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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; Intensive care unit, early cardiopulmonary rehabilitation, mortality, readmission
Online: 7 August 2018 (15:33:49 CEST)
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Background: This study aims to compare the impact of early and late post-discharge cardiopulmonary rehabilitation on the outcomes of intensive care unit (ICU) survivors. Methods: The retrospective, cohort study used a sub-database of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) that contains information of all patients had ICU admission between 2000 and 2012. Early group was defined if patients had received cardiopulmonary rehabilitation within 30 days after ICU discharge, and late group was define as if patients had received cardiopulmonary rehabilitation between 30 days and one year after ICU discharge. The end points were mortality and re-admission during the 3-year follow-up. Results: Among 2136 patients received cardiopulmonary rehabilitation after ICU discharge, 994 was classified early group and other 1142 patients were classified as late group. Overall, early group had a lower mortality rate (6.64% vs 10.86%, p = 0.0006), and a lower ICU readmission rate (47.8% vs 57.97%, p < 0.0001) than late group after 3-year follow-up. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that early group had significantly lower mortality (p=0.0009) and readmission rate (p<0.0001) than late group. In multivariate analysis, the risk of ICU readmission was found to be independently associated with late group (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.13-1.47). Conclusions: Early post-discharge cardiopulmonary rehabilitation among ICU survivors has the long-term survival benefit and significantly decreases the readmission rate.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; Binding energy in lasers; Latent Binding energy in white light; Harnessing binding energy in sunlight
Online: 31 July 2018 (15:22:46 CEST)
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Physics behind collimated highly directional nature of lasers, and factors that keep the seven coloured waves that form white light together during their journey from Sun to Earth, in the face of the natural disruptive forces, is not fully understood. Energy levels were measured, in terms of alterations in induced current and voltage, in beams from a red laser, white LED light and the Sunlight before and during their disruption by diffusers (frosted glass for the lasers) and diffractors (diffraction grating for the white light) using a photovoltaic solar cell panel attached to a digital multimeter. Results show that disruption of the beams results in release of extra energy named as ‘Latent Light Binding’ Energy’. It is hypothesized that the ‘binding’ energy keeps laser waves firmly bound together both end-on and side-on enabling laser beams to travel long distances in collimated manner. Likewise, the 7 coloured waves that constitute white light are kept together, probably side-on, in their journey from the Sun to the Earth. The observation that diffraction of sunbeam is associated with increased power generation provides a new lead to improve harnessing of solar energy, where, currently, the focus is mainly on improving efficiency of photovoltaic cell.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; bell states; BSM; EPR pairs; LOCC; no-cloning theorem; quantum communications; quantum entanglement; quantum teleportation
Online: 26 July 2018 (04:59:03 CEST)
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A simplified version of the quantum teleportation protocol is presented in here. Its experimental confirmation will have deep implications for a better understanding of Quantum Entanglement with a particular projection on Quantum Communications.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; temperature-detection; thread; PEDOT:PSS; wearable devices
Online: 24 July 2018 (08:28:17 CEST)
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In this research, we developed a wearable temperature-sensing element by dip dyeing threads in poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) (p-type conducting polymer) solution. The PEDOT:PSS was used to dye the textile and it exhibited negative temperature coefficient characteristics in which the resistance decreases as the temperature increases. The fabricated temperature-detection thread achieved a sensitivity of 167.1 W/°C with 99.8% linearity in the temperature range of -50 to 80 °C. We anticipate that temperature sensors that apply our technology will be made as stitch- or textile-type for wearable devices, and they will be widely adopted for different applications such as in fitness, leisure, healthcare, medical treatment, infotainment, industry, and military applications, among others.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; solar windows; advanced glazings; diffractive elements; light trapping; photovoltaics
Online: 23 July 2018 (10:18:54 CEST)
