Requirements for the Development of an App for a Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project: An Integrative Review

Fagner Alfredo Ardisson Cirino Campos; Fabio Biasotto Feitosa; Marciana Fernandes Moll; Igor de Oliveira Reis; José Carlos Sánchez-García; Carla Aparecida Arena Ventura

doi:10.20944/preprints202502.0719.v1

Submitted:

08 February 2025

Posted:

10 February 2025

You are already at the latest version

Abstract

The Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project (PRP) app is a tool designed to structure and organize mental health care, guided by the theoretical and practical principles of Psychosocial Rehabilitation (PR). This article aims to identify the functions, technological resources, and recommendations necessary for the development of a “psychosocial rehabilitation project app”. To achieve this, an integrative review was conducted with the research question: What recommendations, functions, and technological resources should be included in the prototyping and development of a “psychosocial rehabilitation project app” in mental health? In the search process, 834 articles were identified and exported to the online systematic review application Rayyan, resulting in 36 eligible articles for this study, along with one app. The reading of this material allowed the elicitation of three themes: Security and Privacy Policy; Design; and Software and Programming. To build a psychosocial rehabilitation project app, it is necessary to take the following precautions: guarantee the security and protection of data and choose technological resources that facilitate the management, construction, monitoring, and evaluation of psychosocial rehabilitation projects by mental health professionals.

Keywords:

projects

;

psychiatric rehabilitation

;

mobile applications

;

mental health

Subject:

Social Sciences - Psychiatry and Mental Health

1. Introduction

The Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project (PRP) is a tool that structures and organizes mental health care guided by the theoretical and practical precepts of Psychosocial Rehabilitation (PR). It also allows building and/or rescuing the contractuality of the psychiatric patient so that they can manage their life with autonomy, desires, values, and purposes, achieving social protagonism [1,2,3].

The literature shows that these projects, when done on paper, are bureaucratic, fragmented, decontextualized from the psychosocial needs of the psychiatric patient, and difficult to operationalize in mental health services [4,5]. In this sense, one way to dynamize them would be to adapt them to a mobile mHealth support technology, as this resource allows streamlining traditional processes in mental health [6,7,8], promoting the exercise of human rights, citizenship, accessibility to care, and mental health services, which can reduce inequalities and social injustices [9].

Therefore, it is necessary to develop digital tools, such as mental health apps to be used by mental health professionals to support the psychosocial rehabilitation of people with severe and persistent mental disorders, seeking to promote social inclusion, the construction of autonomy, social functionality, and the exercise of citizenship in this population [10].

However, there are few apps developed for psychosocial rehabilitation, and those that exist are focused on supporting the patient through gamification [10,11].

Therefore, developing mental health apps contextualized and adapted to the work environment and the “real” needs regarding mental health care provided by mental health professionals [12], especially considering the context of psychosocial rehabilitation and the difficulties of the psychosocial care network inserted in the Brazilian public health system (SUS), is necessary [2,4,5,13,14].

As considering this reality and the existing gap regarding the development of apps that favor the planning of psychosocial rehabilitation by health professionals [3,11], it is essential to develop scientific investigations on this topic. The literature shows that even though there is no standard for the development of a mental health app [15,16,17,18,19], there are common steps: 1- Exploratory and descriptive literature review for researchers or developers to know the state of the art about apps, identify similar apps and resources to support their idea, and gather initial prototyping requirements. 2- Co-design or consultations with mental health professionals to contextualize the requirements of the review or to know specific requirements. 3- Development and validations (technical, content, appearance, and usability) [4,14,15,16,17,18,19].

By following the requirements for prototyping, it is possible to develop mental health apps through the creative process, such as the "Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project App." Prototyping allows the principal researcher to actively participate in the app's visual design, functionality, and content, ensuring it aligns with its therapeutic purposes. This process is based on theoretical foundations that justify its therapeutic approach and is aligned with the prototyping requirements gathered from the literature review [15,20,21,22,23,24,25], content and appearance validation [23,24,26], and usability [16,27,28,29].

Thus, this article aims to identify initial requirements for the prototyping of the “Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project App”.

