Prerpints.org logo
Preprint
Article

This version is not peer-reviewed.

A Genetically Engineered Escherichia coli Strain for Potential Utilization in Fungal Smut Disease Control

A peer-reviewed version of this preprint was published in:
Microorganisms 2023, 11(6), 1564. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11061564

Submitted:

22 May 2023

Posted:

23 May 2023

You are already at the latest version

Abstract
Sporisorium scitamineum, the basidiomycetous fungus causing sugarcane smut that leads to severe losses in sugarcane quantity and quality, undergoes sexual mating to form dikaryotic hyphae capable of invading the host cane. Therefore, suppressing dikaryotic hyphae formation would potentially be an effective way to prevent host infection by the smut fungus, and the following disease symptom development. The phytohormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) has been showed to induce plant defense against insects and microbial pathogens. In this study, we verified that exogenous addition of MeJA suppressed dikaryotic hyphae formation under in vitro culture condition, and effective in inhibiting maize smut disease symptom caused by Ustilago maydis. We constructed an Escherichia coli strain expressing plant JMT gene, encoding a jasmonic acid carboxyl methyl transferase that catalyzes conversion from jasmonic acid (JA) to MeJA. By GC-MS we confirmed that the transformed E. coli strain, designated as pJMT strain, was able to produce MeJA in the presence of JA and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM; as methyl donor). Furthermore, the pJMT strain was able to suppress S. scitamineum filamentous growth under in vitro culture condition. It waits to further optimize JMT expression under field condition, in order to utilize the pJMT strain as a biocontrol agent (BCA) of sugarcane smut disease. Overall, our study provides a potentially novel method for controlling crop fungal diseases by boosting phytohormone biosynthesis.
Keywords: 
filamentous growth
;  
jasmonic acid carboxyl methyl transferase (JMT)
;  
methyl jasmonate (MeJA)
;  
pathogenicity
;  
Sporisorium scitamineum
;  
sugarcane smut
Subject: 
Biology and Life Sciences  -   Agricultural Science and Agronomy

1. Introduction

Sporisorium scitamineum is the fungal pathogen causing sugarcane smut [1]. Diploid teliospores of S. scitamineum are airborne and can survive in harsh environmental conditions. The smut teliospores germinate on sugarcane buds, forming promycelium from which two pairs of haploid sporidia (basidiospores) with opposite mating-types, MAT-1 and MAT-2, are generated via a round of meiosis. Sporidia of opposite mating-types can recognize each other and fuse, undergoing sexual mating, afterwards switching from yeast-like growth style to dikaryotic hyphae, so-called dimorphic switch. Dikaryotic hyphae are capable of infecting sugarcane, likely through buds. The smut disease symptom is characterized by the emergence of a typical structure produced on the apex or side shoots of sugarcane stalks, called “smut whip”, which contains teliospores formed from fusion of two nuclei of the dikaryotic hyphae [2, 3].
Given that post-mating dimorphic switch is critical for host infection, molecules controlling this step are potential disease management targets. The mechanisms of sexual mating and pathogenicity of smut fungi were well studied on the model fungus Ustilago maydis [4]. The progresses of infection and sexual mating are similar in smut fungus, and the research on U. maydis provides an important reference for S. scitamineum [5]. Different mating types are determined by two alleles, named MAT loci include a locus and b locus, in S. scitamineum and U. maydis [5]. In S. scitamineum, the MFA genes of the mating locus a locus encode pheromone precursors (including a factor and α factor), which undergo a series of post-translational modifications and are secreted out of sporidial cells, serving as signaling molecules [6-8]. The a or α pheromone is recognized by the pheromone receptor Pra, of the opposite-mating type, which transmits the signal into the cell, and through the MAPK or cAMP-PKA signaling cascades to the global transcriptional factor Prf1, which in turn induces dikaryotic hyphae growth via activating a and b locus [8-11]. The conserved farnesyltransferase (FTase) β subunit SsRam regulates yeast-to-hyphae dimorphic switch, stress resistance and pathogenicity of S. scitamineum, likely via catalyzing farnesylation of the pheromone precursor Mfa1 [8]. Besides conveying the sexual pheromone signal, the MAPK SsKpp2 and SsHog1 are involved in the response to extracellular osmotic stress, and thus regulate the dimorphic switch and stress resistance [9, 11]. Investigation of molecular mechanism underlying S. scitamineum dimorphic switch/filamentous growth would provide a theoretical basis for developing novel and effective management strategies of sugarcane smut, which is largely lacking and urgently needed in agricultural practice.
Jasmonic acid (JA) and its methylated product, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), are important phytohormones playing an important role in plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses [12]. MeJA treatment with the tomato before sowing can reduce the attack of the soil-born fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici [13]. Endogenous MeJA content of plants increases significantly in response to mechanical damage, pathogen infection, ozone and metal stress in Brassica napus L [14]. In Arabidopsis thaliana, gaseous MeJA can effectively reduce the harm caused by fungal pathogens Alternaria brassicicola, Botrytis cinerea or Plectosphaerella cucumerina [15]. Jasmonic acid carboxyl methyl transferase (JMT) catalyzes MeJA formation by using JA as a precursor [16].Over-expression of AtJMT in A. thaliana induces the constitutive expression of JA biosynthesis-related genes and confers enhanced resistance towards the fungal pathogen B. cinerea [17]. Rice OsJMT gene is induced by infestation with brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), catalyzing JA to MeJA and thus regulating herbivore-induced defense responses [18]. Taken together, enhanced level of MeJA by JMT function can confer plant immunity against pathogenic fungi and pests.
In this study, MeJA displayed a significant inhibitory effect on S. scitamineum mating/filamentation, while JA did not. Through heterologous expression of A. thaliana JMT gene in the E. coli strain, we generated a strain, designated as pJMT strain, capable of converting JA to MeJA under in vitro culture condition. To test the capacity of pJMT strain in controlling smut disease, we applied it to maize or sugarcane plants exposed to smut fungi (U. maydis and S. scitamineum) respectively. Application of pJMT strain to maize seedlings grown in pots could significantly improve the ability of maize to resist the occurrence of smut disease. In summary, enhancing plant resistance to pathogens by microbes-dependent phytohormone biosynthesis may serve as a biological control method pending necessary optimization for utilization in field condition.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Fungal strains and culture conditions