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We report on the study of energy-harvesting performance in medium-size (400 cm2) glass-based semitransparent solar concentrators employing edge-mounted photovoltaic modules. Systems using several different types of glazing system architecture and containing embedded diffractive structures are prepared and characterized. The technological approaches to the rapid manufacture of large-area diffractive elements suitable for use in solar window-type concentrators are described. These elements enable the internal deflection and partial trapping of light inside glass-based concentrator windows. We focus on uncovering the potential of pattern-transfer polymer-based soft lithography for enabling both the improved photon collection probability at solar cell surfaces, and the up-scaling of semitransparent solar window dimensions. Results of photovoltaic characterization of several solar concentrators employing different internal glazing-system structure and diffractive elements produced using different technologies are reported and discussed.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; SAR speckle; rough surface scattering; exponential correlation; very high resolution
Online: 20 July 2018 (12:52:02 CEST)
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The aim of this study is to investigate, by means of experimental measurements and full-wave simulations, the dominant factors for the very high-resolution (VHR) radar image speckles from exponential correlated rough surfaces. A Ka-band radar system was used to collect the return signal from such a surface sample fabricated by 3D printing, and that signal was further processed into images at different resolution scales, where the image samples were obtained by horizontally turning around the surface sample. To cross-validate the results and to further discuss the VHR speckle properties, full wave simulations by full 3D Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method were conducted with 1600 realizations for the speckle analysis. At the considered very high resolution, speckle statistics show divergence from the fully developed Rayleigh distribution. The factors that impact on the high-resolution speckle properties from exponential correlated rough surface, are analyzed in views of the equivalent number of scatterers theory and scattering scales, respectively. From the data results and extended discussions, it is evident that both of the above factors matter for VHR speckle of backscattering, from the exponential correlated rough surface as a good representative for the ground surface.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; atomic spectroscopy; plasma spectroscopy; laser spectroscopy; physical properties of biomaterials
Online: 18 July 2018 (08:34:46 CEST)
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This work reports measurements of calcified gallstone elemental compositions using laser-induced optical emission spectroscopy. The experimental results support the importance of the magnesium concentration in gallstone growth. Granular stones reveal an increased magnesium concentration at the periphery of the granules, suggesting the inhibition of further growth. Non-granular gallstones reveal lower overall magnesium concentrations but with higher values near the center.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; plasmonic; spin-orbital couplings; plasmon
Online: 13 July 2018 (11:21:14 CEST)
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We investigate on the plasmons of monolayer MoS2 in the presence of spin-orbit interactions (SOIs) under the random phase approximation. The theoretical study shows that two new and novel plasmonic modes can be achieved via inter spin sub-band transitions around the Fermi level duo to the SOIs. The plasmon modes are optic-like, which are very different from the plasmon modes reported recently in monolayer MoS2, and the other two-dimensional systems. The frequency of such plasmons increases with the increasing of the electron density or the spin polarizability, and decreases with the increasing of the wave vectors q. Our results exhibit some interesting features which can be utilized to the plasmonic and terahertz devices based on monolayer MoS2.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; transparent glass-ceramics; luminescence sensitizer; SiO2-SnO2; erbium; Sol-gel; time- resolved spectroscopy
Online: 5 July 2018 (07:36:42 CEST)
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The development of efficient luminescent systems, such as microcavities, solid state lasers, integrated optical amplifiers, optical sensors is the main topic in glass photonics. The building blocks of these systems are glass-ceramics activated by rare earth ions because they exhibit specific morphologic, structural and spectroscopic properties. Among various materials that could be used as nanocrystals to be imbedded in silica matrix, tin dioxide presents some interesting peculiarities, e.g. the presence of tin dioxide nanocrystals allows increase in both solubility and emission of rare earth ions. Here, we focus our attention on Er3+ - doped silica – tin dioxide photonic glass-ceramics fabricated by sol-gel route. Although the SiO2-SnO2:Er3+ could be fabricated in different geometrical systems: thin films, monoliths and planar waveguides we herein limit ourselves to the monoliths. The effective role of tin dioxide as luminescence sensitizer for Er3+ ions is confirmed by spectroscopic measurements and detailed fabrication protocols are discussed.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; optical tweezers; optical trap; PDMS devices; single cells
Online: 25 June 2018 (06:10:34 CEST)
