This paper investigates the transmission of educational attainment from parents to offsprings as a mediator of intergenerational class mobility in Europe. The study covers the last two decades with data drawn from a cross-national large scale sample survey, namely the European Social Survey (ESS), for the years 2002 - 2018. Interest has focused on the question of persistence of inequality of educational opportunities by examining attainment of nominal levels of education and the association between the educational attainment of the parent with the highest level of education and their descendants. The study covers also new trends in social mobility which consider education as a ‘positional good’ and a novel method of incorporating educational expansion into the transition probabilities is proposed, providing answers to whether the rising accessibility of educational qualifications attenuates the association between social origin and educational attainment. Therefore, the concept of positionality is taken into account in the estimation of intergenerational transition probabilities and to complement the analysis mobility measures are provided for both methods, nominal and positional. The proposed positional method is validated through a correlation analysis between the upward mobility scores (nominal and positional) with the Education Expansion Index (EEI) for the respective years. The upward mobility scores estimated via the positional method are higher correlated with the EEI for all years indicating a better alignment with the broader trends in educational participation and achievement.

To examine the effect of synchronous dance movements on social bonding and perceived closeness between generations, 168 young (20-45 years) and older (65-90 years) participants were randomly assigned to six dyad conditions. These included dancing synchronously or asynchronously with an in-age-group or an out-age-group unfamiliar partner for 11 minutes. Participants completed social bonding and groups’ closeness questionnaires. To assess variation across individuals’ and dyads’ measurements, a generalized estimating equations modeling analysis was conducted. In line with the first two hypotheses, synchronized dance increased social bonding, and young adults showed enhanced perception of closeness between generations. Hypothesis 3 that synchronous dance with out-age-group members would foster greater perceived closeness compared to in-age-group members was not confirmed. Surprisingly, results indicated that asynchronous movements with the in-age-group led to a higher degree of closeness between generations than asynchronous movements with the out-age-group. The study offers new directions for practitioners in welfare, nursing, and therapy fields, particularly for engaging young adults in intergenerational dance interventions.

Multisensory spaces have been used across a number of health and social care contexts to promote well-being, engage the senses and promote inclusion by providing places where people can come together. Much of the existing research on such spaces focus on children or older adults with little investigation dedicated to spaces inclusive of both. Utilising multisensory spaces which bring together children and older adults can reduce costs and lead to opportunities for shared learning. We sought to identify empirical research which investigated the use of multisensory spaces for intergenerational participants. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to guide this review. Five electronic databases (PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science, Embase, Pubmed) were interrogated using search terms developed in collaboration with a specialist subject librarian around the concepts of ‘intergenerational’ and ‘multisensory’. Two authors independently applied the agreed upon eligibility criteria to the titles and abstracts of potential articles for inclusion. Once the final articles had been identified, the authors independently extracted data and assessed quality of the included studies. Data were subjected to narrative synthesis. Following review of 979 titles and abstracts, 3 articles were identified for inclusion. Quality appraisal rated these as between 3 to 6 out of a possible total of 7. Narrative synthesis identified three themes named as Independence, Connecting with others and Equitable multisensory space design. Multisensory spaces offer the potential to deliver care within health and social care contexts which caters to the needs of children and older adults. There is a need to co-create such spaces with service users and other stakeholders to ensure they adequately meet the needs of all.

The objective of this research was to analyze the evolution and trend of the generation gap and nursing education from 1968 to 2021 through bibliometric indicators. The method used is a bibliometric, descriptive and retrospective study of documents in Scopus, with descriptors “Nursing educat*”, “generation* and the Boolean operator “AND”, N= 653 web documents from 1968 to 2021, and filters of the type bib, csv. The search was carried out on October 9, 2021, using the Bibliometrix R Package software and the Biblioshiny tool. The Results indicate high scientific production in 2020 (54 articles disclosed). This study demonstrates patterns and lines of research in nursing education, such as educational models, interpersonal relationships, and organizational innovation.

This study, based on proactive motivation theory, explores the relationship between perceived overqualification, digital leadership, and constructive deviant behavior, as well as generational differences. Using data collected in two waves from 596 employees, the results show that perceived overqualification positively influences constructive deviant behavior, and digital leadership enhances this effect. Employees born in the 1980s are most influenced by both factors, followed by those born in the 1990s, where the effect of digital leadership is less significant. The study suggests that effectively utilizing digital leadership and recognizing generational differences in perceived overqualification can help organizations better manage overqualified talent, improving employee satisfaction and productivity.