The S. scitamineum strains MAT-1 (eGFP) and MAT-2 (dsRED) used in this study were generated by Yan et al. [19], and stored in Deng Y’s lab. The haploid MAT-1 (U9) and MAT-2 (U10) strains of U. maydis were provided by Jiang Z’s lab. The S. scitamineum and U. maydis sporidia were cultured in YePS medium [19], and the sexual mating medium of U. maydis was YePS medium supplemented with 1% activated carbon. Fungal cells were cultured in 2 mL YePS medium at 28° C, shaking at 200 rpm for 2 days, then collected by centrifugation and washed with 2 mL sterilized water, before re-suspend in sterilized water to reach OD600≈ 1.0. Equal volume of S. scitamineum or U. maydis sporidia, of opposite mating-types, were mixed to induce sexual mating and the following filamentous growth. For suppression assay, sporidia of wild-type MAT-1 and MAT-2 sporidia of S. scitamineum (OD600=1.0 for both) were mixed (1 μl for each) and allowed to grow on YePS solid medium containing JA or MeJA of different concentrations. Filamentation of the fungal colonies was assessed visually, and the experiments were repeated by three time.

2.2. Construction of JMT expression plasmid

The A. thaliana JMT (GeneBank: AY008435.1) nucleotide sequence was synthesized by Suzhou Genewiz Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Suzhou, People’s Republic of China), and inserted into the EcoR I-Sal I site of the expression vector pRSFDUET-1 [20]. The expression plasmid was transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3) strain, and verified by PCR amplification using the primers as listed in Table 1.

2.3. Total RNA extraction and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR)

RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, 74104) was used for total RNA extraction. TURBO DNA-free Kit (Invitrogen, AM1907) and TransScript First-Strand cDNA synthesis supermix (Transgen, AT301) were respectively used for gDNA removal and first strand cDNA synthesis, following manufacturer’s instructions. PowerUp SYBR green master mix (Applied Biosystems, A25742) was used for qRT-PCR, with the primers as listed in Table 1, and the reaction was run on QuantStudio 6 Flex Real-Time PCR system (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Relative expression folds were calculated by the 2−ΔΔCT method [21] with ACTIN as an internal control. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple analysis.

2.4. JMT gene induction

Induced expression of JMT gene: the pJMT-carrying strain (hereafter named as pJMT strain) was cultured in 5 mL LB borth containing 50 μg/mL kanamycin (Dingguo, AK177), at 37 °C and shaking at 200 rpm, till OD600≈ 1.0. Isopropyl β-D-Thiogalactoside (IPTG, Genview, CI175) was added to the pJMT strain culture to reach the final concentration of 1 mM, and cultured at 28 °C and 200 rpm for another 12 h. The bacterial cells were collected by centrifugation at 1000 × g and transferred to 50 mL of LB medium containing 200 μM jasmonic acid (JA, Sigma, J2500) and 200 μM S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM, Sigma, A4377), and incubated at 28 °C, 200 rpm for 12 h. The E. coli strain expressing the vector pRSFDUET-1 was used as a negative control.

2.5. MeJA or JA detection

For extract of MeJA from the induced pJMT strain cultured in presence of JA and SAM, the supernatant was collected after centrifuge and mixed with ethyl acetate of equal volume. After phase separation, ethyl acetate phase was collected and dried by rotary evaporation (EYELA, OSB-2100). Such extracts were dissolved in 1 mL of methanol and filtered through a 0.22-μm PVDF membrane (Nylon6). For detection of JA from the extracts, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed using the following settings: 0.1% formic acid: water= 65/35 (V/V), flow rate= 0.3 mL/min, detection wavelength= 205 nm, detection time= 20 min, and column temperature= 30 °C. The column is Agilent HC-C18(2) 250 × 4.6 mm (5 μm).
MeJA was identified by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) on an Agilent 7890B/5977B (Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) Series GC System equipped with an Agilent HP-5MS capillary column (30 m × 250 µm × 0.25 µm) in scan mode and split mode. The following temperature program was used: initial temperature of 60 °C (5-min hold), increase to 270 °C at 30 °C/min. Ion source temperature was 220 °C, and transfer line temperature was 270 °C. Electron ionization energy was 70 eV, and m/z= 30 ~ 450. MeJA was identified through standard compounds from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) library database.

2.6. Pathogenicity assays

Pot experiment: Maize (Hua Meitian 9; DYQS-16×TG-9) was grown in pots till four-leaf stage, under the growth condition set as follows: humidity: 82 %; light duration: 12 hours. The mixed U. maydis MAT-1 and MAT-2 cells (OD600≈ 1.0, 1:1 in volume), with or without 400 μM MeJA, were injected to the base of maize leaves. Injection with sterile water served as blank control. The injected maize seedlings were allowed to grow under natural conditions for 3 weeks, before examination of disease symptoms and photographing. Testing pJMT strain’s effect on maize smut disease following the same procedure. The pJMT strain was pre-treated with IPTG to induce expression of JMT gene.
Field experiment: Approximately 290 seedlings of ratoon cane (ROC22) were used for pJMT treatment, or untreated as control, respectively. The sugarcane cultivar ROC 22 is established as a susceptible cultivar towards smut fungus, as reported [22].The pathogenicity and biocontrol assay was carried out on an established diseased field (Experimental fields of South China Agricultural University, 23.23 E, 113.63 W), which steadily causes smut disease to the susceptible cane (ROC22) to a rate of above 20%. The tested canes are 3rd year ratoon canes. Application of pJMT was performed within 3 days after cutting off the above-ground part of the canes. following the established procedure [23].

