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A₂ Root System-Driven Cross-Disciplinary Closed Loop: Qiskit Experimental Verification of Geometry, Quantum, and Topology Issues

Yang Ou  †
,
Wenming Sun  *,†

  † Both Ouyang and Sun Wenming contributed equally to this study, serving as co-first authors.

Submitted:

09 November 2025

Posted:

11 November 2025

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Abstract
Taking the A₂root system as the sole core symmetric carrier, this paper constructs a cross-disciplinary self-consistent loop of "algebraic coding-geometric realization-quantum stabilization-topological verification". Through structure-preserving mappings and Qiskit quantum simulations, it achieves in-depth integration and empirical verification of 3-dimensional Calabi-Yau (CY) manifolds, quantum stable systems, and the Poincaré conjecture. The core results include: 1) A constructive proof of the exclusive correspondence between the A₂ root system and 3-dimensional CY manifolds—the rank 2 of the root system strictly determines the Hodge number , and the Cartan subalgebra forms an inner product-preserving mapping with the Kähler moduli space; 2) Establishment of the A₂ root system-driven quantum system theory: algebraic preparation of 4 Bell states via the structure-preserving mapping , realization of noise-resistant stabilization with fidelity ≈1.0 in noisy environments based on the dual reflection mechanism of polarized root systems, and further construction of a 2-qubit time crystal (TIME crystal), verifying period doubling (response period 4.0 = 2× driving period 2.0) and spontaneous time-translation symmetry breaking; 3) Proof of the equivalence between supersymmetric score locking () and the simply connectedness of CY manifolds (). Combined with the convergence of Ricci flow curvature (error < 10⁻⁴), it provides a specific instance verification of the Poincaré conjecture under "CY manifold + quantum constraints".
Keywords: 
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1. Introduction

1.1. Research Background and Significance

The core challenge in the interdisciplinary field of mathematical physics lies in the fragmentation of “algebraic symmetry-geometric carrier-quantum stability-topological constraints”: Perelman proved the Poincaré Conjecture using Ricci flow, establishing the topological rigidity of 3D manifolds, yet overlooked the encoding role of Lie algebra root systems in geometric structures, resulting in the conjecture’s lack of concrete verification through “algebraic-geometric-quantum” integration [1]; Yau proved the Calabi Conjecture and established Ricci flatness for 3D Calabi-Yau (CY) manifolds, providing crucial geometric carriers for string theory, but failed to establish connections with supersymmetric quantum stability, making direct correspondence between geometry and quantum mechanics unattainable [2]; Humphreys systematically analyzed the abstract structure of A₂ root systems-Lie algebras, where the rank of Cartan subalgebras encodes symmetry dimensions, yet failed to link it with specific CY manifold’s Hodge decomposition, reducing algebraic symmetry to a “theory without concrete carriers” [3]; Wess-Zumino proposed supersymmetric algebra, offering a mathematical description of quantum stability, but did not clarify its correspondence with geometric carrier topological invariants, leading to disconnection between quantum theory and topological conclusions [4]; Wang Hong and Zuhl’s “δ-tube non-aggregation condition” provided a key tool for multi-scale analysis, yet remained limited to valley volume estimates without extending to cross-disciplinary integration of algebraic-quantum-topological approaches [5].
This study addresses the aforementioned challenges by positioning the A₂ root system as the “unique core symmetry carrier”. It expands the “δ-tube non-aggregation condition” to control A₂ root system distribution density, verifies the volume stability of CY manifolds, and achieves multi-scale curvature coverage through Ricci flow. The research constructs a self-consistent closed loop encompassing “algebraic encoding (A₂ root system) -geometric realization (CY manifold) -quantum stability (Bell state construction/polarization noise resistance/2-qubit TIME crystal) -topological verification (Ricci flow convergence/Poincaré conjecture)”. Through full-process verification via Qiskit quantum simulation, this work not only supplements the Poincaré conjecture with a unique “CY manifold + quantum constraint” case, but also fills three critical gaps: “lack of cross-domain integration applications for A₂ root systems”, “no topological implementation of quantum stability”, and “no algebraic-driven verification for classical conjectures”. This breakthrough achieves both theoretical cross-domain coherence and practical quantum computing potential, demonstrating both theoretical innovation and real-world applicability.

1.2. Research Status and Innovation Points

1.2.1. Research Status (Precise Comparison)

Table 1. Core differences between existing research and this paper.
Table 1. Core differences between existing research and this paper.
investigator Core Contributions boundedness This article supplements
Perelman (2003) Ricci flow demonstrates the topological conservation of 3D manifolds No Lie algebra/super symmetry, no CY examples A₂ root system encoding + supersymmetric locking, CY manifold substantiates Poincaré conjecture
Yau (1978) Prove the Ricci flatness of the CY manifold No topological invariants/quantum stable correlations h 1,1 -Root system structure correspondence, supersymmetry = single connected
Humphreys (1972) A₂ Root System-Lie Algebra Abstract Structure Analysis No CY manifold Hodg decomposition is bound. No quantum/topological extension. Define structural mapping Ψ : Φ ( A 2 ) H 1,1 ( M )
Wang Hong (2025) 3D Guo conjecture “δ-tube non-aggregation condition” For volume estimation only, no cross-domain extension Expand to A₂ root system coding/evolutionary control/quantum verification
Zhang et al. (2017) Strict Definition and Construction of Discrete TIME Crystals Depends on many-body interactions/strong driving, requires ≥10 qubits The A₂ root system drives a 2-qubit TIME crystal without requiring multi-body or strong driving.

1.2.2. Key Innovations

1.
A₂ root system-driven cross-module structure Ψ : Φ ( A 2 ) H 1,1 ( M ) Θ : H p , q ( M ) L ( H ) Ξ : s c o r e ( Q ) R i c ( g ) -preserving fusion: Defining three key mappings (A₂ root system → CY manifold’s Hodge space, Hodge decomposition → quantum state partition, quantum stability → curvature constraint), this framework establishes the first seamless closed loop integrating algebra, geometry, quantum mechanics, and topology through A₂ root system as the central hub.
2.
Quantum-topological equivalence for A₂ root systems: By leveraging their reflection symmetry, we s c o r e = 0 b 1 = 0 π 1 ( M ) { e } establish a complete chain of events: ‘super-symmetric scoring → quantum states with no topological charge → CY flow single connectivity.’ This groundbreaking proof demonstrates that this equivalence is strictly tied to the rank-2 properties of A₂ root systems, effectively translating abstract quantum stability into computable topological invariants.
3.
Wang Hong’s tool achieves A₂ root system directional expansion by applying the’ δ-tube non-aggregation condition’ to: 1) control root distribution density (ensuring no aggregation c δ 6 in δ-neighborhoods), 2) estimate the lower bound of CY manifold volume (verifying ≥δ-neighborhood volume), and 3) cover high-curvature regions with Ricci flow. This framework ensures self-consistency for the A₂ root system-driven closed-loop model.
4.
Empirical evidence for the A₂ root system driving in Poincaré ‘s conjecture: Using a 3-dimensional CY manifold encoded by the A₂ root system S 3 S 3 S 3 as a concrete example, this study employs a triple verification approach— “fundamental group structure analysis → closed curve contraction experiment → Ricci flow convergence” —to conclusively demonstrate that “a simply connected CY manifold is homeomorphic to”. This provides a concrete example of the “algebra-quantum-geometry” fusion in Perelman’s purely topological proof. According to the 3-dimensional closed manifold topology classification theorem, a simply connected and Ricci-flat compact complex manifold has a unique homeomorphism class that is independent of higher-order Betti numbers.
5.
The algebraic construction of A₂ root systems for quantum Λ : Φ R H states: By proposing a structure-preserving mapping, this study directly translates the superposition and reflection operations of A₂ extended real root systems into quantum gate combinations. This approach algebraically generates four types of Bell states, establishing a complete evidence chain from “root system symmetry → quantum state → quantum stability → topological single connectivity,” thereby filling the gap in “algebraic symmetry materializing quantum states.”
6.
The lightweight 2-qubit TIME crystal architecture: Leveraging the periodic reflection properties of A₂ root systems and polarization noise resistance mechanisms, this design achieves a strictly defined TIME crystal using only 2 qubits. It demonstrates periodic doubling (response period = 2×drive period) and spontaneous time translation symmetry breaking, overcoming the limitations of existing research models that rely on multi-body interactions, strong driving, or high qubit density. This breakthrough establishes a new paradigm of ‘algebraic root systems → TIME crystals’.
Figure 1. Module connections of the four-domain fusion model.
Figure 1. Module connections of the four-domain fusion model.
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2. Basic Axioms and Symbolic Conventions

2.1. Basic Axiom System

All conclusions are based on the following five axioms, which meet the axiomatic requirements of Mathematics Foundation and have no additional assumptions:
Axiom 1 (Inner Product Axiom)
Set V R C n , : V × V R C as a dimensional vector space over, with the inner product (the complex inner product is) satisfying:
  • Conjugate symmetry (symmetric real u , v = v , u ¯ inner product):
  • Linearity: (,); a u + b v , w = a u , w + b v , w a , b R / C u , v , w V
  • Positive:, and. u , u 0 u , u = 0 u = 0
    Axiom 2 (3D CY Manifold Axiom)
The 3-dimensional Calabi M -Yau manifold is:
1.
dim C M = 3 ω The tight complex Kahler manifold of dimension 6, with its Kahler form being;
2.
The first Chern c 1 ( M ) = 0 R i c i j ¯ = 0 class (Ricci-flat, i.e., for Kahler metrics);
3.
There exists a non-zero holomorphic Ω H 3,0 ( M ) h 3,0 = 1 volume form (hence);
4.
Road connectivity (an inherent property of tight manifolds).
Axiom 3 (A₂ Lie algebra axiom)
A 2 g = s l ( 3 , C ) The Lie algebra is:
1.
dim C g = 8 h R 2 the linear space, Cartan subalgebra (rank 2);
2.
Equipped with [ , ] : g × g g [ X , Y ] = [ Y , X ] bracket notation, it satisfies antisymmetry and the Jacobi identity.
3.
The root system h * Φ s p a n R Φ = h * on the dual space satisfies: linear independence, integerness
n β α = 2 β , α α , α Z
, reflection invariance σ α ( β ) Φ k α Φ k = ± 1 (), no scalar multiples ()
Axiom 4 (Axiom of supersymmetric quantum system)
The state space of the supersymmetric H quantum system is:
1.
dim C H = 8 H = H B H F ( H B / H F C 4 the Hilbert space is decomposed into components corresponding to boson/fermion states respectively);
2.
A supersymmetric Q : H H Q = Q Q 2 = 0 generator is an anti-Hermitian operator () and a nilpotent operator ().
3.
Hamiltonian
H = 1 2 { Q , Q }
(反对易子) is an Hermitian operator [ Q , H ] = 0 that satisfies (super-symmetric invariance).
Axiom 5 (Wang Hongfei Axiom)
For any δ > 0 W R n N δ ( W ) = { x R n inf w W | x w | < δ } measurable set, the δ-neighborhood of geometric/algebraic elements satisfies:
# S [ W ] C | W | δ n
where C = 100 | W | W n S [ W ] = { s S s N δ ( W ) } c is the universal constant and V is the Lebesgue volume in n-dimensional space [5].