The ever deepening population aging has brought opportunities and challenges to the continued expansion of tourism consumption in China. In this article, the impact of population aging on household tourism consumption was studied from both theoretical and empirical aspects. First, the micro mechanisms of the impact of population aging on household tourism consumption were analyzed, which include economic condition mechanism, intergenerational care mechanism, health status mechanism and Internet use mechanism. Subsequently, the impact of population aging on household tourism consumption and its impact mechanisms were tested, and the heterogeneity analysis was conducted, by using the data of China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) from 2014, 2016 and 2018. The main conclusions of the article are as follows: (1) Population aging has a significant negative impact on household tourism consumption, and a series of robustness test results such as endogenous treatment support this finding. (2) The results of the impact mechanism test show that population aging has a negative mediating effect on household tourism consumption by reducing household economic conditions. The moderating effect of intergenerational care on the effect of population aging on household tourism consumption is insignificant. Health status of the elderly and Internet use have a significant positive moderating effect on the impact of population aging on household tourism consumption. (3) The results of the heterogeneity analysis show that the negative impact of population aging on household tourism consumption in urban areas is greater than that in rural areas, and the negative impact of population aging on household tourism consumption of families with the old-old elderly is greater than that of falimies with the young-old elderly. The conclusions of this article provide important references for activating tourism consumption in China in the context of population aging.

This narrative review provides an in-depth analysis of attachment during adolescence, empha-sizing how early attachment experiences shape emotional, social, and psychological development. Drawing from the foundational work of Bowlby and Ainsworth, it revisits attachment theories and explores how the attachment system evolves as adolescents seek greater autonomy while maintaining bonds with caregivers. The review discusses the prevalence and developmental con-sequences of attachment-related disorders, such as reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder, particularly in relation to adverse caregiving environments. Key themes include the intergenerational transmission of attachment, where parental reflective func-tioning and early caregiving behaviors influence attachment security across generations. The evolving role of fathers, peer relationships, and romantic bonds in adolescence are explored as significant factors shaping attachment patterns during this developmental period. Methodologi-cal considerations highlight the value of qualitative approaches, including interviews and obser-vational methods, for capturing the complexity of adolescent attachment dynamics. Additionally, the review addresses the processes that contribute to both continuity and change in attachment classifications over time, emphasizing the impact of life events, parental behaviors, and develop-mental transitions. The implications of attachment for developmental psychopathology, particu-larly in relation to emotional regulation and psychosocial functioning, are discussed. Finally, the review calls for further interdisciplinary research to deepen understanding of attachment mecha-nisms, using advanced technologies and culturally sensitive approaches to improve mental health and developmental outcomes across the lifespan.

while enjoying a relative positive revival in the digital age, Esperanto and the assessment of its language vitality is often problematic and prone to gross errors, and therefore a theoretical re-flection is required. Unlike other lesser-used languages, Esperanto is intergenerationally trans-mitted mainly outside the family, and so Fishman’s GIDS and subsequent scales such as the EGIDS cannot be applied straightforwardly for language vitality diagnosis and estimation. In particular, it is the social movement with its language activists who guarantee its vitality and developing, for more than a century. A key aspect is the digital domain, where the relatively good positioning of Esperanto does not reflect in a parallel increase in the number of activists. This paper critically assesses the digital language vitality of Esperanto on the basis of its language ide-ology and other sociolinguistic data as a starting point for a discussion to overcome the limits of Blanke’s (2006) scale of language vitality of Esperanto and its rivals. This assessment eventually leads to a more general reflection on the role of ‘coolification’, i.e., the positive effects on language attitudes and development thanks to digital visibility, its limits and the issue of placing it in the context of language vitality in general.

Climate justice as a commons is conceived as the intertemporal climate equity and equal- ity exchange amongst generations. Sustainability, intended as the interplay amongst the economy, the society, the environment, and the governance, is essential to forge the climate justice theoretical framework. On this base, the study attempts to model intertemporal choice amongst generations in these four domains, making use of an over- lapping generations (OLG) model. The proxies detected are GDP growth (economy), environmental quality (environment), and labor growth, and environmental investment (society) as assumptions. The governance dimension is captured by the di¤erence in wealth between young and old generations. The work aims at replying to the follow- ing research question: Which are the conditions for sustainable development such that climate justice holds? The intra-intergenerational exchange is de…ned in two periods, while the individual provides their preferred economic and environmental choice mix as consumption-saving. This study shows that sustainable growth is achievable only with increased young e¤ort and less leisure and consumption.

