Data could be in many forms like text, image, audio, video and many others. Amongst these data, processing image is of important concern even with sophisticated technologies. Generally, images consume more storage space and processing time. This work aims in attaining a novel image encryption strategy that consumes very less computational time with maximum security. The idea is to split the image into blocks and rearrange the pixels in diagonal fashion to achieve confusion. Next, the blocks are combined to form sub images and one block of the sub image is subjected to Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA 512 bits). The SHA bits are XORed with the remaining blocks of the sub image. Finally, the entire image is encrypted using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). Decryption process is the exact reverse of encryption process. The computational overhead is very low, and security is efficient. The results are compared with existing encryption techniques.

In this paper, different cryptography algorithms were reviewed, and their relative merits were discussed. Symmetric and asymmetric cryptography algorithms were compared for time and space efficiencies. These experiments were run to measure the execution time and the memory footprints of various algorithms to understand the implications of their real-life applications. In the experiment performed, it was observed that elliptic curve cryptography was the most efficient in terms of encryption/decryption time, as well as memory usage.

With the emerging technology connected with the internet, there is one constant issue related to that is data security. The only solution with which this issue can be resolved at a limit and can be used to protect the data is various algorithms for encryption. Though different approaches were used for the same, Cryptography seems to be efficiently protecting the data while transmitting in network from sender to receiver. Firstly the data is encrypted before sending to receiver using the most secure and reliable encryption algorithm. Secondly, at the receiver end it can be decrypted using the same decryption algorithm. Only receiver will have the key with which the data can be decrypted. In this paper, AES, DSS and RSA algorithms were implemented. These algorithms are encryption algorithms which perform encoding and decoding of data, to be sent from sender to receiver, using the keys. Each have different criteria for encryption and are then compared based on different parameters viz. delay, throughput, PDR is an acronym for packet delivery ratio, PLR represents packet loss ratio and RPC denotes Received Packet Count. The results in the form of graphs are given to analyze the security provided by each algorithm.

There are introduced two new steganalytic methods not depending on the statistics of the cover objects, namely side attacks stegosystems. The first one assumes that the plaintext, encrypted before embedding, is known by the attacker. In this case, the stegosystem’s detection is based on the calculation of mutual information between message and extracted encrypted data. For this calculation, a notion of the k-nearest neighbor distance is applied. The second method is applied to HUGO, one of the most efficient steganographic algorithms. In this case the stegosystem’s detection is based on a verification of the NIST tests to the extracted encrypted messages. Moreover, we show that the problem to find a submatrix of­ the embedding matrix determining a trellis code structure in the HUGO algorithm provides a search of the stegokey of the proposed stegosystem.

In view of the problem of cracking easily and partial distortion of images after encryption or decryption, a novel image encryption and decryption algorithm based on Arnod Transform and fractional chaotic is proposed. To begin with, the Arnold transform is used to encrypt. So that the spatial confidence of the original image has been comprehensively disturbed. Secondly, the XOR involving the fractional order chaotic sequence is used to encrypt. The key sequence is dynamically generated to ensure the randomness and difference of key generation. When decryption is required, the first decryption is performed using the key and XOR. Then the second decryption is carried out by using the inverse Arnold transform, and finally the decrypted image is obtained. Experimental results show that the improved algorithm has achieved better performance in encryption and decryption.

In today’s digital media data communication over the internet increasing day by day. Therefore the data security becomes the most important issue over the internet. With the increase of data transmission, the number of intruders also increases. That’s the reason it is needed to transmit the data over the internet very securely. Steganography is a popular method in this field. This method hides the secret data with a cover medium in a way so that the intruders cannot predict the existence of the data. Here a steganography method is proposed which uses a video file as a cover medium. This method has five main steps. First, convert the video file into video frames. Then a particular frame is selected for embedded the secret data. Second, the Least Significant Bit (LSB) Coding technique is used with the double key security technique. Third, an 8 characters password verification process. Fourth, reverse the encrypted video. Fifth, signature verification process to verify the encryption and decryption process. These five steps are followed by both the encrypting and decrypting processes.

An approach to the implementation of neural network for real-time cryptographic data protection with symmetric keys oriented on embedded systems is presented. This approach is valuable especially for onboard communication systems in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) because of suitability to hardware implementation. In this study we evaluate the possibility to build such a system in hardware implementation at FPGA. The proposed integrated neural network approach for real-time cryptographic data protection was based on theoretical foundations of neural network cryptographic data protection, new algorithms and structures of neural network data encryption and decryption, modern hardware components with programmable structure. The development and implementation of the on-board neural network system for cryptographic data protection in real-time are based on the following principles: variable composition of equipment; modularity; conveyorization and spatial parallelism; hardware and software modification and making them suitable for data encryption and decryption. The tabular-algorithmic method for calculation of the scalar product has been improved that makes it possible to perform fast calculation of the scalar product of fixed-point and floating-point input data by bringing them to the largest common order of weights and forming tables of macro-partial products. Components of neural network cryptographic data encryption and decryption have been developed on the processor core supplemented by specialized scalar product calculation modules. The specialized hardware for neural network cryptographic data encryption was developed using VHDL for equipment programming in the Quartus II development environment ver. 13.1 and the appropriate libraries, and implemented on the basis of the FPGA EP3C16F484C6 Cyclone III family.