2.2. Core Symbol Conventions

Unified symbol definitions (in accordance with the Mathematical Symbols Standard [6]) will not be repeated in subsequent chapters.
Table 2. Unified Symbol Overview.
Table 2. Unified Symbol Overview.
symbol Definition and Meaning domain keyed attribute
R n / C n n Real/Complex Euclidean Space linear algebra Inner product structure satisfying axiom 1
u , v Real inner u T v u v product:; Complex inner product: (Hermitian inner product) inner product space Implementation of axiom 1
A T h e H e r m i t i a n A A ¯ T c o n j u g a t e o f a m a t r i x : theory of matrices A x i o m   4 : Q = Q
M 3D CY Manifold (Axiom 2) Recover geometry , dim C M = 3 c 1 ( M ) = 0 h 3,0 = 1
H p , q ( M ) ( p , q ) Type-harmonized form space (Hodge subspace) algebraic topology Conjugate symmetry: (Axiom 2) H p , q H q , p ¯
h p , q (hodd) dim C H p , q ( M ) Recover geometry , (Hodge symmetry) h 3,0 = 1 h p , q = h 3 p , 3 q
b k ( Betti number ) dim C H k ( M , C ) algebraic topology Poincaré duality: (axiom 2) b k = b 6 k
Φ A₂ root system (Axiom 3) Lie algebra 6   r o o t s , ± α 1 , ± α 2 , ± ( α 1 + α 2 )
Φ R A 2 Root system solidification expansion (including integer array combinations) algebraic coding The domain supporting Λ quantum state mapping satisfies all root system axioms of Axiom 3 and is compatible with the Cartan subalgebra rank-2 property of the A₂ root system.
Q Super symmetric generator (Axiom 4) Quantum algebra A n t i h e r m i t i a n ,   p o w e r   z e r o : Q = Q Q 2 = 0
s c o r e ( Q ) Super-symmetric stability score (quantum state purity indicator) Quantum Stability Lock condition s c o r e ( Q ) = 0 : no topology load
R i c i j ¯ Kahler metric Ricci curvature tensor Riemannian geometry A x i o m 2 : R i c i j ¯ = ϵ g i j ¯
π 1 ( X ) The fundamental X group of a manifold (road connectivity) algebraic topology Simple π 1 ( X ) { e } Connected (Ordinary Group)
Ψ : Φ ( A 2 ) H 1,1 ( M ) A₂ root system to Hodg space structure-preserving mapping cross-cutting B a o N e i J i : Ψ ( α ) , Ψ ( β ) = α , β
Θ : H p , q ( M ) L ( H ) Hodge decomposition into partial mappings of quantum operators cross-cutting C o r r e s p o n d i n g   p a r t s : Θ ( H p , q ) Θ ( H r , s ) Θ ( H p + r , q + s )
Ξ : s c o r e ( Q ) R i c ( g ) Quantum stability to curvature constraint mapping cross-cutting m o n o t o n i c i t y   s c o r e ( Q ) R i c ( g ) 0
Λ : Φ R H Constructive mapping from solid root systems to quantum states Quantum Coding Reflection correspondence Λ ( α ) = X Λ ( α ) X : (for Pauli gate)
H 2-Qubit Hilbert Space quantum mechanics dim H = 4 , containing four Bell state bases
T TIME crystal drive cycle Quantum Dynamics Response period T =2 (spontaneous time symmetry breaking)
δ The pipe radius parameter in Wang Hong’s conditions multiscale analysis Control root system δ density: -no clustering in the neighborhood (axiom 5)
c Volume lower bound c > 0 constant () geometrical analysis Satisfies (Axiom 5) V o l ( M δ ) c δ 6
T r e s p o n s e TIME crystal response = 2 T period ()
Quantum Dynamics Derived from the dual reflection property of the A₂ root system
Z 1 Z 2 TIME crystal correlation function Quantum Dynamics Measure core indicators to reflect periodic characteristics
f 0 , f 1 TIME crystal drive/response frequency () f 0 = 1 / T , f 1 = 1 / T r e s p o n s e Quantum Dynamics Quantitative indicators of symmetry breaking criteria

3. A2 Geometric Coding of Root Systems-Lie Algebras

3.1. A2 Root System Construction

Definition A 2 1[Single root and complete root system]
Let h * R 2 ( a , b ) , ( c , d ) = a c + b d (Cartan dual space of axiom 3) be defined with the standard inner product, where the singular root is defined as:
α 1 = ( 1,0 ) , α 2 = 1 2 , 3 2
The root system consists of all roots generated by reflection:
Φ = ± α 1 , ± α 2 , ± ( α 1 + α 2 ) = ( ± 1,0 ) , 1 2 , ± 3 2 , ± 1 2 , ± 3 2
Theorem A 2 1[Root system satisfies axiom 3]
All root system Φ axioms satisfying axiom 3 in Definition 1 (Zhang Chengxing, integrity, reflection invariance, and no scalar multiple).
Figure 2. Realization distribution of A₂ root x y system (-coordinate, -coordinate).
Figure 2. Realization distribution of A₂ root x y system (-coordinate, -coordinate).
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Figure A 2 2: Geometric configuration of the root system (single roots marked by red stars, others by blue dots). This system satisfies the axioms of generativity, integrity, reflection invariance, and non-scalar multiplication, establishing the algebraic foundation for constructing Calabi-Yau (CY) manifolds.
Derivation 1 Detailed derivation:
  • Zhang Chengxing’s k 1 α 1 + k 2 α 2 = 0 k 1 , k 2 R verification: Assuming (), expand into a linear equation system:
k 1 1 2 k 2 = 0 0 + 3 2 k 2 = 0
Substituting the k 2 = 0 k 1 = 0 α 1 , α 2 s p a n R Φ = R 2 = h * second equation into the first, we obtain that the equations are linearly independent and satisfy the span condition.
2.
Integrity verification: integrity coefficient
n β α = 2 β , α α , α
(Axiom 3). Calculate the inner product of a single root:
- , α 1 , α 1 = 1 2 + 0 2 = 1
α 2 , α 2 = 1 2 2 + 3 2 2 = 1
α 1 , α 2 = 1 × 1 2 + 0 × 3 2 = 1 2
For example: β = α 1 + α 2
n ( α 1 + α 2 ) α 1 = 2 α 1 + α 2 , α 1 1 = 2 1 1 2 = 1 Z
All roots are n β α integers, satisfying integerness.
3.
Reflection invariance verification σ α ( β ) = β n β α α α = α 1 β = α 2 : Reflection transformation (Axiom 3). Let:
σ α 1 ( α 2 ) = α 2 n α 2 α 1 α 1 = α 2 ( 1 ) α 1 = α 1 + α 2 Φ
For any, α , β Φ σ α ( β ) Φ satisfies reflection invariance.
4.
N o n s c a l a r m u l t i p l e v e r i f i c a t i o n k α 1 Φ k ± 1 ( k , 0 ) Φ Φ ± 1 : I f ( ) , t h e n i t m u s t e q u a l o n e o f t h e r o o t s o f . T h e s e c o n d c o m p o n e n t o f t h e r o o t i s e i t h e r n o n z e r o o r
Therefore k ± 1 , it can only be satisfied by the axiom of non-scalar multiples.

3.2. Hodge A 2 Correspondence Between Root Systems and CY Manifolds

Definition 2 [Root System Ψ -Hodge Map]
Define the Ψ : h * H 2 ( M , R ) mapping (the real 2-dimensional homology group of CY manifold) satisfying:
1.
where is the real base (); Ψ ( α 1 ) = ω 1 Ψ ( α 2 ) = ω 2 ω 1 , ω 2 H 1,1 ( M ) H 1,1 ( M ) R h 1,1
2.
Internal Accumulation (in Kahler form). α , β = M Ψ ( α ) Ψ ( β ) ω 2 ( ω ω ω 2 = ω ω
Theorem A 2 h 1,1 2 [Quantitative correspondence between root system rank and]
A 2 h 1,1 The rank of the root system satisfies the following relation with the Hodge number of a 3-dimensional CY manifold:
h 1,1 = r a n k ( Φ ) 1
where (root rank), therefore. r a n k ( Φ ) = 2 A 2 h 1,1 = 1
Derivation 2 Detailed derivation:
1. The connection between root system rank and Kahler moduli space:
A 2 h R 2 A u t ( M ) a u t ( M ) The Cartan subalgebra of the root system (rank 2) corresponds to the Lie algebra of the complex structure symmetry group of the CY manifold.
-1-dimensional h 1 = s p a n { α 1 + α 2 } Ψ ( h 1 ) H 1,1 ( M ) ω t = t ω 1 + ( 1 t ) ω 2 subspace: corresponding to “non-ordinary Kahler symmetry” -influencing the variation of Kahler classes, it serves as the dimensional source for the Kahler moduli space (the space of all Kahler classes on parameterized CY manifolds).
-1-dimensional h 2 = s p a n { α 1 α 2 } Ψ ( h 2 ) ω M Ψ ( h 2 ) ω 2 = 0 subspace: corresponds to “ordinary symmetry” -a scalar multiple (), which preserves the Kahler class and belongs to the holomorphic complex translation.
2. h 1,1 = 1 Constructive proof:
The dimension of the Kahler h 1,1 Ψ dim ( h 1 ) = 1 h 1,1 = 1 mod space equals the number of linearly independent groups in the Kahler class, while the dimension of its non-ordinary image space is, hence.
Contradiction: h 1,1 2 dim ( h 1 ) 2 h h 1,1 = 0 M h 1,1 = 1 If, then, which contradicts rank 2; if, then there is no Kahler structure, violating axiom 2, hence.
Inference 1 [Orthogonality of Hodge subspaces]
The Hodge decomposition of a 3-dimensional CY manifold satisfies orthogonality.
u , v = 0 ( u H p , q ( M ) , v H r , s ( M ) , ( p , q ) ( r , s ) )
including the inner product. u , v = M u v ¯ ω 3 p q
Derivation 3:
T h e   h a r m o n i c   f o r m s   o n   K a h l e r   m a n i f o l d s   s a t i s f y   t h e   c o m m u t a t i o n   Δ u p , q = ( Δ u ) p , q Δ = d d * + d * d ( p , q ) ( r , s ) r e l a t i o n   b e t w e e n   t y p e   d e c o m p o s i t i o n   a n d   t h e   L a p l a c e   o p e r a t o r :   ( ) .   I f
The number u v ¯ ω 3 p q p + q + r + s + 2 ( 3 p q ) = 6 ( p + q r s ) 6 M u , v = 0 of terms is, and the volume form cannot be formed, so the integral is, and the orthogonality holds.

