Abstract: A long-term stability study of a manufactured substance, material, or object (a product) is a known task in analytical chemistry (testing) laboratories serving applied science, industry and trade. It is also an important part of development of reference materials as measurement standards. The main outcome of a long-term stability study is a conformity decision at the point on the time scale when the product property value is expected to violate its tolerance/specification limit. The period of time (the interval on the time scale) from the product fabrication up to this ‘tipping point’, determined with the specified confidence probability, is recognized as the product shelf life or lifetime. After the tipping point, the product is deemed unfit for its intended use. Using a Bayesian approach, the present position paper (a perspective) considers tipping point analysis as a statistical tool to estimate the shelf life of a substance, material, or object, taking into account risks of false decisions in its conformity assessment.

Abstract: Maintaining physiological function, mobility, and independence throughout aging remains a major challenge in exercise and health sciences. Physical activity is widely recognized as a key determinant of healthy aging, yet different sports may confer distinct biological benefits. Tennis is unique in that it combines aerobic and anaerobic exercise, neuromuscular coordination, cognitive engagement, perceptual demands, and functional movement demands (balance, agility, change-of-direction performance, motor coordination) within a single activity. This comprehensive review synthesizes current evidence regarding the biological adaptations associated with tennis participation across the lifespan and evaluates its potential contribution to healthy aging and longevity. Available evidence indicates that regular tennis participation is associated with improved cardiovascular and cardiometabolic health, enhanced musculoskeletal function, greater bone mineral density, maintenance of cognitive and perceptual abilities, and improved psychological well-being. Studies involving veteran and masters tennis players further suggest that long-term participation may attenuate age-related declines in physical and cognitive function while supporting successful aging and quality of life. Emerging research also highlights potential benefits related to neuromuscular function, sensorimotor performance, perceptual-cognitive abilities and functional independence. Collectively, the literature supports tennis as a multidimensional lifelong physical activity capable of promoting health across biological, psychological, and social domains. While much of the current evidence remains observational, the available literature consistently suggests that tennis participation is associated with adaptations relevant to healthy aging and functional health. Further longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms and strengthen evidence-based recommendations for healthy aging, maintenance of physical function, and preservation of mobility across the lifespan.

Abstract: Lithological identification and mapping are crucial in understanding geological processes, mineral exploration, natural resource management, land-use planning, and other applications. Conventional field-focused mapping of geology is often requiring a lot of time and expensive, particularly in remote and rugged terrains, like in our area. Recent advances in satellite remote sensing provide efficient tools for lithological discrimination. This study explores the application of Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery to develop a lithological map in a case of Meda kebele. The Sentinel-2 satellite image was classified by using support vector machine (SVM) classification system to prepare a excellent geological map, which was validated by previous geological maps and field surveys For this purpose, several band combinations, spectral indices, and image processing methods, including OIF, ICA and PCA, were used in order to enhance the contrast among different rocks. Following that, a supervised classification supported by field survey and previous lithological maps of the area was carried out to create a lithological map. The results show that Sentinel-2 imagery can distinguish between the common geological units found in the area, which include metavolcanics, basalt, dolomite, limestone, marble, slate and sandstone, due to it has good spatial resolution of 10- 60 m and vast spectral extent from VNIR-SWIR. This paper highlights the significance of Sentinel-2 data for regional geological mapping, giving baseline information for mineral prospecting and resource management in Meda kebele.

Abstract: Studies of festivals and urban tourism usually examine one event at a time, and most of them concern cities in Europe and North America. This article compares two festivals in Accra, Ghana, that share a city and a season but differ in origin, purpose and governance: Homowo, the long-established harvest festival of the Ga people, and the Chale Wote Street Art Festival, a contemporary arts festival founded in 2011. Using a comparative case design built on secondary data, it examines five dimensions: tourism demand and reach, economic contribution, spatial and urban effects, heritage and identity, and governance. The evidence comprises official tourism statistics, a coded corpus of 53 media and official texts, and a log of 14 governance actions dated 2014 to 2026. A companion study has shown that official data cannot isolate the tourism effects of either festival, so this article asks how the two festivals have changed rather than how much they contribute. They share the same mid-year travel season and the same concentrated tourism economy, yet they are close to opposites in representation, reach and governance. Chale Wote has moved through a recognisable event lifecycle, from an unfunded neighbourhood event to an institutionalised festival whose centre shifted to the commercial district of Osu in 2023. Homowo has begun a different trajectory: the touristification of an established sacred practice, in which state partnership and a new commercial carnival are kept apart from the rites, against a background of contested authority and violence. The article argues that festivalisation follows different paths for heritage and contemporary festivals in the same city, proposes that lifecycle models be adapted for heritage festivals, and extends the commemoration–commodification continuum to living festival heritage.

