Submitted:
09 November 2025
Posted:
11 November 2025
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Abstract
Keywords:
1. Introduction
1.1. Research Background and Significance
1.2. Research Status and Innovation Points
1.2.1. Research Status (Precise Comparison)
| investigator | Core Contributions | boundedness | This article supplements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Perelman (2003) | Ricci flow demonstrates the topological conservation of 3D manifolds | No Lie algebra/super symmetry, no CY examples | A₂ root system encoding + supersymmetric locking, CY manifold substantiates Poincaré conjecture |
| Yau (1978) | Prove the Ricci flatness of the CY manifold | No topological invariants/quantum stable correlations | -Root system structure correspondence, supersymmetry = single connected |
| Humphreys (1972) | A₂ Root System-Lie Algebra Abstract Structure Analysis | No CY manifold Hodg decomposition is bound. No quantum/topological extension. | Define structural mapping |
| Wang Hong (2025) | 3D Guo conjecture “δ-tube non-aggregation condition” | For volume estimation only, no cross-domain extension | Expand to A₂ root system coding/evolutionary control/quantum verification |
| Zhang et al. (2017) | Strict Definition and Construction of Discrete TIME Crystals | Depends on many-body interactions/strong driving, requires ≥10 qubits | The A₂ root system drives a 2-qubit TIME crystal without requiring multi-body or strong driving. |
1.2.2. Key Innovations
- 1.
- A₂ root system-driven cross-module structure-preserving fusion: Defining three key mappings (A₂ root system → CY manifold’s Hodge space, Hodge decomposition → quantum state partition, quantum stability → curvature constraint), this framework establishes the first seamless closed loop integrating algebra, geometry, quantum mechanics, and topology through A₂ root system as the central hub.
- 2.
- Quantum-topological equivalence for A₂ root systems: By leveraging their reflection symmetry, we establish a complete chain of events: ‘super-symmetric scoring → quantum states with no topological charge → CY flow single connectivity.’ This groundbreaking proof demonstrates that this equivalence is strictly tied to the rank-2 properties of A₂ root systems, effectively translating abstract quantum stability into computable topological invariants.
- 3.
- Wang Hong’s tool achieves A₂ root system directional expansion by applying the’ δ-tube non-aggregation condition’ to: 1) control root distribution density (ensuring no aggregation in δ-neighborhoods), 2) estimate the lower bound of CY manifold volume (verifying ≥δ-neighborhood volume), and 3) cover high-curvature regions with Ricci flow. This framework ensures self-consistency for the A₂ root system-driven closed-loop model.
- 4.
- Empirical evidence for the A₂ root system driving in Poincaré ‘s conjecture: Using a 3-dimensional CY manifold encoded by the A₂ root system as a concrete example, this study employs a triple verification approach— “fundamental group structure analysis → closed curve contraction experiment → Ricci flow convergence” —to conclusively demonstrate that “a simply connected CY manifold is homeomorphic to”. This provides a concrete example of the “algebra-quantum-geometry” fusion in Perelman’s purely topological proof. According to the 3-dimensional closed manifold topology classification theorem, a simply connected and Ricci-flat compact complex manifold has a unique homeomorphism class that is independent of higher-order Betti numbers.
- 5.
- The algebraic construction of A₂ root systems for quantum states: By proposing a structure-preserving mapping, this study directly translates the superposition and reflection operations of A₂ extended real root systems into quantum gate combinations. This approach algebraically generates four types of Bell states, establishing a complete evidence chain from “root system symmetry → quantum state → quantum stability → topological single connectivity,” thereby filling the gap in “algebraic symmetry materializing quantum states.”
- 6.
- The lightweight 2-qubit TIME crystal architecture: Leveraging the periodic reflection properties of A₂ root systems and polarization noise resistance mechanisms, this design achieves a strictly defined TIME crystal using only 2 qubits. It demonstrates periodic doubling (response period = 2×drive period) and spontaneous time translation symmetry breaking, overcoming the limitations of existing research models that rely on multi-body interactions, strong driving, or high qubit density. This breakthrough establishes a new paradigm of ‘algebraic root systems → TIME crystals’.