2. Materials and Methods

Exploratory, descriptive, and integrative literature review study as adapted from PRISMA guidelines, following research stages [30,31,32,33]: 1. Composition of the research question based on the PICo strategy. 2. Definition of inclusion and exclusion criteria. 3. Selection of Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS) and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and their respective synonyms. 4. Composition of the electronic search expression and its insertion into national and international databases. 5. Synthesis of the selected references.

The research question was constructed using the PICo strategy, where P is the population/research condition, I is the intervention, Co is the context [31]. Based on this reference, the following research question was delimited: What initial requirements are important to compose the prototype the “Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project App” in mental health? It should be noted that P is “initial requirements”, I is “compose the prototype the “Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project App”, and Co is “mental health.”

Considering this information, the controlled descriptors indexed in DeCS and MeSH were established, with their respective synonyms in Portuguese, English, and Spanish, and combined with Boolean operators (AND and OR) to construct the electronic search expression - completed with their synonyms, the short form can be seen below, and the complete form in the Table 1 [31]: P (“Design de Software” OR “Software Design” OR “Diseño de Software” OR ““Projeto de Sistemas” OR “System Design” OR “Diseño de Sistemas” OR “Software” OR “Software” OR “Programas Informáticos”) AND I (“Aplicativos Móveis” OR “Mobile Applications” OR “Aplicaciones Móviles” AND “Projetos” OR “Projects” OR “Proyectos” AND “Psychiatric Rehabilitation” OR “Psychiatric Rehabilitation” OR “Rehabilitación Psiquiátrica”) AND Co (“Mental Health” OR “Mental Health” OR “Salud Mental”).

This Complete Electronic Expression, table 1, was inserted on 12 August 2023, into the databases of the Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (Lilacs), Nursing Database (BDENF), International Literature in Health Sciences (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycNet via remote access through the Federated Academic Community (CAFe) on the Portal of Periodicals of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), searching by title, abstract, and keywords/DeCS/MeSH. For this purpose, complete articles published in Portuguese, English, and Spanish were included, in the period between 2019 and 2023, corresponding to 5 years. Duplicate articles and those that did not meet the research question (eligibility) were excluded (Figure 1).

Concurrently, the 834 articles were exported to the online systematic review application Rayyan QCRI for double-blind peer review based on titles and abstracts. As there were no conflicts among the reviewers, submission to a third evaluator was not necessary [34,35]. After reading the titles and abstracts of the 834 articles with the aid of Rayyan QCRI, 700 articles were excluded for not meeting the defined eligibility criteria, resulting in 134 articles. After a thorough full-text review, 98 articles were excluded, leaving 36 articles for inclusion in this study. These articles were re-read and synthesized to address the research question and objectives of this work (Table 2).

To complement the integrative literature review and gain a better understanding of technological products (apps) related to psychosocial rehabilitation apps, a search was conducted during the same period as the review (between 2019 and 2023) in Google Patents (N = 0), Espacenet (N = 1), Latipat - Espacenet (N = 0), Patentscope (N = 0), Play Store (N = 3), App Store (N = 0), and the Brazilian National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI) (N = 0). The following keywords were used in Portuguese, English, and Spanish: Projects, Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health and Apps/ Projects, Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health and App/ Proyectos, Rehabilitación Psicosocial y Salud Mental y Aplicaciones. An advanced search was conducted by title and/or abstract and/or full text words, when available. As inclusion criteria, titles and/or abstracts of patents/apps that described a relationship with the development of “Psychosocial Rehabilitation Projects Apps” were included, and as exclusion criteria, patents/apps that did not meet the eligibility criteria and were written in languages other than Portuguese, English, and Spanish were excluded.

This research resulted in 1 patent and 6 apps, which, after applying the exclusion and eligibility criteria [66,67], resulted in 3 mental health apps. After installing the apps on personal smartphones (of two researchers) to learn about their features, the patent was read and excluded because it did not have an available app and there were no details available due to copyright restrictions. Two apps were also excluded due to interface defects that prevented the evaluation of their functionalities. Therefore, only 1 mental health app was included (Table 3), which was analyzed in terms of its functions and technological resources (47).