3. Results

3.1. MeJA suppresses S. scitamineum mating/filamentation

We first tested the effect of MeJA, a phytohormone used by plants against biotic or abiotic stresses [12], on S. scitamineum mating/filamentation, a critical step determining fungal pathogenicity. The result showed that, with 400-800 μM of MeJA, the filamentation (dikaryotic hyphae growth) of S. scitamineum was completely suppressed, and 200 μM MeJA caused reduced filamentation (Figure 1A). In contrast, treatment of JA, the precursor of MeJA, did not affect S. scitamineum filamentation even under high concentration (800 μM; Figure 1A). We conclude that MeJA specifically suppressed S. scitamineum dikaryotic hyphae growth.
We further assessed whether MeJA affected sexual mating, by observing sporidia conjugation between two fluorescent proteins tagged sporidia of opposite mating-types, and the following dikaryotic hyphae formation [19]. Under MeJA treatment, we observed abundant sporidia staying as monocyte status, failing to conjugate with the sporidia of opposite mating-type, even though they were close to each other (Figure 1B). In contrast, the untreated or the JA-treated sporidia can form the healthy hyphal, displaying mixed fluorescent signals, suggesting cellular fusion between two sporidia (Figure 1B). This confirms that MeJA is able to suppress S. scitamineum sexual mating. We further measured the transcriptional levels of a and b loci genes, which control sexual mating and filamentous growth respectively [24], under different treatment conditions. The result showed that the pheromone genes mfa1/2 and pheromones receptor gene pra1/2 increased their transcription significantly in presence of MeJA. In contrast, the transcription levels of b loci genes controlling filamentous growth and pathogenicity were suppressed by MeJA (Figure 1C), likely accounting for reduced filamentous growth. Overall, MeJA is a phytohormone with potential in suppressing pathogenic development of the sugarcane smut fungus.

3.2. MeJA suppresses maize smut disease symptom in pot experiment

As it takes long time for systematic infection of S. scitamineum on sugarcane before whip symptoms develop, we instead used maize smut fungus Ustilago maydis to test the effect of MeJA on fungal pathogenicity. U. maydis is a model fungus belonging to basidiomycetes and closely related to S. scitamineum. As it takes long time for typical “whip” symptom developing caused by S. scitamineum infection to sugarcane, during which process timely application of MeJA would be difficult. Here we intend to test the potential effect of MeJA on smut disease suppression by using U. maydis- maize system. First, we tested the effect of MeJA on U. maydis sexual mating and filamentous growth. Similar as that observed in S. scitamineum, MeJA was effective in suppressing U. maydis filamentous growth after sexual mating (Figure 2A). Overall, MeJA caused reduced dimorphic switch in U. maydis.
We next tested the effect of MeJA on controlling maize smut disease. Approximately 60.87% of U. maydis infected seedlings displayed tumor symptoms on the stems or leaves, and some seedlings were even dead (Figure 2B,C). MeJA treatment could effectively reduce tumor formation rate, to 41.38% (Figure 2D). The dead rate of U. maydis infected seedling under MeJA treatment was significantly reduced as compared to un-treated seedlings (Figure 2D). Therefore, we conclude that MeJA is of potential in preventing smut disease caused by fungi.

3.3. Construction of Escherichia coli strain expressing plant JMT gene

We next generated a plasmid for expressing the plant JMT gene (GenBank: AY008434.1), encoding the jasmonic acid carboxyl methyl transferase that catalyzes conversion from JA to MeJA [17]. The JMT gene was driven by T7 promoter following the lacI repressor, therefore is inducible by isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) [25]. We transformed this constructed vector into E. coli (hereafter named as pJMT strain) and tested whether it could produce MeJA, by using JA as the precursor and SAM (S-adenosylmethionine) as a methyl donor. Under in vitro culture condition, IPTG induction led to significant decrease in JA (Figure 3A, retention time ≈ 18.5 min) content detected in the supernatant of pJMT strain, compared to that detected in the supernatant from un-treated pJMT strain (Figure 3A). This indicates that induced expression of JMT gene catalyzed conversion from JA to MeJA (Figure 3B). Furthermore, we used GC/MS to detect the presence of MeJA in the supernatant of pJMT strain, with or without IPTG inducion. The result showed that MeJA was detected in IPTG-induced pJMT strain, while not in un-induced strain (Figure 3C). Overall, we conclude that the pJMT strain was able to express the JMT enzyme, producing and secreting MeJA as a product.
We further tested whether the pJMT strain was able to suppress S. scitamineum filamentous growth by producing MeJA. By either confrontation, or supplying the supernatant of pJMT culture, the dikaryotic hyphae growth of S. scitamineum was significantly suppressed, when JMT gene was induced by IPTG (Figure 4A,B). This indicates that the pJMT strain was able to produce and secret MeJA, and of potential as a biocontrol agent against the sugarcane smut fungus.

3.4. Utilization of E. coli pJMT strain in controlling smut diseases

We next tested the effect of pJMT strain in controlling smut diseases, caused by U. maydis on maize or by S. scitamineum on sugarcane. As sugarcane smut caused by S. scitamineum takes longer time (usually 3-6 months) to develop the typical “whip” symptom, we firstly tested the potential disease control capacity of pJMT on maize seedlings grown in pots. The results showed that U. maydis infection caused tumors formed on the stem of maize seedlings, either treated with pJMT strain or the control strain carrying vector only (Figure 5). The disease incidence rate seems no obvious different between pJMT or control strain treated plants (Figure 5). Therefore, pJMT strain did not seem to be effective in suppressing tumor formation on the maize stems or leaves.
Under laboratory conditions, pJMT strain shown a significant inhibitory effect on dimorphic switch of S. scitamineum (Figure 4B). We assumed that it could be a potential biocontrol agent on protecting sugarcane from smut disease. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the control ability of pJMT strain against sugarcane smut. Approximately 290 sugarcanes from 90 clumps were grown from ratoons in an established diseased field, and used for untreated control and pJMT treatment plots respectively. Liquid-cultured pJMT (pre-treated with IPTG; the concentration of pJMT fermentation product to the soil is approximately 4 × 105 cell/cm2) were applied within three days from germination of ratoons. The disease canes grew short and slim, and the whips appeared from the trunks of a very early stage, in either untreated or pJMT treated plots (Figure 6). There was no significant difference on disease occurring rate between untreated control plot (20.6% diseased seedlings out of a total 294 seedlings) and pJMT strain treatment (18.6% diseased out of a total of 294 seedlings).
In summary, the engineered E. coli pJMT strain; which can catalyze JA-to-MeJA conversion displayed a mild suppression effect on maize smut in pot experiment; and no obvious effect on sugarcane smut under field condition. This strain needs further optimization before application as a biocontrol agent against smut diseases