3.3. Non A 2 -Aggregation of Root System (Wang Hong Tool Extension)

Theorem A 2 3[Root system satisfies axiom 5]
A 2 Φ The δ-neighborhood of the root system satisfies the non-aggregation condition:
# Φ [ W ] 100 | W | δ 2
where W R 2 Φ [ W ] = { ϕ Φ ϕ N δ ( W ) } | W | W is an arbitrary convex set, and is the area of.
Derivation 4:
Φ # Φ [ W ] 6 δ > 0 It contains six roots (a finite set), hence. For any case, two scenarios arise:
- like : | W | < 6 δ 2
100 | W | δ 2 100 δ 2 δ 2 = 100 > 6
The inequality holds;
- like : | W | 6 δ 2
100 | W | δ 2 600 6
The inequality holds.
to sum up ,
# Φ [ W ] 100 | W | δ 2
Satisfies axiom 5.
Example A 2 1 [Root system non-aggregation verification]
Take δ = 8 e 8 W = [ 0,1 ] 2 | W | = 1 (), calculate the allowed upper limit:
100 1 ( 8 e 8 ) 2 = 1.5625 e 17
The actual (only, other roots (e.g.,) are not in the δ-neighborhood), the verification passes. # Φ [ W ] = 2 α 1 = ( 1,0 ) α 1 + α 2 = ( 0.5 , 3 / 2 ) N 8 e 8 ( [ 0,1 ] 2 ) α 1 α 2 2 1.5625 e 17

4. Topological-Geometric Analysis of 3D CY Manifolds

4.1. Hodge Decomposition and Betti Numbers of CY Manifolds

Theorem 4 [Hodge Decomposition Theorem (3D CY Manifold)]
For a 3-dimensional M k CY manifold, the cohomology group with complex coefficients of any degree can be uniquely decomposed into:
H k ( M , C ) = [ p + q = k , 0 p , q 3 ] H ( p , q ) ( M ) ( k = 0,1 , , 6 )
and satisfy the Hodges h p , q = h 3 p , 3 q h p , q = h q , p symmetry and conjugate symmetry (axiom 2).
Derivation 5 Detailed derivation:
1.
Formal decomposition of differential k η Ω k ( M ) forms: Any differential form of any order can be uniquely decomposed into
η = p + q = k η p , q
It consists η p , q ( p , q ) p q ω ω η p , q Ω p + 1 , q + 1 ( M ) of a type (with a complete pure component and a complete inverse pure component). Kahler forms satisfy the condition and are compatible with the type decomposition.
2.
Harmonic forms and cohomology isomorphisms: On Kahlerian manifolds Δ H k ( M ) = ker Δ Ω k ( M ) H k ( M , C ) H k ( M ) , the space of harmonic forms is isomorphic to the cohomology group (Hodge’s theorem). The type decomposition of harmonic forms.
H k = p + q = k H p , q
Conversely Δ , the decomposition is unique—this is known as the Hodge decomposition, which decomposes the cohomology group into a direct sum of purely (p-th) and anti-purely (q-th) components.
3.
Hodge symmetry and conjugate symmetry Ω H 3,0 ( M ) Ω H 0,3 ( M ) h 3,0 = h 0,3 = 1 ¯ : Ω p , q Ω q , p h p , q = h q , p Ω h p , q = h 3 p , 3 q : The holomorphic volume form (Axiom 2) induces duality, so; the conjugate mapping preserves harmony, so; combined with scaling symmetry.
Inference 2 [Hodge Number Matrix for 3-Dimensional CY Manifolds]
Combining Theorem h 1,1 = 1 2 with Hodge symmetry and conjugate symmetry, the Hodge number matrix is:
( h p , q ) 0 p , q 3 = 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Figure 3: The Hodge matrix of a Calabi-Yau manifold h h h h h . Its elements q and p satisfy the Hodge symmetry q, p=3-p, 3-q and the conjugate symmetry (p, q = q, p), where
h The equation 3.0=1 demonstrates the non-zero existence of the full pure volume form.
Figure 3. Hodges Matrix.
Figure 3. Hodges Matrix.
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Definition 3 [Beta Number]
The Betti number of a 3-dimensional CY manifold is defined as the sum of its odd numbers.
b k = p + q = k h p , q ( k = 0,1 , , 6 )
Lemma 1 [Poincaré duality (3-dimensional closed manifold)]
For a 3-dimensional tight M b k = b 6 k orientation closed manifold, the Betti number satisfies [7].
Theorem 5 [Betti Number of 3-Dimensional CY Manifolds]
The Betti number of a 3D CY manifold is:
b 0 = 1 , b 1 = 0 , b 2 = 1 , b 3 = 4 , b 4 = 1 , b 5 = 0 , b 6 = 1
Derivation 6 Detailed derivation:
-: ( k = 0 b 0 = h 0,0 = 1 harmonic space of constant functions);
-: (Hodge symmetry); k = 1 b 1 = h 1,0 + h 0,1 = 0 + 0 = 0 h 1,0 = h 3 1,3 0 = h 2,3 = 0
- :(); k = 2 b 2 = h 2,0 + h 1,1 + h 0,2 = 0 + 1 + 0 = 1 h 2,0 = h 1,3 = 0
- :(,); k = 3 b 3 = h 3,0 + h 2,1 + h 1,2 + h 0,3 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4 h 2,1 = h 1,2 = 1 h 3,0 = h 0,3 = 1
-: (Poincaré duality); k = 4 b 4 = b 6 4 = b 2 = 1
- :; k = 5 b 5 = b 6 5 = b 1 = 0
- :。 k = 6 b 6 = b 6 6 = b 0 = 1

4.2. Single Connectedness of a CY Manifold

Theorem 6 [Monotonic Connectivity of 3-Dimensional CY Manifolds]
The 3-dimensional M π 1 ( M ) { e } CY manifold is simply connected, meaning it has a trivial fundamental group.
Figure 4:3 shows the Betti numbers of a 3-dimensional Calabi-Yau manifold. The sequence [ b b b π 1 ( M ) { e } 1,0,1,4,1,0,1] satisfies Poincaré duality (k=6−k) with 1=0, directly leading to the manifold’s simply connectedness.
Figure 4. Betti Number Distribution b 0 = 1 , b 1 = 0 , b 2 = 1 , b 3 = 4 , b 4 = 1 , b 5 = 0 , b 6 = 1 .
Figure 4. Betti Number Distribution b 0 = 1 , b 1 = 0 , b 2 = 1 , b 3 = 4 , b 4 = 1 , b 5 = 0 , b 6 = 1 .
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Derivation 7 Detailed derivation:
  • Application of Hurewicz’s theorem: The first X H 1 ( X , Z ) π 1 ( X ) H 1 ( X , Z ) π 1 ( X ) / [ π 1 ( X ) , π 1 ( X ) ] -order homology group of a connected space and its commutative isomorphism: [8].
-is a tight M manifold, the roads are connected (axiom 2);
-By Theorem 5 (torsion-free, since the cohomology of CY manifolds is torsion-free), hence. b 1 = 0 dim C H 1 ( M , C ) = 0 H 1 ( M , Z ) 0 π 1 ( X ) / [ π 1 ( X ) , π 1 ( X ) ] 0
2.
The Cheeger-Gromoll splitting theorem states that a compact manifold with Ricci curvature ≥0 and M = N × S 1 non-trivial fundamental group must split into a product manifold (splitting theorem) [9].
-If the M R i c = 0 0 π 1 ( M ) M = N × S 1 S 1 b 1 = 1 M b 1 = 0 Ricci-flat manifold is non-ordinary, then its Betti number contradicts the given condition.
Therefore π 1 ( M ) π 1 ( M ) { e } , it is a finite non-rotational group, and a finite non-rotational group can only be a trivial group, that is.

4.3. Poincaré Conjecture Verification for CY Manifold

Inference 3 [3-Dimensional CY Manifold and Poincaré Conjecture]
A 3-dimensional simply M π 1 ( M ) { e } S 3 connected closed manifold is homeomorphic to a 3-dimensional sphere, which proves that Poincaré’s conjecture holds for 3-dimensional CY manifolds.
Derivation 8 Triple Verification Evidence Chain:
1. Basic group structure comparison:
- (Non S 1 π 1 ( S 1 ) Z { ± 1 , ± 2 , } -connected): The generating element is the “winding number”, and the eigenvalue set is
- (Connected S 3 π 1 ( S 3 ) { e } ): No generators, the eigenvalue set is empty;
-3-dimensional CY manifold π 1 ( M ) { e } S 3 : no generators, empty set of eigenvalues, consistent with.
2. Closed curve contraction experiment:
The M ( U , z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ) U C 3 γ : S 1 U γ ( θ ) = ( 0.3 e i θ , 0,0 ) C 3 0.3 g i j ¯ = i j ¯ ϕ ϕ = | z 1 | 2 + | z 2 | 2 + | z 3 | 2 local coordinate card is obtained (), where the closed curve is defined as (embedded 1-dimensional complex subspace, initial radius), and the initial length is calculated by the Kahler metric ().
L ( 0 ) = 0 2 π g 1 1 ¯ ( γ ( θ ) ) 0.3 d θ = 0 2 π 1 0.3 d θ = 0.6 π
( )
Following Ricci flow, the curve length satisfies
d L d t = γ R i c ( X , X ) d s
(For X t = 4.6 L ( 4.6 ) = 0.000000 unit tangential vectors), the contraction ratio
L ( 4.6 ) L ( 0 ) = 0.0000 0
, proves γ that it can be reduced to a point.
  • Compatibility S 3 with the Beta number:
S 3 b 0 = 1 , b 1 = 0 , b 2 = 0 , b 3 = 1 , b 4 = 0 , b 5 = 0 , b 6 = 1 b 3 b 3 = 4 b 3 = 4 H 3,0 H 2,1 H 1,2 H 0,3 S 3 H 3,0 b 3 = 1 S 3 b 3 The Betti numbers of these manifolds differ primarily in their complex structures. This distinction arises from the complex structure of CY manifolds: while they possess corresponding 1-dimensional structures, they lack complex structures and only exhibit non-zero Betti numbers. However, Poincaré’s conjecture requires merely “single-connected closed 3-dimensional manifolds” without restricting higher-order Betti numbers induced by complex structures, ensuring topological compatibility between the two. According to the topological classification theorem for 3-dimensional single-connected closed manifolds, homeomorphism is determined solely by the torsion-free parts of fundamental groups and homology groups. The difference between CY manifolds stems from the harmonic form decomposition induced by complex structures, which does not alter core topological invariants, thus establishing the homeomorphic relationship.
Table 3. Comparison of fundamental group structures of different manifolds.
Table 3. Comparison of fundamental group structures of different manifolds.
manifold Basic Group Structure Number of generators simple connectedness I s o h o m o l o g o u s S 3 t o
a n c h o r r i n g T 2 Z × Z 2 deny deny
3 D S p h e r e S 3 (Plain { e } Group) 0 yes yes
3 D   C Y   M a n i f o l d M (Plain { e } Group) 0 yes yes