The neural network technology for real-time cryptographic data protection with symmetric keys (masking codes, neural network architecture and weights matrix) for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) onboard communication systems has been developed. It provides hardware and software implementation with high technical and operational characteristics. The development of neural network technology for real-time cryptographic data protection was performed using an integrated approach based on theoretical foundations of neural network cryptographic data protection, new algorithms and structures of neural network data encryption and decryption, modern element base with the possibility of programming for the structure, and computer-aided design of hardware and software tools. The development and implementation of the on-board system of neural network cryptographic data protection in real-time are based on the following principles: variable composition of equipment; modularity; conveyorization and spatial parallelism; specialization and adaptation of hardware and software to data encryption and decryption. The tabular-algorithmic method of calculating the scalar product has been improved, it provides fast calculation of the scalar product of input data for both fixed and floating-point by bringing to the largest common order of weights and forming tables of macro-partial products for them. Components of neural network cryptographic data encryption and decryption have been developed on the processor core supplemented by specialized scalar product calculation modules. The specialized hardware for neural network cryptographic data encryption was developed using VHDL for equipment programming in the Quartus II development environment ver. 13.1 and the appropriate libraries, and implemented on the basis of the FPGA EP3C16F484C6 Cyclone III family.

This paper provides the solution to understanding the hitherto unknown writing system used for the manuscript listed as MS 408 at the Beinecke Library, Yale University. The writing system uses symbols, punctuation, grammar and language that are each unique. The manuscript is not encrypted, in the sense that its author made an effort to conceal the contents of the manuscript, as has been presumed by some scholars. Instead, it is code only in the sense that the modern reader needs to be versed in the calligraphic and linguistic rules to be able to translate and read the texts. Furthermore, in discovering its writing system, it became apparent that the manuscript is of invaluable importance to the study of the evolution of the Romance languages and the scheme of Italic letters and associated punctuation marks now commonplace in those and other modern languages. In short; it is revealed to be the only known document both written in Vulgar Latin, or proto-Romance, and using proto-Italic symbols. The original title for the manuscript, given by its female author, is: What one needs to be sure to acquire for the evils set in one’s fate. It is a book offering homeopathic advice and instruction to women of court on matters of the heart, of sexual congress, of reproduction, of motherhood and of the physical and emotional complications that can arise along the way through life. The manuscript has now been dated to the year 1444 and the location of its creation has been pinpointed to the court of Castello Aragonese, on the island of Ischia: as expounded in the companion paper Linguistically Dating and Locating Manuscript MS408: http://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/003808.

This article presents a description of a new method for solving the factorization problem, based on the gradient descent algorithm. This approach demonstrates significant improvements in efficiency compared to traditional methods proposed in previous research. This article describes a new method for solving the factorization problem, based on the gradient descent algorithm, and demonstrates the transition from algebraic methods to approaches based on functional analysis. The proposed approach not only improves the efficiency of solving the problem but also allows the application of computational algorithms of functional analysis, opening new possibilities for research and optimization.

As the embedded device and internet of things (IoTs) concept prevalent in today's world, there is an increasing demand for the security and performance requirements on deploying these devices to private and public sectors. The crucial part of it is to protect privacy, confidentiality and integrity, meanwhile, maintain an adequate level of performance during transmission, storage and access of critical information. While the conventional cryptography methods, such as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), SHA$-$2 hashing method and RSA and Diffie Hellman for message authentication and identification, work well on systems which have reasonable processing power and memory capabilities. These do not scale well into a world with embedded systems and sensor networks, in conjunction with their nature of smaller size and lower cost. Thus, in the context of resource constrained device, lightweight cryptography methods are proposed to overcome many of the problems of conventional cryptography possessed. This includes constraints related to physical size, processing requirement, memory limitation, energy drain and production cost. This paper provides a survey of the architectures that are defined as replacements for conventional ciphers within an IoTs space and discuss some trends in the design of future lightweight algorithms. The performance metrics are carefully chosen to reflect and assess the suitability for embedded devices. The aim of this research is to identify the various performance metrics applied on different types of symmetric block ciphers especially lightweight ciphers and compare the results on versatile platforms with stream ciphers and public key methods. The comparative analysis on efficient LW cipher will be tested against other similar block ciphers on both MacBook Pro with Intel core and resource constrained device Raspberry Pi with ARM processor.

This paper intends to discuss SSLs, how they work, their advantages and drawbacks. It will end with the author’s thoughts on the efficacy of the system and whether it is a viable solution for the majority of network security problems or if those drawbacks prevent that.

In this paper, we thoroughly explore the complex realm of cryptography, examining its historical, cultural, and metaphorical aspects. We delve into the roots of cryptography, tracing back to its Ancient Greek origins where it meant the study of secure and hidden writing. We also reveal the historical significance of cryptography in times of war and conflict, showcasing how it has been a vital tool for encoding messages and maintaining confidentiality. Furthermore, we uncover the surprising connection between cryptography and love, highlighting moments from history, such as the encrypted letters between Marie Antoinette and Axel von Fersen during the French Revolution, which showcase the human desire to communicate and connect even during times of turmoil. This paper delves into the cultural and metaphorical representations of cryptography, with a specific focus on the iconic characters Alice and Bob and how they are reinterpreted in different cultural contexts. The paper draws parallels between the complexities of the intertwining of logical, emotional, technical, and personal narratives in cryptographic discourse, offering insights into the lasting legacy of cryptographic metaphors in explaining complex concepts and emphasising the universal human desire for secure and intimate connections.