4. Discussion

Sugarcane smut caused by Sporisorium csitamineum is considered as the most serious and widespread disease of sugarcane [2], severely affecting sugarcane yield and quality, and thus causing significant economic loss [26-28]. The disease control methods for sugarcane smut include physical control, fungicide control and disease-resistant breeding [29-31]. The application of fungicides is not only expensive, but also leads to serious environmental pollution problem, and drug-resistance of the pathogens, with increasing fungicide dosage in pursuit of control effects. Although disease-resistant breeding is the most effective method to control sugarcane smut in agricultural practice, the breeding process of disease-resistant varieties is difficult and time-consuming [32, 33], and the fast-evolved pathogen races cause the loss of resistance of disease-resistant varieties [34]. At present, highly efficient, sustainable and environment-friendly control strategy for sugarcane smut is still lacking, and in urgent need.
Phytohormones not only regulate plant growth, but also participate/regulate plant immune responses to pathogens. Auxin regulates plant cell division, enlargement and differentiation [35]. Exogenous addition of auxin increases the tolerance of Medicago truncatula to Macrophomina phaseolina infection [36], indicating a positive regulation of plant immunity. In Arabidopsis thaliana, exogenous addition of auxin affects the proliferation of Pseudomonous syringe [37], but does not affect Fusarium oxysporum [38]. Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are important defense hormones. Necrotrophic pathogens can activate JA-related defense responses [39]. SA plays an important role in defending against infection by biotrophic and hemibiotroph pathogens [40]. Moreover, as plant hormone, SA can interact with a variety of plant hormone-related signaling pathways to activate the immune response and disease resistance of plants [41]. Application of MeJA to roots or foliar tissues can enhance transcriptional expression levels of resistance genes in sugarcane towards various classes of soil-borne pests and pathogens [42]. MeJA increases plant resistance by regulating antioxidant defense systems in sugarcane seedlings [43], Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. roots [44], and Glycine max L. leaves [45]. Furthermore, foliar application of MeJA could improve the grape and wine quality [46].
In this study, we found that the phytohormone MeJA could inhibit the dimorphic transition, a critical step in pathogenic development, of smut fungi S. scitamineum and U. maydis (Figure 1, Figure 2A). It is interesting to notice that MeJA inhibits S. scitamineum sexual mating while causing a significantly increase in the transcriptional levels of the mating types genes, pheromone genes mfa1/2 and pheromones receptor gene pra1/2. We infer that suppressed transcription of b loci genes is more important for regulating filamentation, which is inhibited by MeJA. Up-regulation of the a loci genes doesn’t guarantee promoted sexual mating, as the encoded pheromone peptides need post-translational modification [47] for activation, and the pheromone receptors Pra1/2 need to recognize the activated pheromone peptide from the opposite mating-type [48]. Besides, we noticed that limited difference in transcription of the a and b loci genes in presence of MeJA, which would almost completely suppress mating/filamentous growth. We hypothesis that besides suppression on a and b loci gene transcription, MeJA may target other pathway critical for filamentation of S. scitamineum, which was not identified in this study.
Furthermore, we found that exogenous addition of MeJA suppressed disease symptom (tumors formation) caused by U. maydis infection to maize seedlings, under pot experiment (Figure 2B). The pJMT strain, hetrogenously expressing the plant JMT gene, was able to catalyze MeJA production using JA as a precursor (Figure 3). Although under in vitro culture condition, formation of S. scitamineum dikaryotic hyphae could be effectively inhibited by confrontation or by supplying the supernatant of pJMT culture (Figure 4), suggesting that such MeJA-producing pJMT strain could be potentially used as a biocontrol agent against smut disease caused by the fungal pathogens. However, direct application of this pJMT strain to the infected maize or sugarcane seedlings, in pot experiment or in field experiment, did not show obvious disease control ability (Figure 5 and Figure 6). When performing the pot and field experiments, we pre-treated the pJMT culture with IPTG to induce JMT expression. Possible reasons for the failure of pJMT strain in smut disease control may include, that the symptom development process in the field is long and complicated. In future, we would like to further modify this strain by using a strong, constitutive, and native promoter of E. coli to drive JMT gene. Alternatively, a pathogen-inducible promoter would be screened and tested.
At present this pJMT construct showed no capacity in suppressing smut disease either in maize (pot condition) or sugarcane (field condition). But the idea is that a bacteria strain expressing JMT gene that could utilize plant-source JA to facilitate MeJA production, which was shown to suppress dikaryotic hyphae growth of smut fungus in this study. Future attempts will be conducted to monitor and enhance the colonization ability and/or strain stability of pJMT strain, with the aim to develop it as a useful tool in prevention and management of smut disease.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interes.

Funding

This work was supported by the Key Projects of Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan (201904020010) and Key Realm R&D Program of Guangdong Province (2020B0202090001).

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Key Projects of Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan (201904020010) and Key Realm R&D Program of Guangdong Province (2020B0202090001). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.