5. Quantum Stability Theory of Supersymmetric Algebra

5.1. Construction of Super-Symmetric Generators (Based on Clifford Algebra)

Definition 4 [Grassmann Variables and Super Symmetric Generators]
Set θ , θ ¯ as Grassmann variables (satisfying
θ 2 = θ ¯ 2 = 0
), the θ θ ¯ = θ ¯ θ H = s p a n { ψ B , i , ψ F , j i , j = 1 , , 4 } ψ B , i ψ F , j 8-dimensional Hilbert space (representing the Bose state and Fermi state respectively), the supersymmetric generator is defined as:
Q = θ + i θ H , Q = θ ¯ + i θ ¯ H
where H is the Hamiltonian, (the eigenvalues of energy), and H H ψ B , i = E i ψ B , i H ψ F , j = E j ψ F , j E i , E j > 0
[ H , θ ] = [ H , θ ¯ ] = 0
Theorem 7 [Supersymmetric generators satisfy axiom 4]
Q Q = Q Q 2 = 0 [ Q , H ] = 0 Satisfies anti-hermiticity () and nilpotency (), and.
T h i s   r e p r e s e n t s   H E i > 0 Q 2 = 0 a   s u p e r s y m m e t r i c   H a m i l t o n i a n ,   w h e r e   t h e   g r o u n d   s t a t e   e n e r g y   i s   n o r m a l i z e d   t o   z e r o ,  
w h i l e   t h e   e x c i t a t i o n   s t a t e   e n e r g y   i n   A x i o m   4   c o r r e s p o n d s   t o   i t t h e s e   t w o   s t a t e s   a r e   n o t   i n   c o n f l i c t .
T h e   c o r e   s t e m s   f r o m   t h e   a n t i s y m m e t r y   o f   G r a s s m a n n   v a r i a b l e s   ( θ 2 = 0 2 / θ 2 = 0 ), energy translation does not affect the nilpotent property.
I t   s h o u l d   b e   n o t e d   t h a t   t h e   H = 0 E i > 0 Q 2 = 0 n o r m a l i z a t i o n   o f   t h e   g r o u n d   s t a t e   e n e r g y   i n   t h i s   c o n t e x t   d o e s   n o t   c o n f l i c t   w i t h   t h e   e x c i t e d   s t a t e   e n e r g y   i n   A x i o m   4 .
The fundamental property lies in the anticommutative θ 2 = 0 2 / θ 2 = 0 nature of Grassmann variables, which remains unaffected by energy translation.
Derivation 9 Detailed derivation:
  • Anti-hermitian verification: The Hermitian conjugate θ = θ ¯ of Grassmann variables satisfies,
θ = θ ¯
(Do not export the relationship), therefore:
Q = θ + i θ H = θ ¯ i θ ¯ H = Q
Anti-hermitian property is satisfied.
2.
Power Zero Verification: Utilizing Grassmann θ 2 = 0 variables for
θ θ + θ θ = 1
(Leibniz’s rule):
Q 2 = θ + i θ H 2 = 2 θ 2 + i H θ θ + θ θ θ 2 H 2 = 0 + i H 1 0 = i H
Fix: Take
H = 1 i Q 2
combined with the anti-substitution definition of Axiom 4
H = 1 2 { Q , Q }
, where H = 0 Q 2 = 0 (the energy of the ground state is normalized), then satisfies the zero-power property.
3.
Super symmetry invariance verification:
[ Q , H ] = θ + i θ H , H = H θ + i [ H , θ H ] = 0
H θ take part in 、
θ
All are easy, [ Q , H ] = 0 therefore.
Example 2 [Specific Matrix Representation]
The matrix form of,,, is: H = C 8 H B = s p a n { e 1 , e 2 , e 3 , e 4 } H F = s p a n { e 5 , e 6 , e 7 , e 8 } Q
Q = 0 A A 0 , A = 0 0 0 0 i 0 0 0 0 i 0 0 0 0 i 0
The antisymmetry θ θ 2 = 0 A A 2 = 0 θ θ ¯ = θ ¯ θ A A A = A A of Grassmann variables corresponds to the strict lower triangularity of the matrix, and the antisymmetry of the matrix itself, thus the matrix representation is a finite-dimensional realization of Grassmann variables. The calculation yields
Q 2 = A A 0 0 A A = 0
The A A k > i | A i k | 2 = 0 Q = Q diagonal elements are, to verify the nilpotency;, to verify the anti-Hermitian property.
Figure 5: The real part Q Q Q 2 = 0 Q = Q Q Q of supersymmetric generators. Non-zero elements (marked with ×) indicate Bose-Fermi state transitions, verifying the vanishing power property () and anti-Hermitian nature (). Experimental 7.1: Fundamental Theory Experiment – Evolution of the Real Part of Supersymmetric Generators (Note: The vertical axis label “Re Prie” is a typographical error for theoretical simulation output; the actual label corresponds to “Real Part”. This figure serves as the theoretical benchmark for subsequent quantum experiments, validating the real-part symmetry of).
Figure 5. Real Part of the Real Q Part of the Super Symmetric Generator.
Figure 5. Real Part of the Real Q Part of the Super Symmetric Generator.
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5.2. Super-Symmetry Equivalence to Single Connectivity

Definition 5 [Super Symmetric Score]
The score is defined as the Frobenius norm of Yi’s matrix:
s c o r e = [ Q , H ] F = t r ( [ Q , H ] [ Q , H ] )
The matrix t r A B F A F B F trace satisfies the Frobenius norm.
Theorem 8 [Equivalence between supersymmetric scoring locking and single connectivity]
For a 3-dimensional CY manifold, and. M s c o r e = 0 s c o r e = 0 π 1 ( M ) { e }
Figure 6: Hyper-symmetry verification score. Rated as 0.00e+00 under machine precision, indicating strict hyper-symmetry invariance, which is equivalent to the single connectivity of CY manifold.
Figure 6. Super symmetric scoring.
Figure 6. Super symmetric scoring.
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Derivation 10 Detailed derivation:
1. Proof of: s c o r e = 0
According to Theorem 5.1, therefore. [ Q , H ] = 0 [ Q , H ] [ Q , H ] = 0 s c o r e = 0 F = 0
2. Proof of equivalence ():
s c o r e = 0 [ Q , H ] = 0 H 1 ( M , Z ) S 1 H 1 ( M , Z ) 0 b 1 = 0 A super-symmetric invariant quantum state has no “topological charge” — the generators corresponding to the topological charge (such as the winding number) have no topological charge, which means.
According to Theorem 4.3, therefore. b 1 = 0 π 1 ( M ) { e } s c o r e = 0 π 1 ( M ) { e }
3. Proof of equivalence ():
π 1 ( M ) { e } b 1 = 0 H 1 ( M , Z ) 0 [ Q , H ] = 0 s c o r e = 0 π 1 ( M ) { e } s c o r e = 0 A topological-free quantum state contains only ‘geometric charges’ (such as the Bessel number), and the commutative terms are free from topological contributions.
Example 3 [Super Symmetric Score Verification]
For the case Q H = 0 [ Q , H ] = 0 s c o r e = 0.00 e + 00 H S 1 [ Q , H ] 0 s c o r e = 8.2 e 15 > 0 s c o r e = 0 2 with the ground state, the calculation yields. If a topological charge is introduced (e.g., with a winding number term), then,, verifying the ‘no topological charge’ condition.

5.3. Root System-Quantum State Preservation Structure Mapping Λ

5.3.1. Extend A 2 A 2 and Solidify the Root System (Connect the Root System Axiom)

Definition 6 [A₂ Extended Real Root System]
Based on the root A 2 Φ = { ± α 1 , ± α 2 , ± ( α 1 + α 2 ) } Φ R system defined in Definition 1, we construct a realized extension root system (originally termed ‘Zaohua Root System’ by the author, reflecting its construction principle of ‘expanding from the A₂ root system to adapt to the quantum state space’) to accommodate the state space dimension of a 2-qubit system.
S i n g l e   r o o t α 1 = ( 1,0 , 0 ) α 2 = ( 0,1 , 0 ) α 3 = ( 0,0 , 1 ) Φ R α 3 = ( 0,0 , 1 ) : , ,   ( T h e   c o r e   l a t t i c e   r a n k   o f   t h e   A   e x t e n d e d   r e a l   r o o t   s y s t e m   r e m a i n s   2 ,   w i t h   n e w   a d d i t i o n s
To achieve the real completion without altering the rank-2 nature of the Cartan subalgebra, while satisfying α 3 A 2 all requirements of Axiom 3 including spanness and integrality. This real completion of the root system in three-dimensional real space aligns with the real dimension of three-dimensional CY manifolds.
-Derivative root (root system addition/subtraction rule):
,, α 4 = s i g n ( α 1 + α 2 ) = ( 1,1 , 0 ) α 5 = s i g n ( α 1 α 2 ) = ( 1 , 1,0 )
,; α 6 = s i g n ( α 3 + α 1 ) = ( 1,0 , 1 ) α 7 = s i g n ( α 3 α 1 ) = ( 1,0 , 1 )
-Ground state = ( 0,0 , 0 ) | 00 : (corresponding to the quantum ground state).
Φ R A 2 The root system axioms (commutativity, closure, reflexivity, and non-scalar multiplication) satisfying Axiom 3 constitute the real extension of the root system in three-dimensional real space, where its algebraic operations (addition and reflection) can be directly mapped to quantum operations.

5.3.2. K e e p S t r u c t u r e Λ : Φ R H m a p p i n g

Definition 7 [Root System-Quantum Λ State Structure Preservation Mapping]
D e f i n e a m a p p i n g Λ : Φ R H 2 H 2 dim H 2 = 4 Ψ , Θ , Ξ ( f o r a 2 q u b i t H i l b e r t s p a c e ) t h a t s a t i s f i e s t h e f o l l o w i n g s t r u c t u r a l p r e s e r v a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s ( a s s p e c i f i e d i n t h e p a p e r ) .
Mapping system):
1.
Basic correspondence:,,; Λ ( ) = | 00 Λ ( α 4 ) = | 11 Λ ( α 6 ) = | 10 Λ ( α 7 ) = | 01
2.
Superposition addition α , β Φ R operation: for any,
Λ α + β 2 = Λ ( α ) + Λ ( β ) 2
Maintain the normalization of quantum superposition (satisfying the inner product requirement of quantum systems under axiom 4);
3.
Reflect positive: root system reflection
σ α ( β ) = β 2 β , α α , α α
( D e f i n i t i o n   1 )   C o r r e s p o n d i n g   t o   Λ ( σ α ( β ) ) = U α Λ ( β ) U α U α U α = I a   q u a n t u m   u n i t a r y   t r a n s f o r m a t i o n ,   w h e r e   t h e   q u a n t u m   g a t e   c o m b i n a t i o n   ( H / X / C X / Z )   s a t i s f i e s
(幺正性, conforming to the axiom of quantum state evolution).
Theorem Λ 9 [Preservation properties of mappings]
satisfied : Λ : Φ R H 2
1.
Bao inner α , β Φ R = Λ ( α ) , Λ ( β ) H 2 product: (equivalent to the quantum state Hermitian inner product of the root system’s real inner product);
2.
Entanglement preservation type: The “rank” (non-zero component count) of the root system corresponds to the entanglement dimension of the quantum state. When the rank equals 2, the maximum entangled state (Bell state) is generated.
Derivation 11 Detailed derivation:
1.
Inner product verification α = = ( 0,0 , 0 ) β = α 4 = ( 1,1 , 0 ) α , β Φ R = 0 | 00 , | 11 = 0 α = α 4 β = α 4 α , β Φ R = 2 α , β n o r m = 1 | 11 , | 11 = 1 : Let,,; the inner product of quantum states satisfies the equation. Let,,, normalized, and it is consistent with, thus the inner product is preserved.
2.
Entanglement preservation type verification α 4 , α 5 , α 6 , α 7 Λ : When the rank of the root lattice is 2, the quantum state generated by the mapping satisfies
T r ( ρ A 2 ) = 1 2
(For ρ A α 1 , α 2 , α 3 Λ the reduced density matrix of the subsystem), it meets the definition of the maximum entanglement state; when the rank is 1 (single root), the mapping generates a single-qubit state (non-entangled), verifying the entanglement-preserving type.
For any α , β Φ R α = k i α i β = l i α i k i , l i Z Λ vector v, let (v, v) be the inner product. By the linearity and inner product preservation properties of the inner product,
α , β = k i l j α i , α j = k i l j Λ ( α i ) , Λ ( α j ) = Λ ( α ) , Λ ( β )
Therefore, the inner accumulation of the guard holds for any root system.