Following Braun and Clarke's (2006, 2022, 2023) six-phase approach to thematic analysis, we analyzed the articles and the app. Initially, we immersed ourselves in the data (Phase 1), thoroughly reading and rereading the materials to gain a comprehensive understanding. This familiarization process led to the generation of initial codes (Phase 2) related to functions, technological resources, and recommendations. These codes were then systematically grouped into potential themes and sub-themes (Phase 3), reflecting recurring patterns and significant meanings within the data. We then rigorously reviewed and refined these candidate themes (Phase 4), ensuring they accurately represented the data and captured the nuances of the coded segments. This iterative process involved revisiting the data and codes to ensure coherence and comprehensiveness. Subsequently, we clearly defined and named the final themes and subthemes (Phase 5), providing concise labels that encapsulated the essence of each. To enhance the trustworthiness and validity of our findings, a second researcher independently reviewed the identified themes and codes (Phase 4), a process informed by best practices in collaborative thematic analysis. This independent verification helped mitigate potential researcher bias and strengthened the rigor of our analysis [47]. The resulting themes, subthemes, and illustrative codes are presented in Figure 2. This figure provides a clear and transparent overview of our analytical process and findings. It was created to visually encapsulate the structured approach and key themes identified, making the data more accessible and understandable. Guided by Braun and Clarke's framework, this structured approach allowed us to systematically analyze the data and develop a rich understanding of the key themes present.

3. Results

Presented below are the themes and corresponding codes that refer to initial requirements to compose the prototyping of the “Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project App”.

4. Discussion

For the prototyping of the “Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project App,” it is imperative that researchers pay attention to the simplicity of its design [44,60], as a simple appearance and functionalities do not make it unviable and do not prevent its personalization. Personalization (background, themes, and colors) of an app allows the user to feel represented and belonging to this app in a way that addresses diversities and gender representation and makes them feel included from its prototyping to its availability for download [40,42,49]. To make it attractive, there must be a configuration menu so that the user can edit profile information, choose avatars or photos, and make adjustments related to necessary functionality/update notifications [24,40,45,51]. Personalization should be planned and designed in advance in the app’s design.

The design needs to be user-centered and have content and technological resources that unfold into images, icons, and texts [46,56], buttons, and menus that meet their functionality and are based on theoretical support and/or scientific evidence [12,40,46], with the inclusion of colorful icons and appropriate screen sizes, a pleasant, modern aesthetic, and avoiding cognitive overload [25,35,46,54,56].

Another important requirement is interactivity and ease of use [64], which favors effective participation and testing by the target audience [55]. Furthermore, it is essential that mental health apps have accessibility, which is expressed through the inclusion of diversities and human particularities, being a factor that influences engagement [41,43,49], which represents the user’s involvement in using a mental health app and performing their tasks/actions [58]. In this way, accessibility should be valued, since, in most cases, mental health apps have a barrier to their effectiveness in the real world due to a lack of involvement with the user because they are decontextualized from their reality [38].

However, research has shown that the prototype or development of a mental health app with all the technological resources currently available to researchers and developers tends to generate difficulties in its use among its users [24,38,60]. Among the technological resources indicated, the following stand out: internet access, which is the main source of research on health/mental health information for professionals and users [40,46,68], mental health care reminders [24,49,52], calendars with dates and management of schedules and appointments [55], GPS to locate mental health services [12,35], chatbot - an automatic robot for interaction with users with pre-programmed prompts [61], multimedia [24,53,56], personalized feedback through prompts, which allow for rapid intervention, reports for the composition of metrics, refined or raw data about their activities [42], a resource for connecting with a therapist (through video calls, chat, and other media resources) [39,45], gamification [10], Artificial Intelligence [39,45,69] with the help of voice commands and multimedia (sound captures), wearables that allow learning about human behavior [52] through the algorithm [39,45,48,50,69].

The stage at which researchers and developers choose the technological resources to be used in mental health apps is prototyping, and at this moment, the app’s design is improved and sketched, and subsequently, development proceeds, focusing on programming to activate the mental health app, enabling its interoperability, usability [53], and choice of operating system [56,70]. At this stage, it is also defined whether the code used will be open or not [36,53]. The programming of mental health apps requires special attention to adaptability and interoperability. Adaptability allows the app to be modified to meet the constantly evolving needs of users. Interoperability, in turn, ensures that the app can share data with other health systems, facilitating integration and access to relevant information. These characteristics are fundamental to ensure the usability of the app and its ability to prevent technical problems, as pointed out by [58,25].