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Optical tweezers offer a non-contact method for selecting single cells and translocating them from one microenvironment to another. We have characterized the optical tweezing of yeast S. cerevisiae and can manipulate single cells at velocities up to 0.77 mm/s using laser powers of 40 mW from a 785 nm diode laser. We have fabricated and tested three cell isolation devices; a micropipette, a PDMS chip and laser machined fused silica chip and we have isolated single bacteria, yeast and cyanobacteria cells. The most effective isolation was achieved in PDMS chip, where single yeast cells were grown and observed for 18 hours without contamination. The duration of budding in S. cerevisiae was not affected by the laser parameters used, but the time from tweezing until the first budding event began increased with increase laser energy (laser power x time). Cells tweezed using 25 mW for 1 minute were viable after isolation. We have constructed a micro-consortium of yeast cells, and a co-culture of yeast and bacteria, using optical tweezers in combination with the PDMS network of channels and isolation chambers, which may impact on both industrial biotechnology and understanding pathogen dynamics.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; graphene; two-dimensional materials; nonlinear quantum circuits; quantum bits
Online: 15 May 2018 (05:29:06 CEST)
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In this letter, it is proposed that cryogenic quantum bits could operate based on the nonlinearity due to the quantum capacitance of two-dimensional Dirac materials, and in particular graphene. The anharmonicity of a typical superconducting quantum bit is calculated and the sensitivity of quantum bit frequency and anharmonicty with respect to temperature are found. Reasonable estimates reveal that a careful fabrication process could reveal the expected properties, thus putting the context of quantum computing hardware into new perspectives.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; solar windows; advanced glazings; low-emissivity spectrally-selective coatings; photovoltaics
Online: 2 May 2018 (08:23:36 CEST)
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A study of photovoltaic solar window technologies is reported, focusing on their structural features, functional materials, system development, and suitability for use in practical field applications, e.g. public infrastructures and agricultural installations. Energy generation performance characteristics are summarized and compared to theory-limit predictions. Working examples of pilot-trial solar window-based installations are described. We also report on achieving electric power outputs of about 25 Wp/m2 from clear and transparent large-area glass-based solar windows.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; smartphone; magnetic hall sensor, magnetic field; lab physics; quadrupole
Online: 5 February 2018 (11:30:05 CET)
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Current smartphones incorporate different types of sensors that allow us to know our spatial position, they give us information about pressure, speed, acceleration, time, acoustic level, and other different physical magnitudes. These smartphones measure each component of the magnetic field, bearing in mind that any current perpendicular to a magnetic field produces a small potential difference, transversal to the said current, being this voltage easily measurable by Hall sensors. With the implementation of three Hall sensors, and an appropriate app, we can measure the three components of the magnetic field vector, and with this we can obtain information and deduce properties of the physical systems considered. In this paper we are exploring the use of smartphones in a physics laboratory for freshman students. To do this, we have measured, using Hall sensors, the magnetic field created by a linear quadrature, and we have obtained, first of all, its dependence on the distance between the quadrupole and the magnetic sensor. The second purpose of this work is to show that the laboratory is a powerful tool that increases the significant learning of freshman students through advanced technological tools.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; metamaterial absorber; metallic resonator; three-dimensional construction; broadband absorption; lower-frequency absorption
Online: 20 December 2017 (09:20:54 CET)
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Resistive patch array incorporating with metallic backplane provided an effective way to the achievement of broadband metamaterial absorbers(MAs). When loading metallic metamaterial to resistive MA, the outstanding construction helps realize more flexible and diversified forms of broadband absorption. In this paper, we attempted to load metallic resonators(MRs) to resistive MA in the three-dimensional construction, which benefits further enhancement of lower-frequency absorption. Simulation showed that the partial absorption band was separated to lower frequency, while the rest of broadband absorption was unaffected. Meanwhile, after combining multi-unit of the proposed MAs, the stair-stepping broadband absorption was also achieved. At last, three samples were fabricated. The agreements between simulations and experimental results demonstrated that resistive MA loaded with MRs provided an effective way for further enhancement of lower-frequency absorption with almost no change of the absorbing structure and areal density. Thus, it is worthy to expect a wide range of applications to emerge inspired from the proposed attempt.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; ground penetrating radar; electromagnetic propagation in nonhomogeneous media; time-domain analysis