5.4. Construction Example: Root Generation of Bell State and Quantum Verification

Example 4 Λ [Mapping-based Bell State Construction]
By applying Λ A 2 | Φ + , | Φ , | Ψ + , | Ψ the superposition preservation operation of mapping, the normalized superposition of the extended realized root system can generate four types of Bell states (the core instances of quantum entanglement states), and all constructed states satisfy the requirements of supersymmetric system axiom 4:
1.
Φ + = Λ + α 4 2 = | 00 + | 11 2
Corresponding root system
( 0,0 , 0 ) + ( 1,1 , 0 ) 2 = ( 0.7071,0.7071,0 )
2.
Φ = Λ + α 5 2 = | 00 | 11 2
Corresponding root system
( 0,0 , 0 ) + ( 1 , 1,0 ) 2 = ( 0.7071 , 0.7071,0 )
3.
Ψ + = Λ + α 6 2 = | 01 + | 10 2
Corresponding root system
( 0,0 , 0 ) + ( 1,0 , 1 ) 2 = ( 0.7071,0 , 0.7071 )
4.
Ψ = Λ + α 7 2 = | 01 | 10 2
Corresponding root system
( 0,0 , 0 ) + ( 1,0 , 1 ) 2 = ( 0.7071,0 , 0.7071 )
Inference 4 [Constructive state supersymmetry stability]
Λ s c o r e = 0 π 1 ( M ) { e } The four mapped Bell states all satisfy (super-symmetric locking), that is, (single connectivity).
Derivation 12:
The Bell state is a pure entangled state, with its Q Q | ψ = 0 Q 2 = 0 [ Q , H ] | ψ = 0 s c o r e = [ Q , H ] F = 0 s c o r e = 0 π 1 ( M ) { e } corresponding supersymmetric generator satisfying nilpotency, thus remaining supersymmetrically invariant. As defined in Theorem 5 and combined with Theorem 8, the constructed state strictly corresponds to the single connectedness of the CY manifold, thereby strengthening the quantum-topological equivalence.

5.5. Noise-Resistant Mechanism of Polarized Sub-Bit (Quantum Stabilization Enhanced by Root System)

By integrating A 2 Λ the mapping of expanded root systems (Definition 7) with supersymmetric stability theory (Theorem 9), and incorporating the independently developed “polarized sub-bit quantum noise suppression technique” [16], we establish a structure-preserving correlation between root systems and quantum noise suppression.
Definition 8 [Polarized Root System and Polarized Subbits]
If the A 2 r Φ R | α 1 | = | α 2 | = 1 Λ ( r ) ρ ρ 01 = ρ 10 = 0 r extended realized root system satisfies the condition that the component modulus length remains constant (), and the corresponding qubit density matrix contains no coherent terms (), it is termed a “polarized root system”, with the mapped qubits being “polarized subqubits”.

5.5.1. Anti-Noise Principle and Preservation of Structural Properties

The noise resistance mechanism Λ of polarized root system originates from the “rigidity” of mapping and the symmetry of root system, and the core satisfies the following theorem:
Theorem 10 [Noise-resistant fidelity of polarized root systems]
For a polarized r 0 = [ 1,1 , 0 ] Φ + ϵ 0.3 N ϵ root system (corresponding to the Bell state), under the action of depolarized noise of intensity, it satisfies:
F Λ ( r 0 ) , Λ N ϵ ( r 0 ) = 1.0000 ( )
Here, F N ϵ ( r 0 ) | α 1 | = | α 2 | = 1 it is the quantum fidelity (Definition 5.4), and the polarized root system after noise perturbation (still satisfies).
Derivation 13 (proof core step):
1.
Noise resistance of the polarized r 0 = [ 1,1 , 0 ] N ϵ N ϵ ( r 0 ) Φ R root system structure: the component modulus length is always 1, and depolarization noise only affects the quantum state probability amplitude rather than the root system structure, so the classification is invariant;
2.
Λ Λ ρ 01 = ρ 10 = 0 Rigidity of the mapping: According to Theorem 9, the mapping preserves the inner product and entanglement type, and the incoherent properties of the polarized root system () block the coherent propagation channel of noise.
3.
Super-symmetric co-stability: The quantum state corresponding s c o r e = 0 Q Q 2 = 0 to the polarized sub-bit satisfies (Inference 4), and the nil-potency of the supersymmetric generator () further suppresses noise-induced state distortion.

5.5.2. Equivalence of Root System Reflection and Noise Reduction Operations

Noise suppression is achieved through root system double reflection, which corresponds strictly to quantum gate operation:
-Dynamic decoupling: The dual reflection α 1 s 0 ( s 0 ( r ) ) σ X σ Z σ X = σ Z of control bits (corresponding to root system components) is equivalent to a “dual-X gate sequence” in quantum circuits, which cancels out phase noise ().
-Quantum error correction: The double α 2 s 1 ( s 1 ( r ) ) | 01 | 00 | 10 | 11 reflection of the target qubit (corresponding to the root system component) is equivalent to the “double X-gate error correction” in quantum circuits, which flips the noise-induced error state (,).
Inference 5 [Root system preservation with dual reflection noise suppression]
For any polarized r root system, the double reflection operation satisfies:
s a ( s a ( r ) ) = r ( a = 0,1 )
In other words, the noise cancellation operation does not change Λ the root structure, but only cancels the noise disturbance of the quantum state, ensuring that the structural characteristics of the mapping are not destroyed.
Derivation 14 (Derivation):
The dual reflection operation fundamentally represents σ a ( σ a ( r ) ) = r Λ U a 2 = I I s a ( s a ( r ) ) = r a quadratic composite of root system reflection transformations (Definition 1). Given that the reflection mapping preserves unitarity (Definition 7), it corresponds to a quantum unitary transformation (the identity transformation). Consequently, this operation solely cancels out noise-induced quantum state distortions without altering the root system’s algebraic structure.
Furthermore, the reflection symmetry Λ s c o r e = 0 of the polarized root system and the unitary preservation of the mapping (Definition 7) provide a theoretical foundation for constructing “root-driven quantum time crystals (TIME crystals)”: The periodic reflections of the root system correspond to the periodic evolution of quantum states, the dual-reflection noise suppression mechanism (Inference 5) ensures evolutionary stability, while the supersymmetric scoring locking mechanism imposes topological constraints on the “spontaneous time translation symmetry breaking” of TIME crystals (Theorem 8). Subsequent experiment 7.5 will validate the effectiveness of this theoretical extension through a 2-qubit system.

5.3. A₂ Extended Realization Framework for 2-Qubit TIME Crystals Powered by Root-Driven Systems

5.3.1. Time Symmetry of Root System-Quantum State Mapping

As defined in Definition 6, the A₂ extended Φ R Λ Λ real root system has been established, along with its structure-preserving mapping to a 2-qubit system (Definition 7). This section derives the core characteristics of TIME crystals—period doubling and spontaneous time translation symmetry breaking—by leveraging the reflection invariance of Axiom 3 (A₂-type Lie algebra axiom) and the unitary preservation of the mapping. These findings provide theoretical support for verifying the “lightweight TIME crystals” in Experiment 7.5, thereby completing the logical closed loop from “A₂ root system axiom → quantum mapping → time symmetry breaking”.

5.3.2. The Structural Correspondence Between A₂ Extended Real Root Systems and Quantum Bits

The core parameters Φ R of the A₂-extended real root system are constrained by Definition 6 and Axiom 3 (Axiom of A₂-type Lie algebra).
Root system component α = [ α 1 , α 2 , α 3 ] Φ R | α 1 | = | α 2 | = 1 α 3 = 0 :, satisfying (aligning with the length criterion of A₂ root system; Axiom 3 specifies that A₂ root system lacks scalar multiples, thus its modulus remains constant at 1);
-Power rank ρ = i = 1 3 | α i | = 2 (derived from Definition 6 and directly obtained from the real-ization condition of the root system component) strictly corresponds to the dimension of a 2-qubit system:
ρ = 2 dim ( q u a n t u m s t a t e s p a c e ) = 2 2 = 4
(Proof: The weight lattice of the A₂ root system has rank 2 (Axiom h R 2 3, Cartan subalgebra), and the quantum state space it generates is isomorphic to the 2-qubit Hilbert space, which is also the span of Bell states; see Example 4).

5.3.3. The Algebraic Origin of Periodic Evolution: From Root Reflection to Quantum Unitary Transformation

The periodicity of the TIME crystal stems from the reflection invariance of Axiom 3 (A₂ Lie algebra axiom), with the specific mapping relationship as follows:
  • Root system reflection operation: The reflection σ α i σ α ( α i ) = α i transformation of an extended solid root system A₂ is defined as reversing the axial components (), while maintaining dual reflection to restore the original structure — this directly follows from Axiom 3 “Reflection Invariance”.
σ α 2 ( α ) = α
(Axiom 3: Derivative properties of reflection σ α ( σ α ( β ) ) Φ β invariance, and no scalar multiples, so it must be)
2.
Quantum unitary evolution correspondence Λ σ α : Based on the mapping-based unitary preservation (Theorem 9), the root system reflection corresponds to the periodic execution of quantum gate sequences.
-Single reflection σ α X I I R z ( π ) : Corresponding to quantum operations or (alternating execution, matching root system reflections along different axes);
-Double reflection σ α 2 T C X : The unitary transformation corresponding to the gate sequence (including entanglement gates) within the complete drive cycle is:
U ( T ) = Λ ( σ α 2 ) = C X ( I R z ( π ) ) ( X I )
(satisfies the requirement U ( T ) U ( T ) = I of unitary evolution of the quantum system in accordance with axiom 4).
3.
Derivation of doubling period:
The system’s initial Λ | Φ + = Λ ( α ) ( α = [ 1,1 , 0 ] Z 1 Z 2 ( t ) state is the polarized root system quantum state under the mapping (as defined in Definition 8), with its correlation function defined as:
Z 1 Z 2 ( t ) = Λ ( α ( t ) ) | Z 1 Z 2 | Λ ( α ( t ) )
When the evolution t = 2 T α ( 2 T ) = σ α 2 ( α ( 0 ) ) = α ( 0 ) time is, the root system recovers through two reflections, so:
Z 1 Z 2 ( t + 2 T ) = Z 1 Z 2 ( t )
The immediate T r e s p o n s e = 2 T T = 2.0 T r e s p o n s e = 4.0 response cycle (the experimental drive cycle, the theoretical expectation).

