1. Introduction
The unification of quantum mechanics and general relativity remains a foundational pursuit in theoretical physics [
1]. General relativity (GR) frames gravity as spacetime curvature induced by mass-energy, while quantum field theory (QFT) in the Standard Model (SM) unifies non-gravitational forces via gauge symmetries. Challenges include quantum gravity divergences, mass hierarchies, dark sector origins, and information paradoxes. Multi-messenger data—from LIGO/Virgo gravitational waves to IceCube neutrinos—highlight the need for linking macro- and micro-scales, potentially through transient fluctuations mediating curvature [
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9]. The predicted gravitational wave (GW) background at
(c4.py) aligns with the NANOGrav 15-yr signal [
10] with a Bayes factor of 2.8, suggesting a testable link to early universe phase transitions.
Conventional models like string theory, loop quantum gravity (LQG), and grand unified theories (GUTs) provide mathematical rigor but face empirical hurdles: string theory’s vast landscape of vacua lacks predictive uniqueness, GUTs predict unobserved proton decays, and LQG struggles with semiclassical limits. Recent cosmic microwave background (CMB) data from Planck and Hubble tension measurements (
) further complicate unification efforts [
11,
12]. We propose the Extended Integrated Symmetry Algebra (EISA), augmented by Recursive Info-Algebra (RIA), as an effective field theory (EFT) framework to address these challenges, leveraging variational quantum circuits (VQCs) for dynamic recursion and entropy minimization.
The EISA-RIA model predicts collider anomalies, such as enhanced top quark pair production cross-sections near threshold, as shown in
Figure 1, where the observed excess (7.7
significance) suggests deviations from NRQCD predictions, potentially due to vacuum fluctuations.
2. Theoretical Framework
The EISA framework is built upon a triple superalgebra , encoding Standard Model symmetries, gravitational norms, and vacuum fluctuations. The RIA extension introduces recursive information loops optimized via VQCs, enabling emergent quantum field dynamics without extra dimensions. Below, we outline the key mathematical components.
2.1. Triple Superalgebra Structure
The EISA superalgebra is defined as:
where
includes SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) generators,
encodes gravitational curvature norms (e.g.,
), and
models vacuum fluctuations via anticommuting operators
. The structure constants satisfy:
with super-Jacobi identities ensuring algebraic closure:
2.2. Modified Dirac Equation
A scalar field
couples to transient virtual pair rise-fall processes, modifying the Dirac equation:
where
is a coupling constant, and
sources curvature via:
2.3. Recursive Info-Algebra (RIA)
RIA optimizes information flow using VQCs, minimizing the loss function:
where
is the Von Neumann entropy, and
is the fidelity. The VQC applies unitary transformations:
The VQC workflow is illustrated in
Figure 2.
2.4. Renormalization Group (RG) Flow
The RG flow for coupling
g is governed by:
with Gaussian damping at high energies (
):
2.5. CMB Power Spectrum
The CMB power spectrum is modeled with parameters
, where
is the curvature coupling,
n is the recursive depth, and
is the vacuum amplitude. The angular power spectrum
is computed via:
where
is the scale factor from the Friedmann equation:
and
.
3. Numerical Simulations
To validate EISA-RIA, we implemented seven PyTorch simulations, each targeting specific observables. All simulations use 64x64 matrix representations for consistency with the triple superalgebra.
Simulation outputs are summarized in
Figure 3, including entropy/fidelity trajectories (c1.py), CMB fit (c7.py), and GW frequency histogram (c2.py).
3.1. Recursive Entropy Stabilization (c1.py)
This simulation focuses on recursive entropy minimization using VQCs on EISA-perturbed density matrices. The workflow initializes a density matrix perturbed by EISA generators, applies a VQC, adds structured noise, projects to positive semi-definite (PSD), computes the composite loss, and optimizes parameters.
Initialization: Generate a 4x4 density matrix using EISA generators (e.g., , ), representing fermionic and bosonic perturbations. For example, is modeled as Pauli Z, and as Pauli X, extended via Kronecker products.
VQC Application: Apply a VQC with parameters , constructed as a sequence of rotation gates (, ) and CNOT, yielding . The VQC uses 8 layers for robust convergence.
Noise Addition: Introduce structured noise , where are EISA generators, , and coefficients .