Abstract: This article reviews the currently reported coupling properties of astrocytes in neural circuits, as well as the potentially promising functional structures and molecular mechanisms associated with astrocytic specialized domains and the spatiotemporal specificity of calcium levels. It proposes a model of astrocytes as a bridging mechanism—from microcircuit specialization to the functional connectivity of brain regions and nuclei—that addresses what signals are involved, how integration is achieved, and how these processes act on long-term memory and the “brain-body” characteristics of consciousness. The model posits that, in the formation of consciousness and cognition, astrocytes and their functional structures bridge the neuronal encoding of multimodal embodied perception, integrate and transmit it, and generate delayed, low-frequency calcium waves corresponding to the current state of consciousness or cognition. Through a relatively global signal, they direct the dynamics of the cortical connectome, thereby acting, at the level of brain dynamics, as a downstream bridging router for memory and shaping the inertial circuits of consciousness over long time domains. At the microenvironmental level, astrocytes and their subtypes in different regions shape neural circuits through metabolic coupling based on layer-specific spatial transcriptomes, reversibly shaping the cellular and synaptic basis of long-term memory. By virtue of their broad receptor repertoire expression, astrocytes serve as terminal receptors for perceptual information. At the circuit level, through syncytium-based global calcium waves, they form a global signal, thereby locally and specifically influencing and globally regulating cortical activity and coordinating the cortical connectivity and spatial transcription of consciousness. In terms of embodied consciousness, astrocytes bridge, through neurovascular coupling and global signals, the bidirectional communication between consciousness as “brain-body synchrony” and bodily rhythms such as blood flow and respiration.

Abstract: We introduce a framework for topological games on neutrosophic bitopological spaces. The underlying structure consists of a set equipped with two neutrosophic topologies, allowing the two players to interact with distinct notions of openness. After fixing explicit conventions for neutrosophic unions, intersections, interiors, and threshold covering, we define one-selection and finite-selection games, cross-interior covering conditions, strategies, and winning plays. We establish general implications between winning strategies and selection principles, prove a threshold monotonicity result, and investigate the behavior of the games under equality of the two topologies. Examples illustrate the difference between the two topologies and the role of the cross-interior condition. We also prove that the proposed framework reduces to the corresponding classical bitopological game in the crisp-valued case. The definitions and results are formulated so that their hypotheses and conclusions can be checked directly. The paper distinguishes the classical background of bitopological spaces and selection games from the particular neutrosophic game framework developed here.

Abstract: The scientific work of Professor William W. Muir addresses a fundamental problem in oxygen therapeutics: increasing oxygen transport capacity does not necessarily mean that oxygen reaches the tissues where it is needed. Over several decades, Muir investigated cardiovascular physiology, respiratory gas exchange, hemorrhagic shock, microvascular perfusion, hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), and tissue oxygenation. His scientific involvement with Biopure, collaboration with Carl W. Rausch, and subsequent reported advisory activities in veterinary product development form an important part of this history. This article traces the development of these ideas and their experimental evaluation, leading to a proposed next step: Precision Oxygen Therapeutics based on Biological Hemoglobin Oxygen Carrier (BHOC), with oxygen delivery treated as a distinct therapeutic function rather than an attempt to replace blood.