References

  1. Bhuiyan, S.A.; Magarey, R.C.; McNeil, M.D.; Aitken, K.S. Sugarcane Smut, Caused by Sporisorium scitamineum, a Major Disease of Sugarcane: A Contemporary Review. Phytopathology. 2021, 111(11), 1905–1917. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Rajput, M.A.; Rajput, N.A.; Syed, R.N.; Lodhi, A.M.; Que, Y. Sugarcane Smut: Current Knowledge and the Way Forward for Management. J Fungi (Basel). 2021, 7(12), 1095. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Agisha, V.N.; Nalayeni, K.; Ashwin, N.M.R.; Vinodhini, R.T.; Jeyalekshmi, K.; Suraj Kumar, M.; Ramesh Sundar, A.; Malathi, P.; Viswanathan, R. Molecular Discrimination of Opposite Mating Type Haploids of Sporisorium scitamineum and Establishing Their Dimorphic Transitions During Interaction with Sugarcane. Sugar Tech. 2022, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Zuo, W.; Okmen, B.; Depotter J. R., L.; Ebert M., K.; Redkar, A.; Misas Villamil, J.; Doehlemann, G. Molecular Interactions Between Smut Fungi and Their Host Plants. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2019, 57, 411–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Kijpornyongpan, T.; Aime M, C. Investigating the Smuts: Common Cues, Signaling Pathways, and the Role of MAT in Dimorphic Switching and Pathogenesis. J Fungi (Basel). 2020, 6, 368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Spellig, T.; Bolker, M.; Lottspeich, F.; Frank, R.W.; Kahmann, R. Pheromones trigger filamentous growth in Ustilago maydis. Embo J. 1994, 13(7), 1620–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Yan, M.; Dai, W.; Cai, E.; Deng, Y.Z.; Chang, C.; Jiang, Z.; Zhang, L.H. Transcriptome analysis of Sporisorium scitamineum reveals critical environmental signals for fungal sexual mating and filamentous growth. BMC genomics. 2016, 17, 354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Sun, S.; Deng, Y.; Cai, E.; Yan, M.; Li, L.; Chen, B.; Chang, C.; Jiang, Z. The Farnesyltransferase beta-Subunit Ram1 Regulates Sporisorium scitamineum Mating, Pathogenicity and Cell Wall Integrity. Front Microbiol. 2019, 10, 976. [Google Scholar]
  9. Deng, Y.Z.; Zhang, B.; Chang, C.Q.; Wang, Y.X.; Lu, S.; Sung, S.Q.; Zhang, X.M.; Chen, B.S.; Jiang, Z.D. The MAP Kinase SsKpp2 Is Required for Mating/Filamentation in Sporisorium scitamineum. Front Microbiol. 2018, 9, 2555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Chang, C.; Cai, E.; Deng, Y.Z.; Mei, D.; Qiu, S.; Chen, B.; Zhang, L.H.; Jiang, Z. cAMP/PKA signalling pathway regulates redox homeostasis essential for Sporisorium scitamineum mating/filamentation and virulence. Environ Microbiol. 2019, 21(3), 959–971. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Cai, E.; Li, L.; Deng, Y.; Sun, S.; Jia, H.; Wu, R.; Zhang, L.; Jiang, Z.; Chang, C. MAP kinase Hog1 mediates a cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase to promote the Sporisorium scitamineum cell survival under oxidative stress. Environ Microbiol. 2021, 23(6), 3306–3317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Mousavi, S.R.; Niknejad, Y.; Fallah, H.; Tari, D.B. Methyl jasmonate alleviates arsenic toxicity in rice. Plant Cell Rep. 2020, 39(8), 1041–1060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Krol, P.; Igielski, R.; Pollmann, S.; Kepczynska, E. Priming of seeds with methyl jasmonate induced resistance to hemi-biotroph Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato via 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, salicylic acid, and flavonol accumulation. J Plant Physiol. 2015, 179, 122–32. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  14. Farooq, M.A.; Gill, R.A.; Islam, F.; Ali, B.; Liu, H.; Xu, J.; He, S.; Zhou, W. Methyl Jasmonate Regulates Antioxidant Defense and Suppresses Arsenic Uptake in Brassica napus L. Front Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Thomma, B.P.H.J.; Eggermonta, K.; Broekaerta, W.F.; Cammueab, B.P.A. Disease development of several fungi on Arabidopsis can be reduced by treatment with methyl jasmonate. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2000, 38(5), 421–427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Santino, A.; Taurino, M.; De Domenico, S.; Bonsegna, S.; Poltronieri, P.; Pastor, V.; Flors, V. Jasmonate signaling in plant development and defense response to multiple (a)biotic stresses. Plant Cell Rep. 2013, 32(7), 1085–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Seo, H.S.; Song, J.T.; Cheong, J.J.; Lee, Y.H.; Lee, Y.W.; Hwang, I.; Lee, J.S.; Choi, Y.D. Jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase: a key enzyme for jasmonate-regulated plant responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001, 98(8), 4788–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Qi, J.; Li, J.; Han, X.; Li, R.; Wu, J.; Yu, H.; Hu, L.; Xiao, Y.; Lu, J.; Lou, Y. Jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase regulates development and herbivory-induced defense response in rice. J Integr Plant Biol. 2016, 58(6), 564–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Yan, M.; Cai, E.; Zhou, J.; Chang, C.; Xi, P.; Shen, W.; Li, L.; Jiang, Z.; Deng, Y.Z.; Zhang, L.H. A Dual-Color Imaging System for Sugarcane Smut Fungus Sporisorium scitamineum. Plant Dis. 2016, 100(12), 2357–2362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Yang, B.; Zheng, P.; Wu, D.; Chen, P. Efficient Biosynthesis of Raspberry Ketone by Engineered Escherichia coli Coexpressing Zingerone Synthase and Glucose Dehydrogenase. J Agric Food Chem. 2021, 69(8), 2549–2556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Livak, K.J.; Schmittgen, T.D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods (San Diego, Calif.). 2001, 25 (4), 402-8.