Online: 6 December 2017 (09:00:46 CET)
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This paper deals with bistatic subsurface probing of a horizontally layered dielectric half-space by means of ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses. A receiver collects reflections from the air-ground interface and from the gradients of dielectric permittivity in the half-space. This scenario is of interest for ground penetrating radar (GPR) applications. For the analytical description of the received signal, we developed and implemented a novel time-domain version of the coupled-wave Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin approximation. Our solution is in very good agreement with finite-difference time-domain results, radically accelerates calculations, and effectively accounts for the protracted return signals observed in the lower part of the GPR spectrum. The paper includes results showing the application of the proposed technique to two case studies: in particular, the method was employed for the post-processing of experimental radargrams collected on Lake Chebarkul, in Russia, and to simulate GPR probing of the Moon surface, to detect smooth gradients of the dielectric permittivity in lunar regolith.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; stress relaxation; polymer dynamics; biomechanical characterization; articular cartilage; osteoarthritis
Online: 6 November 2017 (06:44:18 CET)
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disorder found mostly in elderly people. The role of mechanical behavior in the progression of OA is complex and remains unclear. The stress-relaxation behavior of human articular cartilage in clinically defined osteoarthritic stages may have importance in diagnosis and prognosis of OA. In this study we investigated differences in the biomechanical responses among human cartilage of ICRS grades I, II and III using polymer dynamics theory. We collected 24 explants of human articular cartilage (eight each of ICRS grade I, II and III) and acquired stress-relaxation data applying a continuous load on the articular surface of each cartilage explant for 1180 s. We observed a significant decrease in Young’s modulus, stress-relaxation time, and stretching exponent in advanced stages of OA (ICRS grade III). The stretch exponential model indicated that significant loss in hyaluronic acid polymer might be the reason for the loss of proteoglycan in advanced OA. This work encourages further biomechanical modelling of osteoarthritic cartilage utilizing these data as input parameters to enhance the fidelity of computational models aimed at revealing how mechanical behaviors play a role in pathogenesis of OA.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; magnetoencephalography; signal space separation; magnetometer; gradiometer; beamforming; regularization
Online: 27 October 2017 (03:50:25 CEST)
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Background: Modern MEG devices include 102 sensor triplets containing one magnetometer and two planar gradiometers. The first processing step is often a signal space separation (SSS), which provides a powerful noise reduction. A question commonly raised by researchers and reviewers is which data should be employed in source reconstruction: (1) magnetometers only, (2) gradiometers only, (3) magnetometers and gradiometers together. The MEG community is currently divided about the proper answer and strong arguments in favor and against these three approaches often expressed. Methods: First, we provide theoretical evidence that both gradiometers and magnetometers contain the same information after SSS, and argue that they both result from the backprojection of the same SSS components. Then, we compare beamforming source reconstructions from magnetometers and gradiometers in real MEG recordings before and after SSS. Results: Without SSS, the correlation between source time series extracted from magnetometers and gradiometers was high, with Pearson correlation coefficient r=0.5-0.8. After SSS, these correlation values increased dramatically, reaching over 0.90 across all cortical areas. Conclusions: After SSS, almost identical source reconstructions (r>0.9) can be obtained with magnetometers and gradiometers, as long as regularization is selected appropriately to account for the different properties in magnetometers and gradiometers covariance matrices.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; AlN; AlGaN; deep ultraviolet; light-emitting diodes; MOCVD
Online: 5 September 2017 (04:55:57 CEST)
