Version 1
: Received: 13 September 2023 / Approved: 14 September 2023 / Online: 15 September 2023 (05:29:05 CEST)
Version 2
: Received: 21 September 2023 / Approved: 22 September 2023 / Online: 25 September 2023 (04:57:15 CEST)
Version 3
: Received: 3 October 2023 / Approved: 3 October 2023 / Online: 3 October 2023 (10:47:48 CEST)
Version 4
: Received: 5 January 2024 / Approved: 5 January 2024 / Online: 5 January 2024 (15:40:05 CET)
How to cite:
Umar, K. Dark Energy and Dark Matter from Extra Dimensional Symmetry as Different Manifestations of Vacuum Energy. Preprints2023, 2023091002. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.1002.v4
Umar, K. Dark Energy and Dark Matter from Extra Dimensional Symmetry as Different Manifestations of Vacuum Energy. Preprints 2023, 2023091002. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.1002.v4
Umar, K. Dark Energy and Dark Matter from Extra Dimensional Symmetry as Different Manifestations of Vacuum Energy. Preprints2023, 2023091002. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.1002.v4
APA Style
Umar, K. (2024). Dark Energy and Dark Matter from Extra Dimensional Symmetry as Different Manifestations of Vacuum Energy. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.1002.v4
Chicago/Turabian Style
Umar, K. 2024 "Dark Energy and Dark Matter from Extra Dimensional Symmetry as Different Manifestations of Vacuum Energy" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.1002.v4
Abstract
Dark energy and dark matter are described as different manifestations of vacuum energy using a newly developed framework of Extra Dimensional Symmetry (EDS) that doubles large spatial dimensions with microscopic partners. In this framework, the bare vacuum energy component exists in a gravitationally dark state where actual gravitational constant Go = 0G, while real particles oscillate between this inert state and an active state where Go = 2G. A small component of vacuum energy is constrained to exist in the gravitationally active state as dark energy due to energy density constraint and speed limit asymmetry determined by an asymmetry parameter . Furthermore, neutrinos induce small component of the gravitational constant in the dark state within a volume of space described by the wavelength, enabling the gravitation of virtual particles which manifests as dark matter. The resulting has oscillating light and heavy terms. The heavy term is usually inactive due to its suppression by negative pressure and becomes active for a lifetime once shear stress exceeds negative pressure threshold. This results in a light form of dark matter and a heavy form of dark matter that is detectable through its increased gravitational interaction and resulting acceleration.
Keywords
dark energy; dark matter; extra dimension; gravity; neutrino; vacuum energy
Subject
Physical Sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received:
5 January 2024
Commenter:
Kabir Umar
Commenter's Conflict of Interests:
Author
Comment:
A number of corrections have been made to address some errors and misinterpretations in the theoretical framework and for clarity, consistency of using the Planck unit for length as well as relevance of some sections in the paper. For instance, shear stress was identified as the key enabler for the heavy term in Eq. (20) that can give rise to heavy dark matter while negative pressure suppresses it. A periodic table of dimensions was added, while some sections considered premature and not directly relevant to the title of the paper were removed. The removed sections are, section 5 in the previous version on Gravitational Wave Reheating and subsection 3.2 on gravitational chain of causality. Subsection 2.1 on selective response of some of the extra dimensions to components of the stress energy tensor and subsection 5.1 on detectability were added, while the light term in Eq. (20) was modified to include the dimensionless energy scale parameter.
Commenter: Kabir Umar
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author