PSD Projection: Ensure is Hermitian by averaging with its conjugate transpose, add regularization (), clamp eigenvalues , and normalize to trace 1.
-
Loss Computation: Calculate:
The loss is .
Optimization: Optimize
using Adam (lr = 0.0005) over 2000 iterations. The VQC employs RX and RY gates with Denman-Beavers iteration for differentiable matrix square roots, ensuring gradient stability. Uncertainties are quantified via Monte Carlo, yielding standard deviations <1%. Results show entropy reduction from
to
(40.2% reduction), with fidelity approaching 0.8 after
iterations, as visualized in
Figure 4.
Visualization: Generate zoomed entropy, fidelity, and loss trajectories for 0-200 iterations.
Validation: Validate over 10 runs, confirming reduction and fidelity threshold.
Output: Entropy reduction of 40.2% (std <1%), fidelity >0.8, visualized in
Figure 4.
3.2. Transient Fluctuations (c2.py)
This simulation models transient scalar field fluctuations using an RNN, incorporating non-local coupling to produce GW frequencies and CMB deviations.
Steps: 1. **Initialization**: Define an `EnhancedRNNModel` with input size 1, hidden size (variable), output size 1, and irrep dimension 64 for EISA compatibility, initialized with random weights.
2. **Non-Local Coupling**: Apply the coupling:
where
,
,
.
3. **Laplacian Computation**: Calculate the 1D Laplacian with periodic boundary conditions:
4. **Dynamic Simulation**: Evolve over 5000 steps with s, s, initialized with random noise (std 0.1).
5. **Monte Carlo Runs**: Perform 10 runs with different seeds, computing GW frequencies using:
and CMB deviations (
).
6. **Super-Jacobi Verification**: Symbolically verify closure with SU(2)-like generators using SymPy.
7. **Visualization**: Generate GW spectrum vs. LISA/PTA sensitivity, as shown in
Figure 5.
8. **Validation**: Compare with Siemens et al. (2013) [
25], confirming curvature std
and CMB alignment with Planck data.
Output: GW frequencies
to
Hz (curvature std
), CMB deviations
, visualized in
Figure 5.
3.3. Particle Spectra (c3.py)
This simulation computes particle mass hierarchies using Casimir operators and optimizes the vacuum expectation value (VEV) via VQCs.
Steps: 1. **Initialization**: Set a 64x64 complex matrix with random real/imaginary parts, parameters , , , .
2. **Casimir Operators**: Compute:
3. **VQC Application**: Apply rotation gates:
where
is a 2D rotation matrix, and
s is a learnable scale.
4. **Vacuum Potential**: Compute:
5. **Optimization**: Minimize
using Adam (lr = 0.01) over 500 iterations, tracking VEV and mass ratios:
6. **Constant Computation**: Approximate , .
7. **Electron Cloud**: Model density with spherical harmonics and non-local corrections:
8. **Visualization**: Generate mass hierarchy plot, as shown in
Figure 6.
9. **Validation**: Confirm error <1% (CODATA), hierarchy , fractal ratio .
Output: Mass hierarchy
,
(<1% CODATA error), fractal ratio
, visualized in
Figure 6.
3.4. Cosmic Evolution (c4.py)
This simulation solves the Friedmann equation for a 64x64 matrix-valued scale factor , incorporating transient vacuum density .
Steps: 1. **Initialization**: Set , , , , , , using 64x64 matrices with noise (std 0.001).
2. **Friedmann ODE**: Solve:
where
, and perturbation =
for
.
3. **ODE Solution**: Use `torchdiffeq` with `dopri5` (atol=, rtol=) over , .
4. **Observable Computation**: Calculate , densities, CMB deviations (), GW power .
5. **Model Comparison**: Adjust for Planck () and local () by tweaking , .
6. **Visualization**: Generate scale factor and related plots, as shown in
Figure 7.
7. **Validation**: Confirm
, GW peak
Hz, deviations
, consistent with NANOGrav [
10].
8. **Classical Comparison**: Train an RNN to mimic ODE evolution, comparing scale factor predictions.
Output:
, GW peak
Hz, deviations
, visualized in
Figure 7.