The triangulation process represents a violation of the boundary between parental and child relational subsystems which, in turn, affects family dynamics and relationships. The paper, with distinct reference to marital conflict and divorced couples, describes the main causes of the triangulation process and its impact on children (and adolescents) as significant third participants within the parental conflict. Besides, it fo-cuses on long-term consequences associated with triangulation process to parental conflict exposure, that can adversely affect the well-being of children during their life-cycle, and even into adulthood. A data-search was carried out for articles to be included in the review and articles were retrieved from different electronic databases (first: Scopus and Web of Science, then: PsychINFO, Google Scholar, EBSCO and ScienceDirect,). After having initially considered 152 articles, 58 studies were selected for this research. A qualitative analysis was conducted on selected studies, focusing on: (1) different types of triangulation commonly used in intergenerational family relationships; (2) an updated summary of the research around the impact of triangulation on the well-being of children and the parent-child conflict; and (3) the main characteristics of successful intervention of preventative and psychotherapeutic treatments. In conclusion, the results, examining the long-term effects of the triangulation process, highlight the developmental paths of children that are more exposed and at risk, and focuses on the importance of preventing the intergenerational transmission of marital conflict, as a way to reduce mental health costs and to improve the well-being of children and families who are all involved in these conflicting and destructive dynamics.

In the development and growth of family businesses, succession is an unsolvable problem, which is also a popular focus of academic research. For a family firm, succession may be a strategic decision but also a long-term and intricate "footrace." It will have a significant impact on the long-term viability of a family firm if it is not handled appropriately. This study mainly explores the influences of family business owners' intergenerational succession intention on their family firms’ innovation strategy in China. In addition, this study further examines the moderating role of the institutional environment in the above relationship. Therefore, the data in this article comes from a survey of 271 family businesses in eight different regions of China. Also, this paper can aid the smooth transition of intergenerational transmission of small and medium-sized family businesses in addition to the untroubled development of technological innovation activities. Specifically, the institutional environment plays a negative moderating role in the relationship between family succession, radical succession, technological innovation, and a positive regulating role in the relationship between single equity succession and technological innovation.

A traditionally salient topic of empirical investigation in the sociology of religion, this paper seeks to offer a recent investigation into the intergenerational transmission of religion and the parental forms of religious engagement that predict adult engagement with religion. The study of this paper explores the intergenerational transmission of religion, focusing on the parental forms of religious identity and engagement that influence religious identity, beliefs, and practices in adulthood. By analyzing the 2018 GSS dataset in the United States with multiple regression analyses, I find strong parental and childhood influences on adult religiosity, religious service attendance, and belief in God. Indeed, this engagement often mirrors parental engagement for these variables. However, while paternal religious identity often predicts these religious variables, I find that the religious identity and engagement of parents generally does not predict religious identity in adulthood. Ultimately, while these results generally show strong predictive mechanisms of intergenerational transmission, they also illustrate that these relationships are variably dependent on the form of parental and adult religious engagement and which parent participates or is associated with that engagement.

We introduce and analyse a simple formal thought experiment designed to reflect a qualitative decision dilemma humanity might currently face in view of climate change. In it, each generation can choose between just two options, either setting humanity on a pathway to certain high wellbeing after one generation of suffering, or leaving the next generation in the same state as this one with the same options, but facing a continuous risk of permanent collapse. We analyse this abstract setup regarding the question of what the right choice would be both in a rationality-based framework including optimal control, welfare economics and game theory, and by means of other approaches based on the notions of responsibility, safe operating spaces, and sustainability paradigms. Despite the simplicity of the setup, we find a large diversity and disagreement of assessments both between and within these different approaches.

In principle, weak sustainability, WS, requires that inclusive wealth, IW, be non-decreasing. WS provides a more complete account of the sustainability of a geographical entity (e.g., the world, a nation, or a sub-national region) than sustainability indicators, SIs, on one hand, and conventional economic accounts (e.g., gross domestic product, GDP) on the other. We briefly summarize WS theory, noting that it was developed, implicitly, for a geographical space without internal boundaries. Empirical WS assessment was developed by international bodies (the World Bank and the UN Environmental Program) to shine light upon national governments that might be maintaining the current welfare of their citizens, but investing insufficiently in national assets to maintain intertemporal wealth. In so doing, the need arose to address a suite of issues stemming from national boundaries that may limit the mobility of people, resources, goods and services. WS assessment at sub-national levels (states and counties, in the case of the US) has similar motivations – to provide more complete accountability for regional officials who may be maintaining welfare by consuming assets – but the implications of cross-boundary flows are much greater given the porosity of regional boundaries. WS scholars and practitioners have arrived at a consensus that the appropriate criterion for WS status is IW/capita, i.e. the welfare of people should be sustained. Regional economists and economic geographers tend to associate regional success with population growth, which may increase total IW at some cost to individual welfare. We consider this issue in some depth – what is at issue, and how any conflict might be resolved – ultimately concluding that IW/capita is the appropriate criterion for WS assessment, while leaving broader questions of population ethics unresolved. We summarize recent research [1] that starts with the Arrow et al framework [2] and improves methods of assessing IW, especially its health capital component, and assesses IW/capita for all states and counties in the US. These improved methods reveal substantially more not-WS states and counties than the Arrow et al framework [2]. The not-WS counties exhibit a distinct rural bias, consistent with the hypotheses and empirical findings of regional scientists. Our work demonstrates that regional WS assessment is feasible, produces results that are consistent with prior expectations based on reasoning and empirical research, and has the potential to provide fresh insights into longstanding questions of regional development.