  22. Huang, N.; Ling, H.; Su, Y.; Liu, F.; Xu, L.; Su, W.; Wu, Q.; Guo, J.; Gao, S.; Que, Y. Transcriptional analysis identifies major pathways as response components to Sporisorium scitamineum stress in sugarcane. Gene. 2018, 678, 207–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Cui, G.; Yin, K.; Lin, N.; Liang, M.; Huang, C.; Chang, C.; Xi, P.; Deng, Y.Z. Burkholderia gladioli CGB10: A Novel Strain Biocontrolling the Sugarcane Smut Disease. Microorganisms. 2020, 8(12), 1943. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Yan, M.; Zhu, G.; Lin, S.; Xian, X.; Chang, C.; Xi, P.; Shen, W.; Huang, W.; Cai, E.; Jiang, Z.; Deng, Y.Z.; Zhang, L.H. The mating-type locus b of the sugarcane smut Sporisorium scitamineum is essential for mating, filamentous growth and pathogenicity. Fungal Genet Biol. 2016, 86, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Zhang, C.; Liu, L.; Teng, L.; Chen, J.; Liu, J.; Li, J.; Du, G.; Chen, J. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli BL21 for biosynthesis of heparosan, a bioengineered heparin precursor. Metab Eng. 2012, 14(5), 521–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Comstock, J.C. Sugarcane smut: comparison of natural infection testing and artificial inoculation. Hawaiian planters record (USA). v. 60. 1987.
  27. Khan, H.M.W.A.; Chattha, A.A.; Munir, M.; Zia, A. Evaluation of resistance in sugarcane promising lines against whip smut. Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology. 2009, 21(21), 92–93. [Google Scholar]
  28. Tadesse, A.; Ethiopia, P.P.S.O. Increasing crop prodcution through improved plant protection. 2009.
  29. Ming, R.; Moore, P.H.; Wu, K.K.; D’Hont, A.; Glaszmann, J.C.; Tew, T.L.; Mirkov, T.E.; da Silva, J.; Jifon, J.; Rai, M.; Schnell, R.J.; Brumbley, S.M.; Lakshmanan, P.; Comstock, J.C.; Paterson, A.H. Sugarcane Improvement through Breeding and Biotechnology. Plant Breeding Reviews. 2010, 27, 15–118. [Google Scholar]
  30. Sundar, A.R.; Barnabas, E.L.; Malathi, P.; Viswanathan, R. A Mini-Review on Smut Disease of Sugarcane Caused by Sporisorium scitamineum. InTech, 2012, 5.
  31. Shailbala; Sharma, S. K. Effect of fungicides and hot water treatment on control of sugarcane smut. Pestology. 2013, 37, 29–32.
  32. Silva; Jorge; A.; G.; da; Sorrells; Mark; E.; Burnquist; William. RFLP linkage map and genome analysis of Saccharum spontaneum. Genome. 1993, 36(4): 782-91.
  33. Burnquist, W.L.; Sorrelles, M.E. Characterization of genetic variability in Saccharum germplasm by means of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. 1995, 657.
  34. Nelson, R.; Wiesner-Hanks, T.; Wisser, R.; Balint-Kurti, P. Navigating complexity to breed disease-resistant crops. Nat Rev Genet. 2018, 19(1), 21–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Sundberg, E.; Ostergaard, L. Distinct and dynamic auxin activities during reproductive development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2009, 1(6), a001628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Mah, K.M.; Uppalapati, S.R.; Tang, Y.H.; Allen, S.; Shuai, B. Gene expression profiling of Macrophomina phaseolina infected Medicago truncatula roots reveals a role for auxin in plant tolerance against the charcoal rot pathogen. Physiol Mol Plant P. 2012, 79, 21–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Chen, Z.; Agnew, J.L.; Cohen, J.D.; He, P.; Shan, L.; Sheen, J.; Kunkel, B.N. Pseudomonas syringae type III effector AvrRpt2 alters Arabidopsis thaliana auxin physiology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007, 104(50), 20131–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  38. Kidd, B.N.; Kadoo, N.Y.; Dombrecht, B.; Tekeoglu, M.; Gardiner, D.M.; Thatcher, L.F.; Aitken, E.A.; Schenk, P.M.; Manners, J.M.; Kazan, K. Auxin signaling and transport promote susceptibility to the root-infecting fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum in Arabidopsis. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2011, 24(6), 733–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Katagiri, F.; Tsuda, K. Understanding the plant immune system. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2010, 23(12), 1531–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  40. Al-Daoude, A.; Al-Shehadah, E.; Shoaib, A.; Jawhar, M.; Arabi, M.I.E. Salicylic Acid Pathway Changes in Barley Plants Challenged with either a Biotrophic or a Necrotrophic Pathogen. Cereal Res Commun. 2019, 47(2), 324–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. An, C.; Mou, Z. Salicylic acid and its function in plant immunity. J Integr Plant Biol. 2011, 53(6), 412–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Bower, N.I.; Casu, R.E.; Maclean, D.J.; Reverter, A.; Chapman, S.C.; Manners, J.M. Transcriptional response of sugarcane roots to methyl jasmonate. Plant Science. 2005, 168(3), 761–772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Seema, G.; Srivastava, M.K.; Srivastava, S.; Shrivastava, A.K. Effect of methyl jasmonate on sugarcane seedlings. Sugar Tech. 2003, 5(3), 189–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Ali, M.B.; Yu, K.W.; Hahn, E.J.; Paek, K.Y. Methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid elicitation induces ginsenosides accumulation, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant in suspension culture Panax ginseng roots in bioreactors. Plant Cell Rep. 2006, 25(6), 613–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Keramat, B.; Kalantari, K.; Arvin, M. Effects of methyl jasmonate in regulating cadmium induced oxidative stress in soybean plant (Glycine max L. ). African Journal of Microbiology Research. 2009, 3, 240–244. [Google Scholar]
  46. Garde-Cerdan, T.; Portu, J.; Lopez, R.; Santamaria, P. Effect of methyl jasmonate application to grapevine leaves on grape amino acid content. Food Chemistry. 2016, 203, 536–539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Sun, S.; Deng, Y.; Cai, E.; Yan, M.; Li, L.; Chen, B.; Chang, C.; Jiang, Z. The Farnesyltransferase beta-Subunit Ram1 Regulates Sporisorium scitamineum Mating, Pathogenicity and Cell Wall Integrity. Front Microbiol. 2019, 10, 976. [Google Scholar]
  48. Lu, S.; Shen, X.; Chen, B. Development of an efficient vector system for gene knock-out and near in-cis gene complementation in the sugarcane smut fungus. Sci Rep. 2017, 7, 3113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Preprints 74273 g001