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We overview recent progress in growth aspects of group III-nitride heterostructures for deep ultraviolet (DUV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs), with particular emphasis on the growth approaches for attaining high-quality AlN and high Al-molar fraction AlGaN. The discussion commences with the introduction of the current status of group III-nitride DUV LEDs and the remaining challenges. This segues into discussion of LED designs enabling high device performance followed by the review of advances in the methods for the growth of bulk single crystal AlN intended as a native substrate together with a discussion of its UV transparency. It should be stated, however, that due to the high-cost of bulk AlN substrates at the time of this writing, the growth of DUV LEDs on foreign substrates such as sapphire still dominates the field. On the deposition front, the heteroepitaxial growth approaches incorporate high-temperature metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and pulsed-flow growth, a variant of MOCVD, with the overarching goal of enhancing adatom surface mobility, and thus epitaxial lateral overgrowth which culminates in minimization the effect of lattice- and thermal-mismatches. This is followed by addressing the benefits of pseudomorphic growth of strained high Al-molar fraction AlGaN on AlN. Finally, methods utilized to enhance both p- and n-type conductivity of high Al-molar fraction AlGaN are reviewed.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; Porous medium; Rayleigh number; Absolute instability
Online: 4 May 2017 (16:44:51 CEST)
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A linear stability analysis of the parallel uniform flow in a horizontal channel with open upper boundary is carried out. The lower boundary is considered as an impermeable isothermal wall, while the open upper boundary is subject to a uniform heat flux and it is exposed to an external horizontal fluid stream driving the flow. An eigenvalue problem is obtained for the two-dimensional transverse modes of perturbation. The study of the analytical dispersion relation leads to the conditions for the onset of convective instability as well as to the determination of the parametric threshold for the transition to absolute instability. The results are generalised to the case of three-dimensional perturbations.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; plasma; DBD; decomposition; n-decane
Online: 19 April 2017 (16:04:45 CEST)
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A highly-integrated experimental system for plasma decomposition of fuels was built. Experiments were conducted and confirmed that macromolecular chain hydrocarbons were cracked by large-gap dielectric barrier discharge under the excitation of a microsecond-pulse power supply. Alkanes and olefins with a C atom number smaller than 10 as well as hydrogen were found in the cracked products of n-decane (n-C10H22). The combination of preheating and plasma decomposition had strong selectivity for olefins. Under strong discharge conditions, micromolecular olefins were found in the products. Moreover, there was a general tendency that micromolecular olefins gradually accounted for higher percentage of products at higher temperature and discharge frequency.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; femtosecond laser 3D microfabrication; 3D printing; nanotechnology; microfluidics; lab-on-chip
Online: 13 April 2017 (10:32:29 CEST)
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An approach employing ultrafast laser hybrid subtractive-additive microfabrication combining ablation, 3D nanolithography and welding is proposed for the realization of Lab-On-Chip (LOC) device. Single amplified Yb:KGW fs-pulsed laser source is shown to be suitable for fabricating microgrooves in glass slabs, polymerization of fine-meshes filter out of hybrid organic-inorganic photopolymer SZ2080 inside them, and, lastly, sealing the whole chip with cover glass into a single monolithic piece. The created microfluidic device proved its particle sorting function by separating 1 μm and 10 μm polystyrene spheres in a mixture. All together, this shows that fs-laser microfabrication technology is a flexible and versatile tool for the manufacturing of mesoscale multi-material LOC devices.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; bend scour; embankment toe; finite-volume model; numbered bricks
Online: 21 March 2017 (08:23:25 CET)
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The modeling of flood-induced bend scour near embankment toes can provide important information for river engineering, embankment safety warnings, and emergency action management. During the rainy seasons, short-term general scour and bend scour are the most common causes for the failure of reinforced concrete embankments in Taiwan. To gain a deeper understanding of the scouring process near levee foundations, this study proposed a straightforward and practical method for bend scour simulation. The proposed simulation method is subdivided into three stages: two-dimensional flow simulation, general scour estimation, and bend scour estimation. A new bend-scour computation equation is proposed and incorporated into a two-dimensional hydraulic finite-volume model for simulating the evolution of bend scour depth around embankment toes. The proposed method is applied to simulate the temporal evolution of bend scouring near the Shuideliaw Embankment on the Cho-Shui River in Taiwan, where serious failure occurred during the June 2012 monsoon. Field data were gathered using the numbered-brick technique at the Shuideliaw Embankment to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method. The results of the bend scour simulations compared reasonably well with field measurements, indicating close agreement in terms of water levels and bend scour depths near the Shuideliaw Embankment. The proposed method was found to quickly estimate the maximum short-term general scour and bend scour depths for further enhancement of the safety of the embankment toe.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; plasmonics; infrared detector; MEMS; gas sensing