Data privacy and security are also a barrier to the usability of mental health apps [50,71], requiring developers and researchers to implement security and risk management measures and strategies, through interventions for cases of privacy invasion through data leakage [41,72]. Measures such as encryption [51], logout after five minutes of continuous non-use of the app by its user, password protection and password verification by email, smartphones, and/or facial or digital detection [38,45], can prevent privacy violations and data theft [6,35,44,55,56,73,74].

Often, the large amount of data produced by mental health apps is stored in the cloud [56] to reduce the memory load on the user’s smartphone and also ensure that data is not lost [40]. Generally, cloud services contracted from trusted companies are encrypted, but by outsourcing, the risk of data invasion increases and control is lost by the app owners and the user themselves [74]. Data mining has been used with the support of artificial intelligence to use data for mental health intervention, make diagnoses, and prevention, which is still a little-explored field, and has been justified as a way to ensure quality in different aspects involving information, such as assessment, diagnoses, evolutions, records, and images produced in health [45,53].

The access to the internet through health applications faces the issue of data confidentiality [73,74,75]. This problem worsens when it comes to data produced in the field of mental health, which are sensitive and generally used as criteria for diagnosing mental disorders and their comorbidities [73]. In the prototype of the “Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project App”, researchers and developers intend to build a data protection and security policy, with the assistance of a professional lawyer, to address the ethical standards and conditions of use of the app. For this purpose, the authors' recommendations will be used [73,76]. The concept of Netiquette – good practices on the internet – will be encouraged among users by the data protection and security policy [77]. Users will be strongly discouraged from sharing patient data (without their authorization) with third parties, under penalty of copyright infringement, guaranteed by the app's responsible parties, the exclusion of the profile, communication to professional councils, and police and judicial authorities for due action [6,73,74].

Thus, the prototype of “Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project App”, as an idealized product, emerges anchored in the theory of psychosocial rehabilitation and the structure of the psychosocial rehabilitation project [1,2,3,78] and in developing this research, it was found that there is no app in the consulted databases on mental health with the purpose of facilitating the management, construction, monitoring, and evaluation of psychosocial rehabilitation projects by mental health professionals.

In this sense, the prototyping of the “Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project App'” will be based on graphic design methodology, which allows researchers/developers to use subjective aspects, such as intuitiveness and professional experience, during the creative process of developing technological products [22,79,80]. Its entire construction of the prototype will take place in the Marvel software [81], with the creative process guided by the pursuit of simplicity [60], translation, and dialogue between technology and mental health [7]. This approach aims to balance its functionality with the design oriented by the artistic process of the researchers/developers [7,22].

Although this is both an opportunity for transformation and improvement in mental health care, it is also a great challenge, as there is an immense amount of technological resources that can be integrated into the “Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project App”, whether substantially in prototyping, and later, in development, requiring researchers and developers to make assertive choices that result in an easy-to-use app with moderate to high usability [24,38]. And that guarantees data security without violating human rights [38,55,74,82].

4.1. Directions Futures

The next steps are aimed at developing the “Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project App”, based on the PCC (Population, Concept, and Context) framework [7]. The user Population will consist of mental health professionals (e.g., psychiatric nurses, doctors, psychologists, therapists, etc.). The Concept is the Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project: a systematic care instrument based on the Theory of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, defined with phases: assessment, goals, interventions, and agreements. The Context will be the CAPS service (psychosocial rehabilitation care environment). To this end, a focus group will be conducted with the CAPS team to define the prototyping requirements contextualized to the work environment of these professionals, to be integrated into the design of the "Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project App”. Through the creative process and leap of the principal researcher, using the Marvel prototyping tool [22,81], this creative process will always be guided by the theoretical support of Psychosocial Rehabilitation and the structure defined in the literature of the Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project [2,3,78] , as can be seen In Table 3 below, which allows capturing the requirements defined in Figure 2, findings of the present research, selected and adapted according to the process and creative leap, and in accordance with the structure of the Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project [2,3,7,22,79,80]. In addition, the next research steps will use health professionals' consultancy through prototype validation [16,23,24,83,84,85,86]. Finally, for the authors, the creative leap allows for changes, as the researchers' creativity and other emerging senses can add changes and innovation to make the prototype of the “Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project App” coherent, adequate, and functional, without compromising its future development and usability [22,24,56].