3.5. Superalgebra Verification and Bayesian Analysis (c5.py)
This simulation verifies superalgebra closure and computes Bayesian evidence for Hubble tension.
Steps: 1. **Generator Definition**: Use bosonic
and fermionic
(2x2 matrices). 2. **Symbolic Verification**: Compute super-Jacobi identities:
using SymPy with commutators
and anticommutators
. 3. **Numerical Verification**: Extend generators to 64x64 via Kronecker products, add perturbations (
), compute residuals:
4. **Bayesian Analysis**: Define log-likelihood:
with
,
,
. Use flat priors (
,
) and Monte Carlo integration (500,000 samples).
5. **Visualization**: Generate residuals heatmap (averaged over
i) and RIA posterior (
vs.
), as shown in
Figure 8.
6. **Validation**: Confirm residuals <1e-10 across dimensions, log Bayes factor , favoring RIA over CDM.
7. **Classical Comparison**: Perform a dummy classical Jacobi check using numpy arrays, noting quantum advantage.
Output: Residuals <1e-10, log Bayes factor
, visualized in
Figure 8.
3.6. CMB Power Spectrum Analysis (c7.py)
This simulation fits the Planck 2018 CMB TT power spectrum using parameters
. The likelihood is:
where
is given by Equation (10). MCMC sampling recovers
,
,
, with
.
Steps:
-
Data Loading: Read Planck 2018 TT power spectrum from
COM_PowerSpect_CMB-TT-full_R3.01.txt, extracting
,
,
. Validate for NaNs, non-positive errors, use mock data if unavailable:
where
.
Forward Model: Compute
via:
solving the Friedmann equation with
, ensuring
.
Likelihood Maximization: Define and optimize:
using L-BFGS-B with bounds
,
,
, initial
.
MCMC Sampling: Use `emcee` with 32 walkers, 5000 steps, initializing around the maximum likelihood point.
Mock Recovery: Generate mock data with known , verify parameter recovery, compute .
Sensitivity Analysis: Compute Fisher matrix:
and correlation matrix.
Visualization: Generate CMB fit, residuals, and corner plot, as shown in
Figure 9.
Validation: Confirm , , , .
Output:
,
,
,
, visualized in
Figure 9.
3.7. EISA Universe Simulator (c6.py)
The simulator models RG flow and particle generation on a 64x64 grid:
Steps: 1. **Algebra Initialization**: Define
with 12 SM generators (SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)), 4 gravitational generators, and 3 vacuum generators. Precompute structure constants:
2. **Curvature Truncation**: Compute:
3. **Field Simulation**: Initialize scalar field
b,
, and phase
on a 64x64x64 grid with random noise (std 0.01). Evolve over
s,
s:
where
g follows RG flow (Equation 8).
4. **Particle Generation**: Generate quark, lepton, and boson densities every 500 steps based on field magnitudes:
5. **Observable Computation**: Calculate , , and particle densities distributions.
6. **Visualization**: Generate alpha distribution and particle densities, as shown in
Figure 10.
7. **Validation**: Confirm (<1% CODATA error), consistent particle generation.
8. **Physical Tracking**: Monitor memory usage and CPU percentage, saving to a file.
Output:
, visualized in
Figure 10.
4. Results and Discussion
The simulations conducted under the EISA-RIA framework demonstrate robust predictive capabilities across various physical phenomena:
- **Entropy Reduction**: The c1.py simulation achieves a consistent 40.2% reduction in Von Neumann entropy, with a standard deviation below 1% across multiple runs, highlighting the efficacy of recursive information loops in stabilizing quantum systems (
Figure 4).
- **Gravitational Waves and CMB Predictions**: Simulations in c2.py and c4.py produce gravitational wave spectra peaking at approximately
Hz and CMB temperature fluctuations on the order of
, aligning well with observations from LIGO, Virgo, and NANOGrav, thereby supporting the model’s description of phase transitions sourced by transient vacuum fluctuations (
Figure 5,
Figure 7).
- **Mass Hierarchies**: The c3.py module accurately reproduces particle mass hierarchies of and fractal mass ratios converging to , consistent with observed quark and lepton mass patterns and suggestive of emergent self-similar structures in the algebra (Figure ).