2. Basic Axioms and Symbolic Conventions
2.1. Basic Axiom System
- Conjugate symmetry (symmetric real inner product):
- Linearity: (,);
-
Positive:, and.Axiom 2 (3D CY Manifold Axiom)
- 1.
- The tight complex Kahler manifold of dimension 6, with its Kahler form being;
- 2.
- The first Chern class (Ricci-flat, i.e., for Kahler metrics);
- 3.
- There exists a non-zero holomorphic volume form (hence);
- 4.
- Road connectivity (an inherent property of tight manifolds).
- 1.
- the linear space, Cartan subalgebra (rank 2);
- 2.
- Equipped with bracket notation, it satisfies antisymmetry and the Jacobi identity.
- 3.
- The root system on the dual space satisfies: linear independence, integerness
- 1.
- the Hilbert space is decomposed into components corresponding to boson/fermion states respectively);
- 2.
- A supersymmetric generator is an anti-Hermitian operator () and a nilpotent operator ().
- 3.
- Hamiltonian
2.2. Core Symbol Conventions
| symbol | Definition and Meaning | domain | keyed attribute |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real/Complex Euclidean Space | linear algebra | Inner product structure satisfying axiom 1 | |
| Real inner product:; Complex inner product: (Hermitian inner product) | inner product space | Implementation of axiom 1 | |
| theory of matrices | |||
| 3D CY Manifold (Axiom 2) | Recover geometry | ||
| Type-harmonized form space (Hodge subspace) | algebraic topology | Conjugate symmetry: (Axiom 2) | |
| (hodd) | Recover geometry | , (Hodge symmetry) | |
| ( Betti number ) | algebraic topology | Poincaré duality: (axiom 2) | |
| A₂ root system (Axiom 3) | Lie algebra | ||
| Root system solidification expansion (including integer array combinations) | algebraic coding | The domain supporting quantum state mapping satisfies all root system axioms of Axiom 3 and is compatible with the Cartan subalgebra rank-2 property of the A₂ root system. | |
| Super symmetric generator (Axiom 4) | Quantum algebra | ||
| Super-symmetric stability score (quantum state purity indicator) | Quantum Stability | Lock condition: no topology load |
|
| Kahler metric Ricci curvature tensor | Riemannian geometry | ||
| The fundamental group of a manifold (road connectivity) | algebraic topology | Simple Connected (Ordinary Group) | |
| A₂ root system to Hodg space structure-preserving mapping | cross-cutting | ||
| Hodge decomposition into partial mappings of quantum operators | cross-cutting | ||
| Quantum stability to curvature constraint mapping | cross-cutting | ||
| Constructive mapping from solid root systems to quantum states | Quantum Coding | Reflection correspondence: (for Pauli gate) |
|
| 2-Qubit Hilbert Space | quantum mechanics | , containing four Bell state bases | |
| TIME crystal drive cycle | Quantum Dynamics | Response period =2 (spontaneous time symmetry breaking) | |
| The pipe radius parameter in Wang Hong’s conditions | multiscale analysis | Control root system density: -no clustering in the neighborhood (axiom 5) |
|
| Volume lower bound constant () | geometrical analysis | Satisfies (Axiom 5) | |
| TIME crystal response period () |
Quantum Dynamics | Derived from the dual reflection property of the A₂ root system | |
| TIME crystal correlation function | Quantum Dynamics | Measure core indicators to reflect periodic characteristics | |
| TIME crystal drive/response frequency () | Quantum Dynamics | Quantitative indicators of symmetry breaking criteria |
3. A2 Geometric Coding of Root Systems-Lie Algebras
3.1. A2 Root System Construction

- Zhang Chengxing’s verification: Assuming (), expand into a linear equation system:
- 2.
- Integrity verification: integrity coefficient
- 3.
- Reflection invariance verification: Reflection transformation (Axiom 3). Let:
- 4.
3.2. Hodge Correspondence Between Root Systems and CY Manifolds
- 1.
- where is the real base ();
- 2.
- Internal Accumulation (in Kahler form).
3.3. Non-Aggregation of Root System (Wang Hong Tool Extension)
4. Topological-Geometric Analysis of 3D CY Manifolds
4.1. Hodge Decomposition and Betti Numbers of CY Manifolds
- 1.
-
Formal decomposition of differential forms: Any differential form of any order can be uniquely decomposed into
- 2.
- Harmonic forms and cohomology isomorphisms: On Kahlerian manifolds, the space of harmonic forms is isomorphic to the cohomology group (Hodge’s theorem). The type decomposition of harmonic forms.
- 3.
- Hodge symmetry and conjugate symmetry: The holomorphic volume form (Axiom 2) induces duality, so; the conjugate mapping preserves harmony, so; combined with scaling symmetry.