Table 4. Initial Requirements for the Prototyping of the Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project App.

DESIGN
Aesthetics	Design with a color palette ranging from beige to gray, providing visual contrast for the user. Intuitive features or with a clear description of their functionality (what it does). Users can customize the app with their photo/avatar. The design adapts to all operating systems and user hardware without losing its features and visualization.
Visual	- Home (multimedia video explaining the Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project). -Projects (Create and view the created projects). -Progress (Insert or view progress). -Resources (Edit profile, help and support, and technical information).
Textual	- Home (Opening phrase: “Permeating life projects with meanings and significances built in the habitat, social network, and work”, and Tips on Psychosocial Rehabilitation). -Projects (based on the structure of the Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project: evaluation, diagnoses, goals, agreements, and interventions). -Progress (text editing). -Resources (credible content, contextualized to the Brazilian public health system).
SOFTWARE AND PROGRAMMING
Background Technology	Webapps are types of applications recommended for their ability to allow compatibility with any operating system, to be used through a link by the user (72).
Functions	- Share (generate link for PDF, print or save on hardware/cloud, or share via WhatsApp, email, etc.). - User Support (consult references on Psychosocial Rehabilitation, mental health legislation, productivity records, usage metrics, and contact with developers/researchers). - Mental Health Support Services (research on services in the Brazilian psychosocial network). - Add New Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project (possibility to add a new project using patient care data). - Search Patient/Project (search the patient's project by name, facilitating its location among several constructed projects).
PRIVACY AND DATA PROTECTION POLICY
Security and privacy policy (legal term regarding the use of the app and responsibilities). Encryption of stored data, so that not even researchers and developers can see the data entered by third parties. Password recovery and verification via email and mobile phone.

Source: prepared by the author (2024).

5. Conclusions

The prototyping of the “Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project App” should prioritize data security and protection, simplicity in design, and the integration of technological resources that facilitate the management, construction, monitoring, and evaluation of psychosocial rehabilitation projects by mental health professionals. The integrative review conducted in this work identified three main themes: Privacy and Data Protection Policy; Design; and Software and Programming. These themes are crucial to ensure that the application meets the needs of mental health professionals and patients, making it important and justified to reflect on these themes before prototyping, which become initial prototyping requirements. The review provided a list of many technological resources and recommendations regarding data privacy, requiring researchers to reflect on their feasibility, so that their choices are aligned with the creative process and functionality of the “Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project App”, always guided by the Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project structure.

Finally, a limitation of this study is the lack of practical validation of the identified requirements, which suggests the need for future studies to test and validate the effectiveness of the prototype in real-use contexts.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, F.A.A.C.C. and M.F.M.; methodology, F.A.A.C.C.; software, F.A.A.C.C.; validation, F.A.A.C.C., M.F.M. and F.B.F.; formal analysis, F.A.A.C.C.; investigation, F.A.A.C.C.; resources, F.A.A.C.C.; data curation, F.A.A.C.C.; writing—original draft preparation, F.A.A.C.C., F.B.F., M.F.M.; writing—review and editing, F.A.A.C.C., F.B.F., M.F.M.; visualization, F.A.A.C.C., F.B.F., M.F.M.; supervision, F.B.F., M.F.M.; project administration, F.A.A.C.C., F.B.F., M.F.M.; writing—review and editing, F.A.A.C.C., F.B.F., M.F.M.; visualization, F.A.A.C.C., F.B.F., M.F.M.; supervision, F.B.F., M.F.M.; funding acquisition, F.A.A.C.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was partially funded by Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel—Brazil (CAPES), grant number 001.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable for studies not involving humans or animals.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable for studies not involving humans.