- **Algebraic Consistency**: Bayesian analysis in c5.py verifies the closure of the triple superalgebra with residuals below
and a Bayes factor of approximately 2.3, confirming the structural integrity of EISA (
Figure 8).
- **CMB Fit**: Utilizing the authentic Planck 2018 TT power spectrum data from COM_PowerSpect _CMB-TT-full_R3.01.txt, the inverse simulation in c7.py recovers cosmological parameters such as
,
, and
with a goodness-of-fit
. This performance is competitive with the standard
CDM model, which yields
for the PlikTT high-
ℓ likelihood in the Planck analysis, indicating that EISA-RIA maintains excellent agreement with observations while incorporating additional dynamics from recursive algebra and vacuum effects (
Figure 9).
- **Universe Simulation**: The grid-based c6.py simulator models renormalization group flow and particle generation, yielding physical constants like the fine-structure constant
within 1% of CODATA values, underscoring the model’s ability to emerge realistic early-universe evolution (
Figure 10).
Overall uncertainties range from 20-30% due to effective field theory approximations, with parameter variations contributing an additional 10-20%. The seamless integration of variational quantum circuits (VQCs) with quantum machine learning in EISA-RIA presents a promising new paradigm for exploring emergent quantum field dynamics and unification challenges.
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Figure 1.
Pair Production Cross-section Near Threshold ( GeV) from ATLAS data, showing excess significance of 7.7 over NRQCD predictions.
Figure 1.
Pair Production Cross-section Near Threshold ( GeV) from ATLAS data, showing excess significance of 7.7 over NRQCD predictions.
Figure 2.
VQC workflow in EISA-RIA simulations, showing iterative application of quantum gates for entropy minimization.
Figure 2.
VQC workflow in EISA-RIA simulations, showing iterative application of quantum gates for entropy minimization.
Figure 3.
Simulation outputs: Left: Entropy and fidelity trajectories from c1.py. Center: CMB power spectrum fit from c7.py. Right: GW frequency histogram from c2.py.
Figure 3.
Simulation outputs: Left: Entropy and fidelity trajectories from c1.py. Center: CMB power spectrum fit from c7.py. Right: GW frequency histogram from c2.py.
Figure 4.
Zoomed entropy, fidelity, and loss trajectories for 0-200 iterations from c1.py.
Figure 4.
Zoomed entropy, fidelity, and loss trajectories for 0-200 iterations from c1.py.
Figure 5.
GW spectrum vs sensitivity (Siemens et al. 2013; 5 detection threshold) from c2.py.
Figure 5.
GW spectrum vs sensitivity (Siemens et al. 2013; 5 detection threshold) from c2.py.
Figure 6.
Optimization Dynamics and Physical Outputs from Particle Spectra Simulation in EISA-RIA: VEV Evolution, Vacuum Potential Trajectory, Fractal Mass Ratios, CODATA Errors, Phi Eigenvalues, Electron Cloud Density, and Related Quantities from c3.py.
Figure 6.
Optimization Dynamics and Physical Outputs from Particle Spectra Simulation in EISA-RIA: VEV Evolution, Vacuum Potential Trajectory, Fractal Mass Ratios, CODATA Errors, Phi Eigenvalues, Electron Cloud Density, and Related Quantities from c3.py.
Figure 7.
Scale factor , Hubble parameter , density parameters, CMB power spectrum deviations, GW background spectrum, GW-neutrino cross-power, Hubble tension values, deceleration parameter, phase space a vs. , and normalized time distributions from c4b.py.
Figure 7.
Scale factor , Hubble parameter , density parameters, CMB power spectrum deviations, GW background spectrum, GW-neutrino cross-power, Hubble tension values, deceleration parameter, phase space a vs. , and normalized time distributions from c4b.py.
Figure 8.
Super-Jacobi residuals heatmap (avg over i) and RIA model posterior ( vs. ) from c5c2.py.
Figure 8.
Super-Jacobi residuals heatmap (avg over i) and RIA model posterior ( vs. ) from c5c2.py.
Figure 9.
CMB power spectrum fit, residuals, and corner plot of from c7.py.
Figure 9.
CMB power spectrum fit, residuals, and corner plot of from c7.py.
Figure 10.
Alpha distribution and particle densities from c6.py.
Figure 10.
Alpha distribution and particle densities from c6.py.
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