Figure 1. MeJA suppressed S. scitamineum dikaryotic hyphae growth after sexual mating. A: The MAT-1 (eGFP) and MAT-2 (dsRED) sporidia were cultured in liquid YePS medium for 2 d and adjusted to OD600≈ 1.0, before mixed as 1:1 ratio and inoculated on YePSA or MM-N medium containing the indicated chemicals of various concentrations. The mating cultures were kept in dark, 28 °C, for 5 d before photographing. MAT-1 sporidia were spotted in the upper panel, while MAT-2 in the lower panel, of each plate. Three colonies in the middle of each plate are the mixed MAT-1 and MAT-2 sporidia to induce mating and filamentation. B: Microscopic observation of fluorescent protein-tagged S. scitamineum MAT-1 and MAT-2 sporidia [19] during sexual mating/filamentous growth, using ZEISS Observer Z1. Arrows denote un-mating sporidia, under MeJA treatment. Scale bars= 20 μm. C: qPCR analysis to assess transcription of a locus gene MFA 1/2 and PRA 1/2, and b locus BE 1/2 and BW 1/2 during S. scitamineum filamentation with or without MeJA treatment. The 1:1 ratio mixed MAT-1 and MAT-2 sporidia were allowed to grow on YePS medium under 28 °C, for 2 d, before total RNA extraction and qRT-PCR analysis. Relative gene expression level was calculated by the 2−ΔΔCT method [21] with ACTIN as an internal control. Primers used for transcriptional profiling were listed in Table 1. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple analysis. Different letters indicate significant differences, n= 3. Methanol (20 μL per 40 mL medium) served as solvent control in (A)-(C). The experiments were repeated by three time.
Figure 1. MeJA suppressed S. scitamineum dikaryotic hyphae growth after sexual mating. A: The MAT-1 (eGFP) and MAT-2 (dsRED) sporidia were cultured in liquid YePS medium for 2 d and adjusted to OD600≈ 1.0, before mixed as 1:1 ratio and inoculated on YePSA or MM-N medium containing the indicated chemicals of various concentrations. The mating cultures were kept in dark, 28 °C, for 5 d before photographing. MAT-1 sporidia were spotted in the upper panel, while MAT-2 in the lower panel, of each plate. Three colonies in the middle of each plate are the mixed MAT-1 and MAT-2 sporidia to induce mating and filamentation. B: Microscopic observation of fluorescent protein-tagged S. scitamineum MAT-1 and MAT-2 sporidia [19] during sexual mating/filamentous growth, using ZEISS Observer Z1. Arrows denote un-mating sporidia, under MeJA treatment. Scale bars= 20 μm. C: qPCR analysis to assess transcription of a locus gene MFA 1/2 and PRA 1/2, and b locus BE 1/2 and BW 1/2 during S. scitamineum filamentation with or without MeJA treatment. The 1:1 ratio mixed MAT-1 and MAT-2 sporidia were allowed to grow on YePS medium under 28 °C, for 2 d, before total RNA extraction and qRT-PCR analysis. Relative gene expression level was calculated by the 2−ΔΔCT method [21] with ACTIN as an internal control. Primers used for transcriptional profiling were listed in Table 1. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple analysis. Different letters indicate significant differences, n= 3. Methanol (20 μL per 40 mL medium) served as solvent control in (A)-(C). The experiments were repeated by three time.
Preprints 74273 g001
Preprints 74273 g002
Figure 2. MeJA suppressed U. maydis sexual mating/filamentation. A: The MAT-1 and MAT-2 sporidia of OD600≈ 1.0 were mixed as 1:1 (V/V) and inoculated on the YePSA medium containing MeJA (400 μM) or methanol (20 μL per 40 mL medium; solvent control). The mating cultures were kept in dark, 28 °C, for 5 d before photographing and microscopic observation. Scale bar= 20 μm. B-D: Mixed U. maydis sporidia (1 mL; OD600≈ 1.0; MAT-1: MAT-2= 1: 1, V/V), with or without MeJA (400 μM) treatment, were injected to maize seedlings at four-leaf stage (Hua Meitian 9; DYQS-16×TG-9). Injection with water served as blank control. The injected seedlings were allowed to grow in pots under natural condition for 21 d, before photographing of the tumor symptoms, as denoted by the arrows. The histogram was drawn by GraphPad Prism (Version: 8.0.2). The experiments were repeated for three time, containing at least 23 seedlings for each treatment. Significant differences in no-symptom plants between U. maydis infected seedlings with or without MeJA treatment were determined by a two-tailed Student’s t-test (*p = 0.0175).
Figure 2. MeJA suppressed U. maydis sexual mating/filamentation. A: The MAT-1 and MAT-2 sporidia of OD600≈ 1.0 were mixed as 1:1 (V/V) and inoculated on the YePSA medium containing MeJA (400 μM) or methanol (20 μL per 40 mL medium; solvent control). The mating cultures were kept in dark, 28 °C, for 5 d before photographing and microscopic observation. Scale bar= 20 μm. B-D: Mixed U. maydis sporidia (1 mL; OD600≈ 1.0; MAT-1: MAT-2= 1: 1, V/V), with or without MeJA (400 μM) treatment, were injected to maize seedlings at four-leaf stage (Hua Meitian 9; DYQS-16×TG-9). Injection with water served as blank control. The injected seedlings were allowed to grow in pots under natural condition for 21 d, before photographing of the tumor symptoms, as denoted by the arrows. The histogram was drawn by GraphPad Prism (Version: 8.0.2). The experiments were repeated for three time, containing at least 23 seedlings for each treatment. Significant differences in no-symptom plants between U. maydis infected seedlings with or without MeJA treatment were determined by a two-tailed Student’s t-test (*p = 0.0175).
Preprints 74273 g002
Preprints 74273 g003
Figure 3. E. coli pJMT strain was able to convert JA to MeJA under in vitro culture condition. (A) Detection of JA by HPLC. The region in the dashed box denotes JA, detected as retention time=18.5 min, wavelength= 205 nm. Green line denotes JA standard, while red line and green line respectively as supernatant extracted from the pJMT culture with or without IPTG induction. Peak area for green line is 107510.0, and is 1815.1 for red line. (B) Schematic representation of pJMT catalyzing conversion of JA to MeJA, under in vitro culture condition.(C) GC-MS analysis to detect JA and MeJA from supernatant of the pJMT culture without IPTG induction (upper panel) or under IPTG induction (lower panel).
Figure 3. E. coli pJMT strain was able to convert JA to MeJA under in vitro culture condition. (A) Detection of JA by HPLC. The region in the dashed box denotes JA, detected as retention time=18.5 min, wavelength= 205 nm. Green line denotes JA standard, while red line and green line respectively as supernatant extracted from the pJMT culture with or without IPTG induction. Peak area for green line is 107510.0, and is 1815.1 for red line. (B) Schematic representation of pJMT catalyzing conversion of JA to MeJA, under in vitro culture condition.(C) GC-MS analysis to detect JA and MeJA from supernatant of the pJMT culture without IPTG induction (upper panel) or under IPTG induction (lower panel).
Preprints 74273 g003
Preprints 74273 g004