Abstract: We present a rigorous parameter-free derivation of the scaling exponents for turbulent longitudinal structure functions, based on angular displacement spacetime framework φ(τ) and the physical upper bound of Lagrangian micro-rotation velocity (Ω_FluidMAX): ζp=p/3+p(3−p)/8π²+ max (0, p−6)/4π². For the low-order regime (p≤6), the derived strict quadratic formula reads: ζ_p=p/3+p(3−p)/8π². This formula contains zero adjustable parameters, with the correction term stemming solely from the universal topological constant 1/(4π²) intrinsic to rotational motion. It automatically satisfies the exact Kolmogorov 4/5 law at p=3 and is intrinsic physical consistency p=3, naturally explaining from first principles the ubiquitous experimental observation that “scaling exponents exceed K41 values for p<3 and fall below them for p>3”. Remarkably, it reduces to a form mathematically identical to Kolmogorov-Obukhov (K62) log-normal model, p= p/3 - (μ/18)·p(p−3), with the effective intermittency parameter fixed at μ= 9/4π² ≈0.228. The log-normal formulation is therefore not a competing model, but is subsumed as the p≤6 continuum approximation within the present geometric framework. We further predict that a physical phase transition occurs at p=6, corresponding to the breakdown of the continuum hypothesis. For 7≤p≤13, the scaling exponents deviate from the quadratic law due to the dominance of high-order nonlinear terms. Crucially, this high-order deviation is not a “fitting residual,” but the inevitable consequence of a hard-truncation phase transition (nonlinear breakdown): as the local micro-rotation velocity approaches Ω_FluidMAX , the hard-wall truncation of rotational kinetic energy causes a δ-function accumulation in the probability density at the threshold (angular condensation), thereby exciting a linear additional term ((p−6)/4π²) in the high-order moments. A complete set of zero-parameter predicted values for p=1 to 13 is provided for independent experimental verification—the predictions for ζ₁−ζ₁₁ already agree with the existing experimental/DNS data), whereas no DNS data exist for ζ₁₃—prior to the release of the R_λ≈2500 DNS data. This constitutes a blind test: the predictions are fixed, and the data will provide an independent verdict.

Abstract: AI-assisted phytochemical nomination requires independent checks of chemical identity and supporting evidence. This computational case study examines AIIP-BAI-6C-DMAE-002, the proposed 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl ester of baicalin's glucuronide C-6″ carboxyl group, originating in an author-held AI immunopharmacology book manuscript. The nominated connectivity was reconciled with inconsistent formula and mass entries in that source. RDKit 2025.09.6 generated identifiers, physicochemical descriptors and comparisons with eight related structures. The encoded neutral candidate has formula C25H27NO11, molecular weight 517.49 g/mol, monoisotopic mass 517.1584 Da and InChIKey BIUNXNZQUMPJLF-LYVDORBWSA-N. Relative to baicalin, calculated polar surface area decreases from 187.12 to 179.36 Ų, while neutral-form Crippen cLogP changes from 0.1422 to 0.1624. These results do not establish improved absorption. Public literature and patent searching found established esterification and amino-substitution precedents but no individualised exact disclosure in the retrieved evidence; candidate PubChem InChIKey queries returned no matching record. Novelty remains provisional pending comprehensive structure and Markush analysis. The historical AI-generation trace is incomplete, and no synthesis, binding or efficacy is reported. The study provides a reproducible chemical assessment and a validation framework for a phytochemical-derived immunopharmacology hypothesis.

Abstract: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a major economically important disease affecting the global swine industry. Its etiological agent, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), exhibits substantial genetic diversity driven by mutation, recombination, and selective pressures. Following taxonomic revisions by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, PRRSV isolates are classified into Betaarterivirus europensis and Betaarterivirus americense. In Peru, the molecular and epidemiological evolution of PRRSV in Lima’s swine farms remains insufficiently characterized. This review aimed to characterize the evolutionary dynamics of PRRSV variants circulating in Lima through 2026. A narrative review with a systematic search strategy was conducted following PRISMA 2020 principles. Searches of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, Redalyc, LILACS, and GenBank identified 200 records, of which 60 met the eligibility criteria. Studies addressed global taxonomy and molecular biology (50.0%), international evolutionary dynamics (25.0%), South American epidemiology (8.3%), and PRRSV evolution in Lima (16.7%). Evidence suggests three periods: European-genotype detection (1998-2012); increased epidemiological characterization and reports of genetically distinct or highly virulent lineages (2013-2022); and diversification of B. americense, including NADC34-like sublineages and field-strain recombination evidence (2022-2026). These findings support sustained genomic surveillance, whole-genome sequencing, and coordinated molecular monitoring across South America.