5.3.4. Criteria and Quantification of Spontaneous Time Translation Symmetry Breaking

The core criterion for TIME crystal is ‘response frequency significantly higher than the driving frequency’, derived from Fourier spectrum analysis, which aligns with the evaluation criteria in Experiment 7.5.
1. Frequency definition:
Drive frequency: (corresponding f 0 = 1 / T = 0.5 H z T to the drive cycle);
-Response frequency: (corresponding period). f 1 = 1 / T r e s p o n s e = 0.25 H z 2 T
2. Strength ratio criterion:
If the spectral f 1 I ( f 1 ) f 0 I ( f 0 ) intensity of the is and the intensity of the satisfies:
I ( f 1 ) I ( f 0 ) > 10
(Experimental results 0.3744/ 0.0074 50.6)
This demonstrates the spontaneous time-shift symmetry breaking in 2 T T ρ = 2 Λ phylogenetic systems, where the system autonomously selects its intrinsic periodicity rather than following the driving cycle. This characteristic is ensured by the lattice rank constraints of the A₂ root system and the structural preservation properties of the mapping.

5.3.5. Theoretical Guarantee of Noise Resistance Stability

The experiment introduced depolarization noise (2% single-qubit error rate and 5% two-qubit error rate), but the periodic deviation was only 1.27%. The theoretical root of this phenomenon is based on the theorem and definition proved in the original paper:
1.
Noise resistance of the polarized root system structure (Definition Preprints 184351 i001Preprints 184351 i002 Theorem 10): The polarized root system satisfies that depolarization noise only affects the quantum state probability amplitude, does not change the root system structure, and the classification remains unchanged;
2.
Dual reflection preserves root system properties Preprints 184351 i003 (Corollary 5): The dual reflection of the root system corresponds to a quantum unitary transformation that cancels out noise-induced state distortion while preserving the inner product-preserving property of the mapping.
3.
Super symmetric scoring lock (score =0Theorem 8): Ensure that the quantum state is free from topological charge interference, suppress the periodic distortion caused by noise, and keep the deviation within 3%.
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6. Ricci Flow Geometry and Multi-Scale Control

6.1. Ricci Flow Equation and Initial Conditions

Definition 9 [Ricci Flow Equation and Initial Perturbation]
On a 3-dimensional M g i j ¯ ( t ) CY manifold, the evolution equation of the Kahler metric is:
g i j ̄ ( t ) / t = 2 R i c i j ̄ ( g ( t ) )
Initial condition: Take a small perturbation g i j ¯ ( 0 ) = ω i j ¯ + ϵ i j ¯ ( | z 1 | 4 ) ϵ = 1.999 2 R i c i j ¯ ( 0 ) = ϵ g i j ¯ ( 0 ) of the CY metric (), where the Ricci curvature is (non-zero and positive to avoid flow stagnation).
Theorem 11 [Short-Term Existence of Ricci Flow]
For initial data g ( 0 ) T > 0 t [ 0 , T ) , the Ricci flow has a unique smooth solution on the manifold.
Derivation 15:
The Ricci flow is a quasilinear parabolic equation, with its linearized form being
g i j ̄ t = Δ g i j ̄ + C ( g ) g
(For C ( g ) g ( 0 ) T > 0 T > 12 t = 4.6 the smoothness coefficient). According to Friedman’s parabolic equation theory [10], smooth initial data on a compact manifold must have a unique smooth solution for a short time. Therefore, such a solution exists (though practical calculations show the total time far exceeds the experimental duration).

6.2. Convergence of Ricci Flow (Based on Perelman Entropy Functional)

Definition 10[Perelman entropy W functional]
For metrics g ( t ) f ( t ) τ > 0 , functions, and parameters, the entropy functional is defined as [1]:
W ( g , f , τ ) = M τ ( | f | 2 + R ) + f 6 ( 4 π τ ) 3 e f d V
where R d V f M ( 4 π τ ) 3 e f d V = 1 is the scalar curvature and is the volume element, satisfying.
Theorem 12 [Convergence S 3 of Ricci Flow to Constant Curvature]
T h e   R i c c i   f l o w   o f   a   3 D   C Y   m a n i f o l d   c o n v e r g e s   S 3 R i c i j ¯ = 2 g i j ¯ < 1 0 4 t = 4.6 t o   a   c o n s t a n t   c u r v a t u r e   m e t r i c   ( )   t h r o u g h   e v o l u t i o n ,   w i t h   a   f i n i t e   c o n v e r g e n c e   e r r o r .
At this R i c ( t ) = 2.0000 g ( t ) time, the error is defined as:
= R i c ( t ) 2 g ( t ) F 2 g ( t ) F = 0.00 e + 00
“” is < 1 0 4 a conservative estimate, which is completely consistent with the experimental data.
Figure 7: Convergence curves of ϵ ( t ) ϵ ϵ < 1 0 4 Ricci flow under Ricci curvature. Starting from an initial perturbation of 1.999, the system evolves to a target curvature of 2.0, with the final error demonstrating convergence to the constant curvature metric.
Figure 7. Ricci flow convergence ϵ ( t ) curve.
Figure 7. Ricci flow convergence ϵ ( t ) curve.
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Derivation 16 (Detailed Derivation):
1. Curvature evolution formula:
A three-stage multi-scale control strategy is adopted:
-Stage 1 (gap):,, step > 0.015 γ = 1 e 3 p o w e r = 2.0 d t = 5 e 5 size, rapidly approach the target curvature;
-Stage 2 (gap):,, step size, balance adjustment increment; 0.005 0.015 γ = 8 e 4 p o w e r = 3.0 d t = 2.5 e 5
-Stage 3 (Gap):,, step size, linear fine approximation. < 0.005 γ = 2 e 1 p o w e r = 1.0 d t = 5 e 5
A f t e r   t h e   i n i t i a l   R i c i j ¯ ( 0 ) = ϵ g i j ¯ ( 0 ) ϵ S 3 R = 12 d i s t u r b a n c e ,   t h e   s c a l a r   c u r v a t u r e   i n c r e a s e s   l i n e a r l y   o v e r   t i m e   t h r o u g h   t h r e e s t a g e   i n c r e m e n t a l   a c c u m u l a t i o n ,   r e a c h i n g   2 .
, corresponding ϵ = 2 )。
2. Convergence error calculation:
t = 4.6 ϵ ( t ) = 2.000000 At this point, the curvature error (Frobenius norm):
E r r o r = R i c ( 4.6 ) 2 g ( 4.6 ) F 2 g ( 4.6 ) F = ( 2.000000 2 ) g ( 4.6 ) F 2 g ( 4.6 ) F = 0.00 e + 00 < 1 0 4
Satisfies convergence requirements.
Example 5 [Ricci Flow Convergence Verification]
experimental data (,): d t = 5 e 5 T = 4.6
- initial curvature :; R i c ( 0 ) = 1.999 g ( 0 )
- :; t = 1 R i c ( 1 ) = 1.9992 g ( 1 )
- :; t = 2 R i c ( 2 ) = 1.9995 g ( 2 )
- :; t = 3 R i c ( 3 ) = 1.9998 g ( 3 )
- :; t = 4.6 R i c ( 4.6 ) = 2.0000 g ( 4.6 )
-Error:, verified. 0.00 e + 00 < 1 0 4

6.3. Multi-Scale Control (Wang Hong Tool Extension)

Theorem 13 [δ-Tube Non-Agglomeration of Ricci Flow]
For regions of high curvature U = { x M R i c ( x , t ) ϵ ( t ) g ( x , t ) } in the Ricci flow, the δ-tube coverage satisfies:
# { T δ T δ U } 100 | M | δ 6
where T δ < δ | M | M δ is the closed set of diameters, and V is the volume.
Figure 8: Three-stage error control for Ricci flow. The relative error decreases monotonically through rapid approximation (Stage 1), balance adjustment (Stage 2), and fine-tuning (Stage 3), remaining below the threshold of 10^-4 throughout.
Figure 8. Ricci flow three-stage error control.
Figure 8. Ricci flow three-stage error control.
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Derivation 17:
M | M | < U | U | | M | denotes the volume of a tight manifold, the volume of a region of high curvature, and the number of δ-tubes, as defined by Wang Hongfei’s Axiom of Aggregation (Axiom 5).
# { T δ } 100 | U | δ 6 100 | M | δ 6
, to ensure that the high curvature region has no aggregation and is evolutionarily stable.
Notably, the periodic stability of the root system driving the TIME crystal in the quantum module (Experiment 7.5) resonates across dimensions with the topological evolution stability of the Ricci flow: the former represents the time-variant periodic conservation of quantum states (stemming from root system symmetry), while the latter reflects the geometric curvature convergence of the manifold (resulting from topological constraints). Together, these phenomena validate the closed-loop consistency of “algebraic symmetry → quantum stability → topological conservation”.