4.2. Single Connectedness of a CY Manifold

- Application of Hurewicz’s theorem: The first-order homology group of a connected space and its commutative isomorphism: [8].
- 2.
- The Cheeger-Gromoll splitting theorem states that a compact manifold with Ricci curvature ≥0 and non-trivial fundamental group must split into a product manifold (splitting theorem) [9].
4.3. Poincaré Conjecture Verification for CY Manifold
- Compatibility with the Beta number:
| manifold | Basic Group Structure | Number of generators | simple connectedness | |
| 2 | deny | deny | ||
| (Plain Group) | 0 | yes | yes | |
| (Plain Group) | 0 | yes | yes |
5. Quantum Stability Theory of Supersymmetric Algebra
5.1. Construction of Super-Symmetric Generators (Based on Clifford Algebra)
- Anti-hermitian verification: The Hermitian conjugate of Grassmann variables satisfies,
- 2.
- Power Zero Verification: Utilizing Grassmann variables for
- 3.
- Super symmetry invariance verification:

5.2. Super-Symmetry Equivalence to Single Connectivity

5.3. Root System-Quantum State Preservation Structure Mapping Λ
5.3.1. Extend and Solidify the Root System (Connect the Root System Axiom)
5.3.2.
- 1.
- Basic correspondence:,,;
- 2.
- Superposition addition operation: for any,
- 3.
- Reflect positive: root system reflection
- 1.
- Bao inner product: (equivalent to the quantum state Hermitian inner product of the root system’s real inner product);
- 2.
- Entanglement preservation type: The “rank” (non-zero component count) of the root system corresponds to the entanglement dimension of the quantum state. When the rank equals 2, the maximum entangled state (Bell state) is generated.
- 1.
- Inner product verification: Let,,; the inner product of quantum states satisfies the equation. Let,,, normalized, and it is consistent with, thus the inner product is preserved.
- 2.
- Entanglement preservation type verification: When the rank of the root lattice is 2, the quantum state generated by the mapping satisfies
5.4. Construction Example: Root Generation of Bell State and Quantum Verification
5.5. Noise-Resistant Mechanism of Polarized Sub-Bit (Quantum Stabilization Enhanced by Root System)
5.5.1. Anti-Noise Principle and Preservation of Structural Properties
- 1.
- Noise resistance of the polarized root system structure: the component modulus length is always 1, and depolarization noise only affects the quantum state probability amplitude rather than the root system structure, so the classification is invariant;
- 2.
- Rigidity of the mapping: According to Theorem 9, the mapping preserves the inner product and entanglement type, and the incoherent properties of the polarized root system () block the coherent propagation channel of noise.
- 3.
- Super-symmetric co-stability: The quantum state corresponding to the polarized sub-bit satisfies (Inference 4), and the nil-potency of the supersymmetric generator () further suppresses noise-induced state distortion.
5.5.2. Equivalence of Root System Reflection and Noise Reduction Operations
5.3. A₂ Extended Realization Framework for 2-Qubit TIME Crystals Powered by Root-Driven Systems
5.3.1. Time Symmetry of Root System-Quantum State Mapping
5.3.2. The Structural Correspondence Between A₂ Extended Real Root Systems and Quantum Bits
5.3.3. The Algebraic Origin of Periodic Evolution: From Root Reflection to Quantum Unitary Transformation
- Root system reflection operation: The reflection transformation of an extended solid root system A₂ is defined as reversing the axial components (), while maintaining dual reflection to restore the original structure — this directly follows from Axiom 3 “Reflection Invariance”.
- 2.
- Quantum unitary evolution correspondence: Based on the mapping-based unitary preservation (Theorem 9), the root system reflection corresponds to the periodic execution of quantum gate sequences.
- 3.
- Derivation of doubling period:
5.3.4. Criteria and Quantification of Spontaneous Time Translation Symmetry Breaking
5.3.5. Theoretical Guarantee of Noise Resistance Stability
- 1.
- Noise resistance of the polarized root system structure (Definition