Online: 10 March 2017 (10:21:40 CET)
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A lead zirconate titanate [PZT;Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3] layer embedded infrared (IR) detector decorated with wavelength-selective plasmonic crystals has been investigated for high-performance non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) spectroscopy. A plasmonic IR detector with an enhanced IR absorption band has been designed based on numerical simulations, fabricated by conventional microfabrication techniques, and characterized with a broadly tunable quantum cascade laser. The enhanced responsivity of the plasmonic IR detector at specific wavelength band has improved the performance of NDIR spectroscopy and pushed the limit of detection (LOD) by an order of magnitude. In this paper, a 13 fold enhancement in the LOD of a methane gas sensing using NDIR spectroscopy is demonstrated with the plasmonic IR detector.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; magnetoelectrics; magnetoelectric heterostructures; magnetoelectric sensors;
Online: 1 March 2017 (10:35:19 CET)
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Among magnetoelectric (ME) heterostructures, ME laminates of the type Metglas-like / PVDF (magnetostrictive+piezoelectric constituents) have shown the highest induced ME voltages, usually detected at the magnetoelastic resonance of the magnetostrictive constituent. This ME coupling happens because of the high cross-correlation coupling between magnetostrictive and piezoelectric material, and is usually associated with a promising application scenario for sensors or actuators. In this work we detail the basis of the operation of such devices, as well as some arising questions (as size effects) concerning their best performance. Also, some examples of their use as very sensitive magnetic fields sensors or innovative energy harvesting devices will be presented At the end, the challenges, future perspectives and technical difficulties that will determine the success of ME composites for sensor applications are discussed.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; total ozone; seasonal variation; analysis trend; homogeneity; abrupt change
Online: 13 February 2017 (11:34:19 CET)
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The variability of ozone over Egypt has been studied in this work. Higher values of coefficient of variation (COV) at eight stations occur at winter while lowest values occur at summer. The COV is function of latitude in annual, winter and spring where it decreases gradually from the north to south of Egypt. The trend analysis of ozone over the eight stations indicates negative trends over northern stations for both annual and seasonal time series with the greatest one at winter. The horizontal distribution of ozone trend values is negative over all Egypt in winter while it positive over middle and south Egypt in the other seasons. The long-term variability of the behavior of the annual ozone shows positive trend values in ozone are the dominant features during the period 1979- 1989 at the most stations. Negative trend values in ozone are the dominant features during the period 1990- 2014 at all stations. The Mann–Kendall test confirms that there is an abrupt change towards decreasing of ozone occurs in 1981, 1984, 2012, 1999, 2000, 1998 and 2010, while a change towards increasing of ozone appears in 2006, 2014, 1993 and 1989.
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Physical Sciences, Applied Physics; electromagnetic vacuum; MRI; metal
Online: 10 December 2016 (08:32:59 CET)
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Based upon Maxwell's equations, it has long been established that oscillating electromagnetic (EM) fields incident upon a metal surface decay exponentially inside the conductor, leading to a virtual EM vacuum at sufficient depths. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utilizes radiofrequency (r.f.) EM fields to produce images. Here we present the first visualization of a virtual EM vacuum inside a bulk metal strip by MRI, amongst several novel findings.
We uncover unexpected MRI intensity patterns arising from two orthogonal pairs of faces of a metal strip, and derive formulae for their intensity ratios, revealing differing effective elemental volumes (voxels) underneath these faces.
Further, we furnish chemical shift imaging (CSI) results that discriminate different faces (surfaces) of a metal block according to their distinct nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts, which holds much promise for monitoring surface chemical reactions noninvasively.
Bulk metals are ubiquitous, and MRI is a premier noninvasive diagnostic tool. Combining the two, the emerging field of bulk metal MRI can be expected to grow in importance. The fundamental nature of results presented here may impact bulk metal MRI and CSI across many fields.