Abstract: This preliminary computational assessment examines an electromechanical carbody tilting concept (Kazakhstan Patent No. 37405): the carbody rotates on bogie-mounted rollers about a roll centre above its centre of gravity, driven by a servo pinion and an arc-shaped rack. A quasi-static model links seven design variables and ten vehicle, track and gear-load parameters, from 1520 mm rules, published data or assumptions, to the model speed limit, gauge clearance, actuator demand and ISO 6336 safety factors. Morris and Sobol' analyses, a two-stage design (NSGA-II layout, reliability-constrained gear sizing), Monte Carlo, drive-failure, wheel-unloading and rack-fastening estimates and a finite element cross-check were performed. In a first-order gauge check, a full-width coach can tilt at most 2.95°. A candidate layout with a 3.00 m carbody and a 2.8 m rack radius reaches a model-limited 130 km/h (conventional 101 km/h), or 116 km/h with a 100 mm lateral gauge allowance. Its conditional gear failure probabilities stay below 1% under the assumed uniform distributions but not under assumed correlations, wider load-factor ranges or model-error factors. After a drive failure the undamped carbody exceeds the gauge; an end stop, damper and brake are required. All speeds are model-limited, not operational limits, and require experimental validation.

Abstract: This paper studies how recursive training on synthetic data affects the pricing of tail risk. Financial institutions and insurers commonly use risk models to estimate the probability of rare events, such as hurricanes or earthquakes. Given the lack of real observations of these events, these models have increasingly incorporated synthetic draws in recent years, including those produced by previous versions of the same model. Because the models tend to under-sample rare events, each round of training understates the tail slightly, and recursive training compounds these understatements. As a result, the estimated tail probability settles below the truth, with the largest proportional bias for the safest issuers. I also consider what happens when the number of defaults, and hence the amount of real data, depends in turn on the estimated tail probability. Since a lower estimate tightens spreads and reduces defaults, a long period of calm during which tail risks do not materialize can raise the share of synthetic data and tip the market into a persistent low-information state, which I call tail amnesia. Finally, I show that a policy requiring a minimum share of real data in training rules out this state and caps the bias.

Abstract: High-speed rail (HSR) could improve community connectivity and reshape intercity mobility in Canada. This study evaluates the proposed Québec City–Toronto HSR corridor through a scenario-based cost–benefit analysis of construction and operating costs, vehicle operating cost savings, travel-time savings, indicative carbon-reduction benefits, and accident reductions. Tourism spending and property-value appreciation are examined separately and excluded from societal benefit–cost ratios (BCRs) and net present values (NPVs). Using an 80-year operating horizon and a 3% discount rate, an immediate-operation diagnostic calculation yields conventional BCRs of 1.14–1.77 and positive NPVs of approximately $9.8–$92.9 billion under the retained ridership and travel-time assumptions. An illustrative phased appraisal incorporating ten years of construction and periodic capital renewals produces BCRs of 0.94–1.49 and NPVs of −$3.8 billion to $52.4 billion. Travel-time savings constitute the largest quantified benefit. Sensitivity tests show that lower demand, reduced time benefits, higher capital costs, and higher discount rates can substantially weaken economic performance, with several tests producing BCRs below unity. The findings indicate that positive net benefits depend on the assumptions used and do not hold across all tested scenarios. The study highlights the need for verified demand forecasts, consistent valuation inputs, and comprehensive lifecycle costing when assessing Canadian HSR investment.

Abstract: Traditional seismic excitation sources often perform poorly in complex urban settings. In this study, an innovative portable electromagnetic impact source is introduced. The design and manufacturing principles are detailed, and the performance is verified through comprehensive simulations. Furthermore, field experiments are conducted to assess the device's energy output, frequency range, and imaging accuracy in real-world engineering surveys. Experimental results show that compared with the traditional sledgehammer source, the electromagnetic impact seismic source has stronger excitation energy (the impact kinetic energy is about 1218 J, which is about 5 times that of the 24-pound sledgehammer source), and a wider frequency band (the widest range is 0.1–1200 Hz), which is critical for detection depth and accuracy. The obtained seismic data have a wider frequency band and a higher reflected wave signal-to-noise ratio, which effectively improves the resolution and detection depth of underground anomalies. The spatial distribution of air-raid shelters can be clearly identified based on the transient amplitude profile, which verifies the applicability and reliability of the electromagnetic impact source in seismic engineering surveys and demonstrates its good application prospects in the field of underground space detection. It is especially suitable for accurately detecting caves and air-raid shelters that are prone to collapse in urban road environments.