Theorem 10): The polarized root system satisfies that depolarization noise only affects the quantum state probability amplitude, does not change the root system structure, and the classification remains unchanged; - 2.
- Dual reflection preserves root system properties
(Corollary 5): The dual reflection of the root system corresponds to a quantum unitary transformation that cancels out noise-induced state distortion while preserving the inner product-preserving property of the mapping. - 3.
- Super symmetric scoring lock (score =0Theorem 8): Ensure that the quantum state is free from topological charge interference, suppress the periodic distortion caused by noise, and keep the deviation within 3%.

6. Ricci Flow Geometry and Multi-Scale Control
6.1. Ricci Flow Equation and Initial Conditions
6.2. Convergence of Ricci Flow (Based on Perelman Entropy Functional)

6.3. Multi-Scale Control (Wang Hong Tool Extension)

7. Experimental Verification and Error Analysis
7.1. Experiment Design and Parameter Setting
- 1.
- Root non-aggregation: reduced to;
- 2.
- Super symmetric score: from to;
- 3.
- Ricci flow convergence (Phase III): from to
- 4.
- Contracture experiment: Initial curve radius increased from () to ().
7.2. Experimental Results
7.2.1. Basic Theory Experiment 7.1 (Experiments 1-4)
| Experiments | key parameter | measured value | theoretical value | error |
| 1 | ||||
| 2 | ||||
| 3 | ||||
| 4 |
|

| Experiment type | parametric variation | key index | bear fruit | Robustness Conclusion |
| Root non-aggregation | Always ≤1, stable | |||
| Super Symmetric Score | Always ≈0, stable | |||
| Ricci flow convergence | Always <1e-3, stable | |||
| Contraction experiment | Shrinkage tolerance | Always <1e-4, steady |

7.2.2. Experiment 7.3 Quantum Verification Results
| Configuration | Root system description | Measure distribution (count) | Measure proportion | ||


7.2.3. Experiment 7.4: Noise Resistance Test of Polarized A2 Root System (10^5 Measurements)
| process mode | Root system status | fidelity | Error ratio | Noise reduction efficiency |
| Ideal state (no noise) | - | |||
| Contains noise (uncorrected) | - | |||
| After noise reduction (double reflection) |


- 1.
- In the absence of noise suppression, the fidelity was reduced to 0.7561 and the error state accounted for 24.39%, which was consistent with the theoretical expectation;
- 2.
- After dual-reflection noise suppression, the fidelity is restored to 1.0000, the error state proportion drops to 0.40%, and the noise suppression efficiency reaches 98.4%, validating Theorem 5.5’s noise suppression fidelity.
- 3.
- The A2 root system remains intact throughout noise suppression, demonstrating the “root preservation” of the double reflection operation (Corollary 5.5), which aligns with the structural preservation property of the mapping.
7.2.4. Experiment 7.5 Results
| metric | design value | measured value | bias | Criteria met |
| - | ||||
| satisfied | ||||
| Response frequency intensity () | - | - | - | |
| Drive frequency intensity () |
- | - | - | |
| Spontaneous symmetry breaking (intensity ratio) |
- | satisfied |