Figure 4. E. coli pJMT strain suppressed S. scitamineum filamentation under in vitro culture condition. The pJMT strain was able to suppress filamentous growth of S. scitamineum after sexual mating, by supplying the supernatent to the fungal colonies (A), or in confrontation assay (B). A: JA was added in the liquid LB to reach a final concentration of 200 μM, with or without IPTG (1 mM) to induce JMT induction. 4mL supernatant of pJMT culture were mixed with 6 mL YePS medium, on which MAT-1, MAT-2 sporidia or mixed sporidia (to induce mating and filamentation) were allowed to growth for 3 d before photographing. B: 200 μM JA was add into YePS medium on which mating MAT-1 x MAT-2 culture was confronted with three colonies of pJMT, with or without IPTG induction. The results were observed after 3 d of incubation.
Figure 4. E. coli pJMT strain suppressed S. scitamineum filamentation under in vitro culture condition. The pJMT strain was able to suppress filamentous growth of S. scitamineum after sexual mating, by supplying the supernatent to the fungal colonies (A), or in confrontation assay (B). A: JA was added in the liquid LB to reach a final concentration of 200 μM, with or without IPTG (1 mM) to induce JMT induction. 4mL supernatant of pJMT culture were mixed with 6 mL YePS medium, on which MAT-1, MAT-2 sporidia or mixed sporidia (to induce mating and filamentation) were allowed to growth for 3 d before photographing. B: 200 μM JA was add into YePS medium on which mating MAT-1 x MAT-2 culture was confronted with three colonies of pJMT, with or without IPTG induction. The results were observed after 3 d of incubation.
Preprints 74273 g004
Preprints 74273 g005
Figure 5. E. coli pJMT applied in controlling maize smut disease in pot experiment. The U. maydis MAT-1 and MAT-2 sporidia (1:1, V/V, OD600≈ 1.0) were mixed, and 1 mL of such mixture was injected to the the stem of four-leaf stage maize seedlings. In the treatment group, U. maydis sporidia mixture was suspended with liquid-cultured pJMT (OD600≈ 1.0). The E. coli strain harboring the vector pRSFDUET-1 served as an untreated control, and the seedlings injected with water as blank control. The tumor symptoms were examined and documented at 21 d post infection.
Figure 5. E. coli pJMT applied in controlling maize smut disease in pot experiment. The U. maydis MAT-1 and MAT-2 sporidia (1:1, V/V, OD600≈ 1.0) were mixed, and 1 mL of such mixture was injected to the the stem of four-leaf stage maize seedlings. In the treatment group, U. maydis sporidia mixture was suspended with liquid-cultured pJMT (OD600≈ 1.0). The E. coli strain harboring the vector pRSFDUET-1 served as an untreated control, and the seedlings injected with water as blank control. The tumor symptoms were examined and documented at 21 d post infection.
Preprints 74273 g005
Preprints 74273 g006
Figure 6. Black whip symptom of sugarcane smut under pJMT treatment or control condition in the field trail experiment. Ratoons of the canes grown in the diseased field in experimental fields of South China Agricultural University (23.23 E, 113.63 W) were used for testing smut control capacity of pJMT strains. Three plots containing totally approximately 290 seedling, out of 90 clumps, were respectively set as control or pJMT treatment plots. pJMT culture was pre-treated with IPTG before applying to the ratoons within 3 days after cutting the above-ground parts. Disease symptoms, including typical symptom and obvious growth defects of the infected seedlings, were evaluated at three months post growth of ratoons A seedling with typical black whip and slim stem symtoms were displayed in left panel . The disease occurring rate based on the number of black whips were on the right panel. Significant differences in diseased seedlings with the pJMT treatment compared to untreated were determined by a two-tailed Student’s t-test (*p = 0.0165).
Figure 6. Black whip symptom of sugarcane smut under pJMT treatment or control condition in the field trail experiment. Ratoons of the canes grown in the diseased field in experimental fields of South China Agricultural University (23.23 E, 113.63 W) were used for testing smut control capacity of pJMT strains. Three plots containing totally approximately 290 seedling, out of 90 clumps, were respectively set as control or pJMT treatment plots. pJMT culture was pre-treated with IPTG before applying to the ratoons within 3 days after cutting the above-ground parts. Disease symptoms, including typical symptom and obvious growth defects of the infected seedlings, were evaluated at three months post growth of ratoons A seedling with typical black whip and slim stem symtoms were displayed in left panel . The disease occurring rate based on the number of black whips were on the right panel. Significant differences in diseased seedlings with the pJMT treatment compared to untreated were determined by a two-tailed Student’s t-test (*p = 0.0165).
Preprints 74273 g006
Table 1. Primer sequences.
Table 1. Primer sequences.
Primer Sequence (5’-3’) Notes
Actin-F CAGCTCGATGAAGGTCAAGAT qRT-PCR
Actin-R CAGCTCGATGAAGGTCAAGAT
Q-bE1-F CCAACGACGAAAGCGCGACG
Q-bE1-R GACTCTCTGCGAGCGGGCAT
Q-bE2-F CCAACGACGAAAGCGCGACG
Q-bE2-R GACTCTCTGCGAGCGGGCAT
Q-bW1-F CGAGAAAGGCACACAACGTC
Q-bW1-R CACCTTTTGGGGAGTTCCGA
Q-bW2-F TGTTGATGAGCCAGTGCCTT
Q-bW2-R AGTTCCGACTGGCTGAAGTG
Pra2-P1F GAAGAGCCTCAGCCGTTATAC
Pra2-P1R GGGTTCCCTTACTGAACCTTAG
Q-PCR-Mfa1-F ATGCTTTCCATCTTTACCCAGA
Q-PCR-Mfa1-R GTGCAGCTAGAGTAGCCAAG
Mfa2-P1F CGTCCAGGCCATTGTTTCT
Mfa2-P1R TAGGCCACGGTGCAGTA
Q-PCR-Pra1-F GGACGCTATCACCCAATCTTAC
Q-PCR-Pra1-R TCTCCAACATGGCAACACTC
pJMT-F GAATTCATGGAGGTAATGCGA Red front denotes restriction enzyme sites used for plasmid construction
pJMT-R GTCGACTCAACCGGTTCTAAC
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
Copyright: This open access article is published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, which permit the free download, distribution, and reuse, provided that the author and preprint are cited in any reuse.
Prerpints.org logo

Preprints.org is a free preprint server supported by MDPI in Basel, Switzerland.

facebook logotwitter logolinkedin logo
bsky
MDPI Initiatives
Important Links
Subscribe

© 2026 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated

Accessibility

Disclaimer

Terms of Use

Privacy Policy

Privacy Settings