Intergenerational Justice entitles the maximum retention of Earth’s Biodiversity. The United Nations COP 15 committed to the protection of 30% of Earth’s terrestrial environments to provide Biospheric Sustainability. However, proactive amphibian sustainability needs support from amphibian Reproduction Technologies, Biobanking, and Conservation Breeding Programs [RBCs]. These technologies include the reliable practice of stimulation of reproduction and the collection of sperm and oocytes, refrigerated and cryopreserved sperm storage, in vitro fertilization. Emerging technologies promise the perpetuation of species solely from biobanked biomaterials. However, although exemplary national programs for amphibian RBCs are now established in the USA and Australia, these potentials are not fully realised resulting in unacceptable biodiversity loss. To fully realise these potentials an independent and democratic global organisation is proposed to, 1) focus on the bioregions with the highest amphibian biodiversity, 2) maximise regional inclusion in international initiatives, and 3) provide for maximum community engagement and financial resources. We present the first overall multidisciplinary review of amphibian RBCs, including their geopolitical, cultural, and scientific background, along with their development and application to economically, efficiently, and reliably, perpetuate amphibian biodiversity. We provide genetic models, the potential for diploid cell cryopreservation to perpetuate species, along with significant new information on methodologies and techniques, and standardise nomenclature for specificity in publications and media consistency.

During the last years, epigenetic processes have emerged as important factors for many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s diseases (AD). These complex diseases seem to have a heritable component; however, genome-wide association studies failed to identify the genetic loci involved in the eatiology. So, how can these changes be transmitted from one gen-eration to the next? Answering this question would allow us to understand how the environ-ment can affect human populations for multiple generations and explain the high prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD. This review pays particular attention to the relationship among epigenetics, cognition, and neurodegeneration across generations, deepening the under-standing of the relevance of heritability in neurodegenerative diseases. In fact, we highlight some recent examples of EI induced by experiences, focusing on their contribution of processes in learning and memory, to point out new targets for therapeutic interventions. Here, we first describe the prominent role of epigenetic factors in memory processing. Then, we briefly discuss aspects of EI. And ends, we summarize evidence of how epigenetic marks inherited by experi-ence and/or environmental stimuli contribute to cognitive status offspring, since better knowledge of EI can provide clues in the appearance and development of age-related cognitive decline and AD.

An exposition of entropy applications to highlight some potential entropic applications to artificial intelligence and knowledge transfer. Entropy is a basic idea in artificial intelligence that is applied to many different tasks, such as reinforcement learning, data compression, and decision-making. By quantifying uncertainty and information content, it helps artificial intelligence models provide predictions and decisions that are well-informed. Therefore, this paper shines on spotlighting the significance of entropy to attract the attention of artificial intelligence research community to entropy as a powerful tool to advance artificial intelligence.The significance of knowledge transfer (KT), particularly intergenerational knowledge transfer (IGT), in knowledge management is also covered in this paper. To quantify the complexity of knowledge distribution inside an organisation and assess the efficacy of knowledge transfer (KT) initiatives, the notion of knowledge entropy (KE) is presented. Additionally, the KT model—which is based on the conceptions of tacitness and information content—is introduced. It combines personalisation and codification methodologies. Future research directions are offered alongside a few difficult open problems.

Primary themes in intergenerational justice are a healthy environment, the perpetuation of Earth’s biodiversity, and the sustainable management of the biosphere. However, the current rate of species declines globally, ecosystem collapses driven by accelerating and catastrophic global heating and a plethora of other threats, preclude the ability of habitat protection alone to prevent a cascade of amphibian and other species mass extinctions. Reproduction biotechnologies, biobanking, and conservation breeding programs (RBCs), enabling species restoration, offer a critical transformative change that can economically and reliably perpetuate species irrespective of environmental targets. These capacities extend indefinitely into the future and satisfy humanities needs as the biosphere expands into space. Currently applied RBCs include the hormonal stimulation of reproduction, the collection and refrigerated storage of sperm and oocytes, sperm cryopreservation, in vitro fertilisation, along biobanking. Advanced biotechnologies such as assisted evolution and cloning for species adaptation or restoration have yet to be fully realised. We broaden our discussion to include genetic management, broad political and cultural engagement, and future applications. The development and application of RBCs, and particularly assisted evolution and species restoration, raise intriguing ethical, theological, and philosophical issues. We address these themes with amphibian models to introduce the MDPI Special Issue, The Sixth Mass Extinction and Species Sustainability through Reproduction Biotechnologies, Biobanking, and Conservation Breeding Programs.