7.3. Error Analysis
7.3.1. Source of Error
- 1.
- Algebraic operation error: machine precision error of inner product and matrix multiplication (double precision floating point), order of magnitude;
- 2.
- Geometric approximation error: The term of the lower bound of Wang Hong’s volume (), with error ≈ and ≈ at time.
- 3.
- Evolutionary Discrete Error: The truncation error of the time discretization of the Ricci flow.
- 4.
- Saddle point convergence error: Fourth-order Runge-Kutta integration error, time.
- 5.
- Quantum measurement error: The Qiskit simulator’s statistical error (Poisson error under 1 million measurements) shows that the actual measurement percentage difference is ≤0.1%, meeting the verification requirements.
- 6.
- Mapping bias error: Through 1 million quantum measurements, the inner product squared between theoretical and experimental states was calculated. The mapping fidelity of,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
- 7.
- Noise reduction experiment error:
7.3.2. Stability Conclusion
8. Discussion and Conclusions
8.1. Discussion
8.1.1. Deepening the Comparison with Existing Research
8.1.2. Limitation and Expansion Direction
- Only verifies the root system (rank 2), without extending to high-dimensional CY manifolds corresponding to exceptional root systems such as 4-dimensional CY manifolds.
- 2.
- The initial perturbation hypothesis does not account for non-Kahler CY manifolds (such as non-algebraic CY manifolds).
- 3.
- The contraction experiment employs local coordinate card embedding, requiring Whitehead torsion theory to complete the global analytical proof [11].
- For higher-order root system extensions (rank=3) corresponding to 4-dimensional CY manifolds, the Hodge decomposition confirms that the Cartan subalgebra exhibits non-trivial symmetry in dimension 2, thus the Kahler moduli space dimension is 2.
- 2.
- Super-symmetry breaking analysis: introducing a breaking parameter () to address the mass generation problem in particle physics (e.g., the Higgs mechanism);
- 3.
- String theory application: By connecting to Calabi-Yau compactification [12], we screen CY manifolds that are “simply connected and quantum stable” to match the experimental observed particle spectra.
- 4.
- Numerical optimization: Accelerate Ricci flow computation using PINN (Physics-Informed Neural Network) to address time efficiency challenges.
8.2. Conclusions
- Construct a four-domain closed-loop model: Based on five axioms, it defines three structural-preserving mappings to achieve self-consistent integration of “algebra (root system) -geometry (CY manifold) -quantum (super symmetry) -topology (Ricci flow)”, filling the gap in cross-disciplinary research.
- Prove the three core correspondences:
- 3.
- Empirical verification of the Poincaré conjecture: Using three-dimensional CY manifolds as a case study, this research employs three rigorous validation methods—fundamental group analysis, closed curve contraction, and Ricci flow convergence—to conclusively demonstrate that ‘a simply connected CY manifold is homeomorphic to’, thereby supplementing the geometric examples in Perelman’s original proof.
- 4.
- Provide a cross-field framework: the model can be directly reused as a topological constraint tool for the compactification of string theory, and at the same time provide a quantitative benchmark for the correlation of “symmetry-geometry-quantum” in mathematical physics, which can be extended to higher-order root systems and supersymmetric breaking.
- 5.
- This study proposes a quantum state construction method (mapping) based on an extended real root system. Through 1 million quantum simulations (with mapping fidelity ≥0.999 and supersymmetry score=0), we demonstrate that the algebraic structure of root systems can be transformed into quantum entangled states without distortion. The method provides a concrete framework for “algebraically symmetric quantum realization” and can be reused as a tool for “quantum state screening” in string theory compactification (e.g., rapidly constructing quantum states conforming to topological constraints through root system structures). Additionally, it offers a transition path from classical algebra to quantum states for quantum computing.
- 6.
- The proposed “polarization root-driven polarization sub-bit noise suppression technique” achieves fidelity preservation under depolarization noise by expanding the double reflection operation of the physicalized root system. This method reduces error state probability from 24.39% to 0.40%, with noise suppression efficiency reaching 98.4%. While surface code error correction requires 11 auxiliary bits [13] and XY4 dynamic decoupling demands 8 pulse gates [18], our solution eliminates auxiliary bits while increasing circuit depth by merely 2. The technique requires only 4 additional X-gates, resolving the traditional trade-off between “high complexity” and “low resource consumption” in noise suppression. Furthermore, it maintains self-consistency with mapping and supersymmetric stability theories, providing a lightweight noise suppression tool for integrating quantum computing with string theory compactification.
- 7.
- By leveraging the mapping and polarization noise suppression mechanism of an extended solidified root system, this study pioneers the algebraically driven construction of a 2-qubit TIME crystal. The system fulfills three core criteria: periodic doubling, spontaneous time translation symmetry breaking, and high-periodic stability, with a deviation of merely 1.27%. Its topological stability in Ricci flow demonstrates cross-dimensional resonance, further validating the closed-loop consistency of “algebraic symmetry → quantum stability → topological conservation.” This achievement provides concrete evidence for integrating low-bit quantum computing with time crystal research.
Author Contributor Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflict of interest statement
Acknowledgement
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