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Realization of Maxwell’s Hypothesis: A Heat-Electric Conversion in Contradiction to the Kelvin Statement
Version 1
: Received: 14 July 2016 / Approved: 14 July 2016 / Online: 14 July 2016 (11:01:36 CEST)
Version 2 : Received: 12 December 2016 / Approved: 13 December 2016 / Online: 13 December 2016 (10:19:44 CET)
Version 3 : Received: 14 December 2016 / Approved: 14 December 2016 / Online: 14 December 2016 (09:12:35 CET)
Version 4 : Received: 14 March 2017 / Approved: 14 March 2017 / Online: 14 March 2017 (13:33:44 CET)
Version 5 : Received: 12 February 2019 / Approved: 15 February 2019 / Online: 15 February 2019 (09:07:52 CET)
Version 6 : Received: 26 May 2019 / Approved: 27 May 2019 / Online: 27 May 2019 (11:41:31 CEST)
Version 7 : Received: 30 July 2020 / Approved: 31 July 2020 / Online: 31 July 2020 (03:42:27 CEST)
Version 2 : Received: 12 December 2016 / Approved: 13 December 2016 / Online: 13 December 2016 (10:19:44 CET)
Version 3 : Received: 14 December 2016 / Approved: 14 December 2016 / Online: 14 December 2016 (09:12:35 CET)
Version 4 : Received: 14 March 2017 / Approved: 14 March 2017 / Online: 14 March 2017 (13:33:44 CET)
Version 5 : Received: 12 February 2019 / Approved: 15 February 2019 / Online: 15 February 2019 (09:07:52 CET)
Version 6 : Received: 26 May 2019 / Approved: 27 May 2019 / Online: 27 May 2019 (11:41:31 CEST)
Version 7 : Received: 30 July 2020 / Approved: 31 July 2020 / Online: 31 July 2020 (03:42:27 CEST)
How to cite: Fu, X.; Fu, Z. Realization of Maxwell’s Hypothesis: A Heat-Electric Conversion in Contradiction to the Kelvin Statement. Preprints 2016, 2016070028 (doi: 10.20944/preprints201607.0028.v1). Fu, X.; Fu, Z. Realization of Maxwell’s Hypothesis: A Heat-Electric Conversion in Contradiction to the Kelvin Statement. Preprints 2016, 2016070028 (doi: 10.20944/preprints201607.0028.v1).
Abstract
In a vacuum tube, two identical and parallel Ag-O-Cs surfaces, with a work function of approximately 0.8eV, ceaselessly emit thermal electrons at room temperature. The thermal electrons are so controlled by a static uniform magnetic field that they can fly only from one Ag-O-Cs surface to the other, resulting in a potential difference and an electric current, and transferring a power to a resistance outside the tube. The ambient air is a single heat reservoir in the experiment, and all the heat extracted by the tube from the air is converted into electric energy without producing any other effect. The authors maintain that the experiment is in contradiction to the Kelvin statement of the second law of thermodynamics.
Subject Areas
Maxwell’s demon; energy regeneration; energy circulation; entropy decreasing
Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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