of male sterility in maize.

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Abnormal vaginal discharge (AVD) is a common complaint among women of reproductive age often involving multiple, overlapping etiologies, most commonly bacterial vaginosis (BV), vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), aerobic vaginitis (AV), and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We aimed to evaluate a syndromic diagnostic approach by developing qPCR-derived dysbiosis indices for BV, VVC, and AV, subsequently comparing their performance against established reference methods and clinician-assigned diagnoses. Methods: Vaginal swabs were collected in a case-control design from 74 symptomatic and 64 asymptomatic women at two clinics in Slovenia. Commercial qPCR assays quantified microbial species associated with AVD. Relative abundances were integrated into novel dysbiosis indices. Diagnostic performance was validated against Nugent scoring (BV), semiquantitative Candida culture with clinical symptoms (VVC), and Hay–Ison criteria (AV). Results: The dysbiosis indices demonstrated significantly higher agreement with their respective reference tests compared to clinician-assigned diagnoses across all three conditions. The syndromic approach further revealed that mixed etiologies were frequent, providing diagnostic resolution for this patient subset. Conclusions: qPCR-based microbial dysbiosis indices offer a robust alternative to microscopy, particularly in settings where microscopy is not routinely performed. This syndromic testing improves the accuracy of AVD evaluation and supports more targeted clinical management.

Abstract: In a previous review, after recalling the somatic and psychiatric effects of synthetic estrogens in children exposed in utero and their offspring, despite warnings from the moment they were put on the market, we reported that synthetic progestins have similar effects. In the present work, based on data from a retrospective French cohort of patients whose mothers (first generation) were treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES), ethinyl estradiol and/or synthetic progestins during pregnancy, we highlight the presence of congenital malformations, particularly of the musculoskeletal system, in second (directly exposed in utero) and third-generation girls and boys. The analyzed data were from 17 families and included 30 second generation children (20 girls and 10 boys who were prenatally exposed) and 31 third generation grandchildren (7 girls and 24 boys) whose mothers (second generation) some of them received additional hormonal treatment (progestins) to promote fertility or for in vitro fertilization procedures. This is the first time that congenital musculoskeletal malformations have been described in the grandchildren of women treated with xenohormones. The epigenetic and hormonal mechanisms involved in the teratogenic effects of these endocrine disruptors are discussed.

Abstract: Background: Intestinal stomas affect an estimated 1.5 million people worldwide. The comparative psychosocial burden of colostomy versus ileostomy remains poorly synthesised, leaving clinicians without quantitative guidance for shared decision-making. Methods: PRISMA-2020-compliant systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis (DerSimonian–Laird) of studies published January 2000–March 2026 (PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO). Of 47 studies in the systematic review (n = 38,612), 22 contributed extractable means ± SD to the quantitative meta-analysis. The SMD was coded as colostomy minus ileostomy on the respective scale: a positive SMD on symptom/burden scales (depression, body image disturbance) indicates greater burden in colostomy; a positive SMD on HRQoL scales (higher = better) indicates better HRQoL in colostomy. Subgroup analyses were prespecified for stoma duration (temporary vs. permanent) and indication (oncological, IBD, other). Publication bias was assessed with Egger’s test and trim-and-fill. Results: Colostomy patients had slightly better global HRQoL on disease-specific instruments than ileostomy patients (SMD = +0.12, 95% CI +0.03 to +0.21; I² = 46%), driven by output-related morbidity in ileostomy. However, colostomy patients experienced greater depressive symptoms (SMD = +0.42, 95% CI +0.10 to +0.74; I² = 8%), worse body image (SMD = +0.36, 95% CI +0.14 to +0.58; I² = 61%), and poorer sexual function, particularly after abdominoperineal resection (SMD = −0.48, 95% CI −0.71 to −0.25 on higher = better scales). Permanent stomas were associated with greater body image disturbance and poorer physical functioning than temporary stomas Conclusions: Colostomy and ileostomy produce comparable global HRQoL but distinct psychosocial signatures. Stoma type alone is a weaker determinant of HRQoL than duration, complications, sex, age, and indication. These findings should inform individualised counselling, stoma siting, and structured psychosocial follow-up programmes.

Abstract: Knowledge-Based Visual Question Answering (KB-VQA) relies on external knowledge for cross-modal scene understanding and reasoning. Existing methods still suffer from limited reasoning capability due to two major drawbacks: (1) the visual entity anchoring issue, where current methods fail to accurately anchor visual entities from questions, leading to irrelevant knowledge retrieval and misleading reasoning. (2) the visual-aware reasoning issue, where prior approaches overly rely on text-only reasoning while ignoring visual cues, resulting in unreliable reasoning chains. To this end, we propose VAMER, a Visual-Anchored Multimodal Evidence Reasoning framework with two components: (1) For the visual entity anchoring issue, we introduce a Visual Entity Linking (VEL) module that utilizes the reasoning capability of a Visual-Language Model (VLM) to extract semantic and spatial information from questions, which is used to guide semantic-spatial contrastive learning for entity localization. (2) For the visual-aware reasoning issue, we propose a Multimodal Evidence Chain Reasoning (MECR) module that adopts a hierarchical two-phase approach to separately handle evidence chain construction and answer generation, enabling iterative integration of visual and textual information for improved reasoning reliability. Extensive experiments on the OK-VQA, A-OKVQA, and F-VQA datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for Knowledge-based VQA.