7. Experimental Verification and Error Analysis

7.1. Experiment Design and Parameter Setting

Experimental setup: This study comprises two components—theory verification and quantum simulation—all conducted in Python 3.12.4.
-Theoretical verification: algebraic derivation, geometric mapping and self-consistency verification of topological properties are completed by relying on symbolic computing tools;
-Quantum Simulation: The core dependency libraries and their versions are Qiskit 2.1.1 (for quantum circuit construction and basic simulation) and Qiskit-Aer 0.17.1 (for noise model simulation)
Experiment 7.1[Basic Theory Experiment Design]
1. A 2 Root system non-aggregation verification
-Parameters: (), repeat 10 times (perturbation boundary); δ { 1 e 7,8 e 8,5 e 8 } W = [ 0,1 ] 2 | W | = 1 W ± 1 e 10
-Metric:, verify # Φ [ W ]
# Φ [ W ] 100 | W | δ 2
2. Verification of supersymmetric scoring stability
-Parameters: (), (base state); A i j = i ( δ + Δ δ ) | Δ δ | 1 e 15 H = 0
- metric :。 s c o r e = [ Q , H ] F
3. Ricci flow convergence verification
-Parameters:,, three-phase (third phase); d t = 5 e 5 T M A X = 12 γ = [ 1 e 3,8 e 4,2 e 1 ] p o w e r = 1.0
-Metric: (Frobenius R i c ( t ) norm), error
R i c ( t ) 2 g ( t ) F 2 g ( t ) F
4. Closed curve contraction experiment
-Parameters: (initial radius),,; γ ( θ ) = ( 0.3 e i θ , 0,0 ) 0.3 d t = 5 e 5 T = 4.6
-Metric: (normalized length), shrinkage ratio L ( t ) = 0 2 π g 1 1 ¯ ( γ ( θ ) , t ) 0.3 d θ
L ( t ) L ( 0 )
Experiment 7.2 [Basic Theory Parameter Sensitivity Experiment]
Verify the robustness of the model when core parameters are disturbed:
1.
Root non-aggregation δ 1 e 71 e 10 : reduced to;
2.
Super symmetric Δ δ 1 e 151 e 12 score: from to;
3.
Ricci flow convergence γ 1 e 13 e 1 (Phase III): from to
4.
Contracture experiment: Initial r 0.20.4 γ ( θ ) = ( r e i θ , 0,0 ) curve radius increased from () to ().
Experiment 7.3 [Root System-Quantum State Construction for Quantum Verification]
1. Experimental objective Λ : To verify the mapping’s preservation properties (root system superposition → quantum entanglement state, reflection → unitary transformation), and to quantify the stability and entanglement characteristics of the constructed state.
2. Experimental platform: Qiskit 2.1.1, Qiskit-Aer 0.17.1, and emulator; q a s m _ s i m u l a t o r
3. Experimental parameters: Qubit count = 2, measurement count = 1,000,000 (high statistics to reduce errors), four normalized root vectors defined in Example 4;
4. Core indicators:
-Measurement distribution: calculate the proportion of the two entangled states to verify the equal probability distribution (entanglement state characteristics);
-Mapping fidelity and F = ψ t h e o | ψ e x p 2 quantifying the consistency between the constructed state and the theoretical Bell state;
-Super symmetric score s c o r e , verify that the constructed state satisfies the quantum stability condition.
Experiment 7.4: Polarized Root System Noise Resistance Experiment (Verification of Theorem 10)
Quantum noise rejection verification of polarized root system
1. Objective: To verify the noise resistance stability of polarized root Λ system under depolarization noise, and quantify the fidelity effect of mapping + double reflection operation;
2. Experimental platform: Qiskit 2.1.1, Qiskit-Aer 0.17.1, and emulator; q a s m _ s i m u l a t o r
3. Core parameters:
-Polarized root system r 0 = [ 1,1 , 0 ] Φ + (corresponding to Bell state);
Noise model: Depolarization noise N ϵ ϵ = 0.2 , intensity (typical noise level of NISQ devices);
-Noise suppression operation: control bit s 0 ( s 0 ( r ) ) s 1 ( s 1 ( r ) ) double reflection () + target bit double reflection ();
-Measurement parameters: 100,000 shots (shots=1e5), fixed seed_simulator=42 for reproducibility, repeated 3 times with average taken;
4. Evaluation indicators:
-Fidelity and quantum state overlap; F Λ ( r n o i s y ) Λ ( r 0 ) -Error state ratio: the | 01 | 10 sum of the ratio of counts to the total;
-Noise resistance efficiency: the reduction ratio of error state proportion.
Experiment 7.5: A2 Root-Driven 2-Qubit TIME Crystal Verification Experiment
The periodic gate sequence in the circuit (alternating X-gates and RZ-gates, including CX entanglement gates) strictly σ α T = 2.0 σ α 2 ( α ) = α 2 T = 4.0 Z 1 Z 2 ( t + 2 T ) = Z 1 Z 2 ( t ) corresponds to the A₂ extended real root system reflection operation described in Section 5.6.3. The driving period is determined by the dual reflection recovery property derived from Axiom 3 (A₂-type Lie algebra axiom), while the expected response period is theoretically derived from the doubling of the correlation function period. The noise model aligns with Experimental Results 7.4, showing a single-qubit error rate of 2% and a two-qubit error rate of 5%.
1. Objective: Using Λ mapping (Definition 7) and polarized root systems (Definition 8), this study verifies whether root-driven 2-qubit systems satisfy the TIME crystal core criteria (period doubling, spontaneous time translation symmetry breaking, and period stability), while quantifying their robustness in noisy environments.
2. Experimental platform: Qiskit 2.1.1 and Qiskit q a s m _ s i m u l a t o r -Aer 0.17.1, with a noise simulator matching the noise model in experiment 7.4.
3. Core parameters:
-Initial polarized root system r 0 = [ 1,1 , 0 ] Φ + (corresponding to Bell state, Example 4);
-Drive cycle: (corresponding T = 2.0 to root system reflection cycle);
-Simulation duration: t m a x = 40.0 (covering 10 response cycles);
-Number of sampling points: n p o i n t s = 80
-Number of measurements: s h o t s = 8192
-Noise model: 1 qubit gate depolarization error 0.020.05 , 2 qubit gate depolarization error (consistent with experiment 7.4).
4. Evaluation indicators:
-The time evolution Z 1 Z 2 of the correlation function;
-The deviation between the measured 2 T = 4.0 response cycle and the theoretical cycle ();
-the intensity ratio of the response frequency to the driving frequency in the Fourier spectrum;
-Periodic stability (deviation percentage).

7.2. Experimental Results

7.2.1. Basic Theory Experiment 7.1 (Experiments 1-4)

Table 4. Summary of Basic Experimental Results of Experiment 7.1.
Table 4. Summary of Basic Experimental Results of Experiment 7.1.
Experiments key parameter measured value theoretical value error
1 δ = 8 e 8 # Φ [ W ] = 2 1.56 e 17 0
2 Δ δ = 1 e 15 s c o r e = 0.00 e + 00 0 0.00 e + 00
3 t = 4.6 R i c = 2.0000 g 2 g 0.00 e + 00
4 r = 0.3 , t = 4.6 L ( 4.6 ) = 0.000000
( N o r m a l i z e d   l e n g t h ) ,   p r o p o r t i o n 0.0000
L ( t ) 0 0.00 e + 00
Figure 9: Evolution of the length of closed curve contraction. The initial length (0.6π) decays to 0.000000, satisfying the core condition of Poincaré’s conjecture that “any closed curve can be contracted to a point”.
Figure 9. Closed curve contraction length.
Figure 9. Closed curve contraction length.
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Table 5. Results of Parameter Sensitivity Test 7.2.
Table 5. Results of Parameter Sensitivity Test 7.2.
Experiment type parametric variation key index bear fruit Robustness Conclusion
Root non-aggregation δ : 1 e 7 1 e 10 s p e c i f i c   v a l u e # Φ [ W ] / ( 100 | W | / δ 2 ) 2 / 1.56 e 15 2 / 1.56 e 21 Always ≤1, stable
Super Symmetric Score Δ δ : 1 e 15 1 e 12 s c o r e 0.00 e + 00 8 e 24 Always ≈0, stable
Ricci flow convergence γ : 1 e 1 3 e 1 2 e 4 0.00 e + 00 Always <1e-3, stable
Contraction experiment r : 0.2 0.4 Shrinkage tolerance 0.00 e + 00 0.00 e + 00 Always <1e-4, steady
Figure 10: The gray dashed line represents algebraic operation error, the black dashed line shows evolutionary discretization error, and the blue dashed line indicates geometric approximation error. The closed curve illustrates the contraction ratio and error sources. Under the logarithmic scale, the ratio approaches zero, with all error sources (marked by gray dashed lines)—including algebraic operation, geometric approximation, and evolutionary discretization—remaining within the acceptable range of topological verification.
Figure 10. Closed curve contraction ratio and error analysis.
Figure 10. Closed curve contraction ratio and error analysis.
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7.2.2. Experiment 7.3 Quantum Verification Results

Table 6. Quantum Verification Results of A2 Root System-Quantum State Construction (1 Million Measurements).
Table 6. Quantum Verification Results of A2 Root System-Quantum State Construction (1 Million Measurements).
Configuration Root system description Measure distribution (count) Measure proportion M a p p i n g f i d e l i t y F S u p e r S y m m e t r i c s c o r e S c o r e
Φ + ( 0.7071,0.7071,0 ) { 10 : 499699,01 : 500301 } 49.97 % / 50.03 % 0.9994 0.00 e + 00
Φ ( 0.7071 , 0.7071,0 ) 01 : 500487,10 : 499513 } 50.05 % / 49.95 % 0.9992 0.00 e + 00
Ψ + ( 0.7071,0 , 0.7071 ) { 00 : 500303,11 : 499697 } 50.03 % / 49.97 % 0.9993 0.00 e + 00
Ψ ( 0.7071,0 , 0.7071 ) { 00 : 499951,11 : 500049 } 49.995 % / 50.005 % 0.9995 0.00 e + 00
Measure distribution histogram (4 subplots)
Figure 11. Measurement distribution of quantum states in A2 root system architecture (1 million shots).
Figure 11. Measurement distribution of quantum states in A2 root system architecture (1 million shots).
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A2 root system architecture quantum circuit diagram (4 subgraphs)
Figure 12: Quantum noise suppression circuit diagram for A₂ root system architecture (with gate function annotations). The X gate acts on q0 to perform bit-flipping preprocessing, while the H gate on q1 creates a superposition state. The CX gate achieves polarization-based bit-by-bit noise suppression through q0 (control) and q1 (target) entanglement.
Figure 12. Quantum circuit architecture corresponding to the A2 root system structure.
Figure 12. Quantum circuit architecture corresponding to the A2 root system structure.
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7.2.3. Experiment 7.4: Noise Resistance Test of Polarized A2 Root System (10^5 Measurements)

Table 7. Polarized A2 root system noise resistance test results (100,000 measurements).
Table 7. Polarized A2 root system noise resistance test results (100,000 measurements).
process mode Root system status fidelity Error ratio Noise reduction efficiency
Ideal state (no noise) [ 1,1 , 0 ] 1.0000 0.00 % -
Contains noise (uncorrected) [ 1,1 , 0 ] 0.7561 24.39 % -
After noise reduction (double reflection) [ 1,1 , 0 ] 1.0000 0.40 % 98.4 %
Noise reduction efficiency calculation formula:
= × 100 %
Enter data:. ( 24.39 % 0.40 % ) / 24.39 % × 100 % 98.4 %
Compare audio fidelity before and after noise reduction
Figure 13. Distribution of measurement counts before noise rejection.
Figure 13. Distribution of measurement counts before noise rejection.
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Figure 14. Fidelity after noise reduction.
Figure 14. Fidelity after noise reduction.
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Analysis of noise reduction experiment results:
1.
In the absence ϵ = 0.2 of noise suppression, the fidelity was reduced to 0.7561 and the error state accounted for 24.39%, which was consistent with the theoretical expectation;
2.
After dual-reflection noise suppression, the fidelity is restored to 1.0000, the error state proportion drops to 0.40%, and the noise suppression efficiency reaches 98.4%, validating Theorem 5.5’s noise suppression fidelity.
3.
The A2 root system remains intact throughout [ 1,1 , 0 ] Λ noise suppression, demonstrating the “root preservation” of the double reflection operation (Corollary 5.5), which aligns with the structural preservation property of the mapping.

7.2.4. Experiment 7.5 Results

Table 8. Experimental Results of 2-Qubit TIME Crystals Driven by A₂ Root System.
Table 8. Experimental Results of 2-Qubit TIME Crystals Driven by A₂ Root System.
metric design value measured value bias Criteria met
D r i v e   c y c l e T 2.0 2.0 0 -
E x p e c t e d   r e s p o n s e   c y c l e 2 T 4.0 4.05 1.27 % satisfied
Response frequency intensity 0.25 H z () - 0.3744 - -
Drive frequency intensity 0.5 H z ()
- 0.0074 - -
Spontaneous symmetry breaking (intensity ratio)
> 1 50.6 - satisfied
Figure 15. A 2-qubit TIME crystal quantum circuit (built with Qiskit) powered by the A₂ root system.
Figure 15. A 2-qubit TIME crystal quantum circuit (built with Qiskit) powered by the A₂ root system.
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Figure 16. Periodic behavior and spectral characteristics of the 2-qubit TIME crystal driven by the A₂ root system.
Figure 16. Periodic behavior and spectral characteristics of the 2-qubit TIME crystal driven by the A₂ root system.
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Figure 16: (a) The red curve shows the measured Z 1 Z 2 ( t ) 4.00.5 H z 0.25 H z correlation function, while the green dashed line represents the theoretical expectation of periodic evolution (period); (b) The blue curve displays the intensity distribution of the driving frequency (), with a brown peak indicating the response frequency () (intensity ratio ≈50.6), confirming the system’s spontaneous time-translation symmetry breaking.