Abstract: The conjunctival lymphatic network is critical for ocular surface immunity, aqueous humor drainage after glauco-ma surgery, and subconjunctival drug delivery, yet its in vivo architecture in humans remains incompletely char-acterized. This study aimed to visualize and describe the in vivo architecture and functional dynamics of conjunc-tival lymphatic vessels using a modified trypan blue injection technique. Ninety eyes of 78 patients undergoing rou-tine cataract surgery were enrolled. A modified intratissue injection technique using a 34 gauge needle, a silicone tube adapter, and 0.08 % trypan blue was applied at standardized locations (limbus, 4 mm, 7 mm, and fornix), with real time video recording under the operating microscope in all cases. A total of 249 investigations were performed, with successful lymphatic visualization in 143 (57.4 %). Three distinct lymphatic plexuses were identified: superfi-cial, intermediate, and deep. The superficial plexus showed a valve like “pearl beads” morphology with blind ending segments; the intermediate plexus consisted of larger collectors draining toward the fornix; and the deep plexus—previously undescribed—comprised flat, interconnected vessels without visible valves, filled exclu-sively via inter plexus lymphatic bridges. Limbal lymphatic capillaries originated only from the intermediate and deep plexuses. Drainage followed a consistent nasal to temporal and posterior to fornix pattern, and blood ele-ments were observed replacing trypan blue within lymphatic vessels during and after surgical manipulation. This study provides the first in vivo description of a three plexus conjunctival lymphatic architecture in humans and identifies inter plexus bridges as a novel anatomical feature. The modified trypan blue technique proved effective for mapping both structure and dynamics, even when subconjunctival dye depots formed, confirming its utility for in vivo lymphatic visualization.

Abstract: Long-term energy forecasting in a dynamically changing environment requires combining information contained in historical data with expert knowledge about structural, technological and policy changes. However, expert scenarios often disagree, and their relative credibility is difficult to assess. We propose a framework for combining a statistical forecast with expert scenarios while explicitly retaining uncertainty about both scenario outcomes and their relative importance. We examine this problem using gas demand in Poland up to 2040. A statistical forecast based on historical data provides a transparent reference, while expert scenarios developed by three organizations represent alternative structural developments that may not be captured by historical extrapolation alone. Uncertainty around the statistical forecast is represented by a probability distribution, while expert deviations from it are represented by triangular fuzzy numbers. We fix the total weight assigned to expert alternatives but leave its allocation among them unspecified. The combined result is a probability box, which gives lower and upper probability bounds. In the current case study, all expert scenarios imply higher demand than the statistical reference in 2030, while their demand levels differ strongly in 2040. In 2035, the midpoint of the combined expected-value interval remains close to the statistical reference despite disagreement among scenarios. Giving more weight to expert alternatives raises this midpoint in 2030 but lowers it in 2040. The results show that combining statistical forecasts with expert knowledge can reveal the dependence of long-term conclusions on structural assumptions and scenario credibility, particularly when historical relationships may not remain stable. The proposed framework therefore supports a transparent synthesis of statistical evidence and expert judgement without requiring a single precise weighting of alternative future scenarios.

Abstract: Gastrointestinal filling and contraction expose the gut wall to changing mechanical loads. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) respond to these loads, but the channels that couple force to pacemaker activity remain incompletely defined. This narrative review examines direct recordings from ICC, proposed channel mechanisms and the epithelial, neural and muscular pathways that shape the motor response. Perfusion shear enhances NaV1.5 current in human jejunal ICC, whereas hypotonic swelling activates a Cl⁻ current in cultured murine ICC whose molecular identity remains unresolved. ANO1 converts intracellular Ca²⁺ signals into depolarization; evidence for its direct mechanical gating is lacking. Piezo1 and TRPM7 are candidate upstream mechanisms in ICC. Piezo2 instead has established functions in epithelial mechanosensing and extrinsic sensory pathways, with effects that depend on the cells and circuits involved. Within the electrically coupled smooth muscle–ICC–PDGFRα⁺ cell network, these inputs alter excitability, propagation and the timing of contraction. Increased local slow-wave frequency can therefore disrupt coordination rather than improve propulsion. Human genetics and tissue studies link channel dysfunction and ICC abnormalities to gastrointestinal motor disorders, but do not yet establish an ICC-specific mechanosensory lesion. Progress toward treatment will require experiments that connect defined mechanical stimuli, currents in identified cells and organ-level motor function.