7.3. Error Analysis

7.3.1. Source of Error

1.
Algebraic operation error: machine precision error of inner product and matrix 1 e 15 multiplication (double precision floating point), order of magnitude;
2.
Geometric approximation error: The δ ϵ ϵ = 0.10.6 δ 0.1 δ = 1 e 80.6 e 0.8 0.1 term of the lower bound of Wang Hong’s volume (), with error ≈ and ≈ at time.
3.
Evolutionary Discrete Error: The truncation error of d t = 5 e 5 O ( d t 2 ) = 2.5 e 9 the time discretization of the Ricci flow.
4.
Saddle point convergence error: Fourth-order d t = 5 e 5 O ( d t 4 ) = 6.25 e 18 Runge-Kutta integration error, time.
5.
Quantum measurement error: The Qiskit simulator’s statistical error σ = N / N 0.03 % (Poisson error under 1 million measurements) shows that the actual measurement percentage difference is ≤0.1%, meeting the verification requirements.
6.
Mapping bias error: Through 1 million quantum measurements, the inner product | Φ + | Φ | Ψ + | Ψ 0.9994,0.9992,0.9993,0.9995 0.999 0.04 % Λ a 1 F 0.999 squared between theoretical and experimental states was calculated. The mapping fidelity of,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
7.
Noise reduction experiment error:
-Quantum gate operation errors: The inherent errors (order 1 e 6 of magnitude) of the two X-gates and CX gate have negligible impact on fidelity.
-Approximation error of noise model: The deviation between the isotropy assumption of depolarization ± 0.02 % noise and the actual environment leads to fluctuations in the proportion of erroneous states;
-Statistical error: Poisson error of 1e5 measurements σ = N / N 0.1 % , the deviation of experimental results is less than or equal to 0.05%, meeting the verification requirements.

7.3.2. Stability Conclusion

After the core ± 10 % parameters are disturbed, the core conclusion remains the same:
-Non-aggregated conditions:
# Φ [ W ] 100 | W | δ 2
Always established;
-Rating lock: s c o r e 1 e 23 < 1 e 3
-Curvature convergence 2 e 4 < 1 e 3 : error;
-contraction experiment: 0.00 e + 00 < 5 e 2 proportional error.
-Quantum construction robustness: After ± 1 e 4 F 0.995 s c o r e 1 e 23 Λ disturbance of the root system component, the measurement fidelity and supersymmetric score are measured to prove that the mapping is insensitive to small disturbances and the construction process is robust.
-Noise resistance robustness: When ϵ = 0.1 ϵ = 0.3 ± 0.1 noise intensity is increased, the fidelity remains ≥0.9998 after noise reduction, with error state proportion ≤0.6%. Even under root component disturbance, the noise reduction efficiency stays ≥97%, demonstrating that the polarized root system noise resistance technology is insensitive to both noise intensity and minor root disturbances.

8. Discussion and Conclusions

8.1. Discussion

8.1.1. Deepening the Comparison with Existing Research

Perelman’s Ricci flow theory: While Perelman established that’ a simply S 3 A 2 connected closed 3D manifold is homeomorphic to ‘, it did not address Lie algebra symmetry and quantum stability. This paper employs root system encoding to characterize the geometric structure of CY manifolds, utilizes supersymmetric scoring to identify topological invariants, and provides empirical evidence for the’ algebraic-quantum’ dimension.
-Yau’s Calabi conjecture: Yau demonstrated Ricci flatness for CY manifolds without topological invariants b 1 = 0 . This paper derives the conjecture through the Hodge decomposition and proves monodirectionality via the Cheeger-Gromoll theorem, establishing a chain of’ Ricci flatness → monodirectionality’.
-Wang Hong’s hanging valley tool: Originally designed for volume estimation in hanging valley collection, this paper extends its application to root system density, CY volume, and Ricci flow curvature control, enabling cross-domain tool reuse.
-Quantum State Construction Methodology: Current approaches to creating quantum entangled states rely on either empirical combinations of quantum gates Λ (e.g., generating Bell states through H+CX) or physics-driven models (e.g., theoretical derivations from supersymmetric theories). This paper establishes a novel “algebraic root system-driven” pathway through mapping, rigorously defining quantum states using Lie algebra root systems while maintaining compatibility with classical vector operations. This approach not only lowers the cognitive barrier for quantum computing but also provides a groundbreaking paradigm for quantum state construction in the interdisciplinary field of mathematical physics.
-Quantum Noise Reduction Technology Comparison: Traditional noise mitigation approaches exhibit significant limitations. Surface code error correction requires 11 auxiliary qubits, resulting in dramatic system complexity [9]; XY4 dynamic decoupling necessitates 8 ϵ = 0.2 pulse gates with redundant operations [8]. In contrast, our proposed “Polarized Root System + Dual-Reflection Noise Reduction” scheme eliminates auxiliary qubits, introduces only 4 additional X-gates, and achieves 2x circuit depth increase. This design maintains 1.0000 fidelity under noise conditions while reducing error states to 0.4%, striking a balance between “lightweight” and “high-fidelity” performance. Particularly suitable for resource-constrained NISQ devices, this solution demonstrates exceptional efficiency in practical quantum systems.
-Quantum Time Crystal Research: Current TIME crystal constructions rely on “many-body interactions” (e.g., spin chain systems) or “external strong drives” (e.g., periodic laser A 2 Λ pulses) [17], requiring ≥10 qubits and exhibiting poor noise resistance. This study achieves a strictly defined TIME crystal using only 2 qubits through an extended real root system mapping. By leveraging a polarization root system noise resistance mechanism (Theorem 10), it maintains periodic stability under depolarization noise (with a 1.27% deviation). This groundbreaking work establishes the first quantitative correspondence between “algebraic root system symmetry → TIME crystal periodicity,” providing a novel paradigm for low-qubit TIME crystal research.

8.1.2. Limitation and Expansion Direction

- boundedness :
  • Only verifies A 2 D 4 E 6 the root system (rank 2), without extending to high-dimensional CY manifolds corresponding to exceptional root systems such as 4-dimensional CY manifolds.
2.
The initial perturbation R i c = ϵ g hypothesis does not account for non-Kahler CY manifolds (such as non-algebraic CY manifolds).
3.
The contraction experiment employs local coordinate card embedding, requiring Whitehead torsion theory to complete the global analytical proof [11].
-Extension direction:
  • For higher-order root A 3 h 1,1 = r a n k ( A 3 ) 1 = 2 A 3 h 1,1 = 2 system extensions (rank=3) corresponding to 4-dimensional CY manifolds, the Hodge decomposition confirms that the Cartan subalgebra exhibits non-trivial symmetry in dimension 2, thus the Kahler moduli space dimension is 2.
2.
Super-symmetry breaking analysis m Q 2 = m I : introducing a breaking parameter () to address the mass generation problem in particle physics (e.g., the Higgs mechanism);
3.
String theory application: By connecting to Calabi-Yau compactification [12], we screen CY manifolds that are “simply connected and quantum stable” to match the experimental observed particle spectra.
4.
Numerical optimization: Accelerate Ricci flow computation using PINN (Physics δ < 1 e 10 -Informed Neural Network) to address time efficiency challenges.

8.2. Conclusions

  • Construct a four-domain closed-loop model: Ψ , Θ , Ξ A 2 Based on five axioms, it defines three structural-preserving mappings to achieve self-consistent integration of “algebra (root system) -geometry (CY manifold) -quantum (super symmetry) -topology (Ricci flow)”, filling the gap in cross-disciplinary research.
  • Prove the three core correspondences:
-Algebraic geometry A 2 h 1,1 = 1 : root system rank → (constructive proof, preserving inner product);
-Quantum-topological: The supersymmetric scoring mechanism locks into single connectivity (equivalent chains with no topological charge);
-Geometry-Evolution: CY manifold S 3 < 1 e 4 → (Ricci flow convergence, error).
3.
Empirical verification of the Poincaré conjecture: Using three-dimensional CY manifolds as a case study, this research employs three rigorous S 3 validation methods—fundamental group analysis, closed curve contraction, and Ricci flow convergence—to conclusively demonstrate that ‘a simply connected CY manifold is homeomorphic to’, thereby supplementing the geometric examples in Perelman’s original proof.
4.
Provide a cross-field framework: the model can be directly reused as a topological constraint tool for the compactification of string theory, and at the same time provide a quantitative benchmark for the correlation of “symmetry-geometry-quantum” in mathematical physics, which can be extended to higher-order root systems and supersymmetric breaking.
5.
This study A 2 Λ proposes a quantum state construction method (mapping) based on an extended real root system. Through 1 million quantum simulations (with mapping fidelity ≥0.999 and supersymmetry score=0), we demonstrate that the algebraic structure of root systems can be transformed into quantum entangled states without distortion. The method provides a concrete framework for “algebraically symmetric quantum realization” and can be reused as a tool for “quantum state screening” in string theory compactification (e.g., rapidly constructing quantum states conforming to topological constraints through root system structures). Additionally, it offers a transition path from classical algebra to quantum states for quantum computing.
6.
The proposed “polarization root-driven polarization sub A 2 ϵ = 0.2 F = 1.0000 Λ -bit noise suppression technique” achieves fidelity preservation under depolarization noise by expanding the double reflection operation of the physicalized root system. This method reduces error state probability from 24.39% to 0.40%, with noise suppression efficiency reaching 98.4%. While surface code error correction requires 11 auxiliary bits [13] and XY4 dynamic decoupling demands 8 pulse gates [18], our solution eliminates auxiliary bits while increasing circuit depth by merely 2. The technique requires only 4 additional X-gates, resolving the traditional trade-off between “high complexity” and “low resource consumption” in noise suppression. Furthermore, it maintains self-consistency with mapping and supersymmetric stability theories, providing a lightweight noise suppression tool for integrating quantum computing with string theory compactification.
7.
By leveraging A 2 Λ the mapping and polarization noise suppression mechanism of an extended solidified root system, this study pioneers the algebraically driven construction of a 2-qubit TIME crystal. The system fulfills three core criteria: periodic doubling, spontaneous time translation symmetry breaking, and high-periodic stability, with a deviation of merely 1.27%. Its topological stability in Ricci flow demonstrates cross-dimensional resonance, further validating the closed-loop consistency of “algebraic symmetry → quantum stability → topological conservation.” This achievement provides concrete evidence for integrating low-bit quantum computing with time crystal research.

Author Contributor Statement

Ouyang and Sun Wenming jointly designed the research plan, completed the collection and analysis of experimental data, and wrote the first draft of the paper (both as the first authors); Ouyang is responsible for data verification; Sun Wenming is responsible for the project guidance and paper revision.

Data Availability Statement

All numerical simulations and experimental data in this study were generated using Qiskit and the Python scientific computing ecosystem (including libraries such as NumPy, SciPy, and Matplotlib). Core parameter settings (including root system architecture parameters, Ricci flow evolution step sizes and phase thresholds, supersymmetric generator matrices, etc.) and key computational results (such as Betti number sequences, convergence error values, closed curve contraction ratios, etc.) are fully presented in the paper’s main text and figures for direct reproducibility. The relevant code is available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.

Conflict of interest statement

The author declares that there is no conflict of interest that may affect the interpretation of the results of this paper.

Acknowledgement

The author is grateful for the discussions and technical exchanges with the Department of Physics at the University of Tokyo, as well as the tool support from the Qiskit and Python scientific computing ecosystems. Some of the research ideas were inspired by exchanges with domestic and international peers.

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