Abstract: Dense in-shoe pressure arrays (e.g., 99 sensors) are costly and cumbersome, limiting gait monitoring during dynamic activities. This study evaluated the agreement between the center of pressure (CoP) and pressure-derived vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) estimated from minimal 11-sensor configurations and a full Pedar-X array in individuals with flatfoot during walking and running. Twelve adults with flatfoot performed walking (5 and 7 km/h) and running (11 and 13 km/h) trials with simultaneous Pedar-X recording. Four 11-sensor configurations were compared against the 99-sensor gold standard using Pearson correlation, root mean square error (RMSE), two-way random-effects intraclass correlation coefficients ICC(A,1), and Bland–Altman analysis. All configurations correlated significantly with the gold standard for CoP (r = 0.859–0.971) and vGRF (r = 0.867–0.990). CoP RMSE ranged from 5.23 to 8.13 mm (medial–lateral) and 14.26 to 28.20 mm (anterior–posterior), with ICCs of 0.66–0.74 and 0.84–0.92, respectively. Raw vGRF showed moderate agreement (ICC = 0.46–0.56) with systematic underestimation, whereas per-user proportional calibration improved agreement to ICC = 0.90–0.98. Carefully placed minimal sensor configurations can accurately track CoP and the vGRF waveform in flatfoot, supporting low-cost wearable gait monitoring with brief user calibration.

Abstract: Growing dissatisfaction with symbolic ESG compliance has exposed a governance gap in sustainable finance: ethical commitments are expanding faster than mechanisms capable of converting them into measurable environmental and social outcomes. This study examines how ESG governance can function as an institutional bridge between sustainable finance and Islamic finance, with relevance to Malaysia, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia and the UAE. Following PRISMA 2020, 29 records identified through Web of Science, Scopus and Emerald Insight were screened, yielding 15 peer-reviewed studies published between 2024 and 2026 for qualitative thematic analysis. Five interconnected themes emerged: normative convergence between ESG and Islamic ethical finance; governance and institutional accountability; Islamic social finance and inclusive sustainability; disclosure, transparency and legitimacy; and digital transformation and impact measurement. The findings show that ethical compatibility alone does not generate credible sustainability outcomes. Strong internal governance, including sustainability committees, Shariah supervisory boards, ESG oversight and integrated reporting, emerges as the critical mechanism separating substantive sustainability from symbolic compliance. Islamic social finance remains notably under-integrated into formal ESG architectures, while existing disclosures are frequently governance-heavy but metric-light. Digital technologies can strengthen traceability and impact measurement, but only when embedded within robust governance systems. This study develops an integrated ESG–Islamic governance framework that translates Maqasid al-Shariah principles into measurable accountability, impact verification and scalable green-development mechanisms. It reframes ESG from a reporting regime into governance infrastructure for ethical, inclusive and resilient finance, offering actionable implications for regulators, financial institutions and sustainability standard-setters.

Abstract: Background and objectives: Systemic inflammation has been implicated in diabetic kidney disease; however, the relationship between composite inflammatory indices and high-normal albuminuria remains unclear. This study investigated the associations of the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), and pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV) with albuminuria across its spectrum, particularly within the high-normal range, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: This retrospective, cross-sectional study included 619 patients with T2DM and available urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) measurements. Patients were categorized into four groups according to ACR: <15, 15–<30, 30–<300, and ≥300 mg/g. Associations between inflammatory indices and albuminuria were assessed using group comparisons, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, and multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, HbA1c, diabetes duration, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Sensitivity analyses excluding CRP were also performed. Results: Of the 619 patients, 355 had ACR <15 mg/g, 93 had high-normal albuminuria, 126 had ACR 30–<300 mg/g, and 45 had ACR ≥300 mg/g. SII, SIRI, and PIV did not differ significantly across albuminuria groups (p=0.243, p=0.472, and p=0.604, respectively). Their discriminatory performance for high-normal albuminuria was poor (AUCs: 0.469, 0.522, and 0.490, respectively). Similarly, discrimination of ACR ≥30 mg/g was limited (AUCs: 0.485, 0.534, and 0.497, respectively). None of the indices was independently associated with increased albuminuria in adjusted models or sensitivity analyses. In contrast, HbA1c and CRP showed significant associations in the primary models. Conclusions: SII, SIRI, and PIV showed limited discriminatory value for high-normal or increased albuminuria in patients with T2DM. Conventional metabolic and inflammatory parameters may provide more relevant information than these composite indices in this setting.