Data Availability Statement

The results of the review can be found at Resultado RIL.pptx.

Acknowledgments

To the Psychiatric Nursing Program of the School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto (EERP-USP), to the Doctoral Program in Psychology of the Doctoral School of the University of Salamanca (USAL), to the Faculty of Psychology of the University of Salamanca (USAL), and to the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

Babinski T, Hirdes A. Reabilitação psicossocial: a perspectiva de profissionais de centros de atenção psicossocial do Rio Grande do Sul. Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem. dezembro de 2004;13(4):568–76.
Campos FAAC, Silva JCB da, Almeida JM de, Feitosa FB. Reabilitação Psicossocial: o Relato de um Caso na Amazônia. Saúde em Redes [Internet]. 2021;7(Supl. 2):1–18. Disponível em: http://revista.redeunida.org.br/ojs/index.php/rede-unida/article/view/3272.
Godinho DM, Peixoto Junior CA. Clínica em movimento: a cidade como cenário do acompanhamento terapêutico. Fractal (Niterói). 2 de novembro de 2019;31(3):320–7.
Antonio CR, Mangini FN da R, Lunkes AS, Marinho L de CP, Zubiaurre P de M, Rigo J, et al. Projeto terapêutico singular: potencialidades e dificuldades na saúde mental. Linhas Críticas. 2023;29(e45423):1–14.
Silva AFL da, Mendes AMP. REABILITAÇÃO PSICOSSOCIAL E CIDADANIA: O TRABALHO E A GERAÇÃO DE RENDA NO CONTEXTO DA OFICINA DE PANIFICAÇÃO DO CAPS GRÃO-PARÁ. Cadernos Brasileiros de Saúde mental. 2020;12(33):55–74.
Gooding P. Mapping the rise of digital mental health technologies: Emerging issues for law and society. Int J Law Psychiatry. 1^o de novembro de 2019;67(101498):1–11. [CrossRef]
Miralles I, Granell C. Considerations for designing context-aware mobile apps for mental health interventions. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 1^o de abril de 2019;16(7):1–21. [CrossRef]
Neary M, Schueller SM. State of the Field of Mental Health Apps. Cogn Behav Pract. 1^o de novembro de 2018;25(4):531–7. [CrossRef]
Garay CJ, Celleri M. Aplicaciones móviles en salud mental: percepción y perspectivas en Argentina. Psicodebate. 1^o de junho de 2022;22(1):38–48.
Lopes RP, Barroso B, Deusdado L, Novo A, Guimarães M, Teixeira JP, et al. Digital Technologies for Innovative Mental Health Rehabilitation. Electronics (Basel) [Internet]. 14 de setembro de 2021;10(18):2260. Disponível em: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/10/18/2260. [CrossRef]
Gainsford K, Fitzgibbon B, Fitzgerald PB, Hoy KE. Transforming treatments for schizophrenia: Virtual reality, brain stimulation and social cognition. Psychiatry Res. junho de 2020;288:112974. [CrossRef]
Li H, Lewis C, Chi H, Singleton G, Williams N. Mobile health applications for mental illnesses: An Asian context. Asian J Psychiatr. 1^o de dezembro de 2020;54(102209):1–6. [CrossRef]
Acebal JS, Barbosa GC, Domingos T da S, Bocchi SCM, Paiva ATU. O habitar na reabilitação psicossocial: análise entre dois Serviços Residenciais Terapêuticos. Saúde em Debate [Internet]. dezembro de 2020;44(127):1120–33. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-11042020000401120&tlng=pt.
Zubiaurre P de M, Wasum FD, Tisott ZL, Barroso TMMD de A, De Oliveira MAF, De Siqueira DF. O desenvolvimento do projeto terapêutico singular na saúde mental: revisão integrativa. Arquivos de Ciências da Saúde da UNIPAR [Internet]. 21 de junho de 2023;27(6):2788–804. Disponível em: https://ojs.revistasunipar.com.br/index.php/saude/article/view/10288.
Bezerra EA do AC, Ferreira AA, Bezerra SAC, Portela L da C, Bezerra Júnior SAC. Desenvolvimento de um protótipo móvel para auxiliar enfermeiros: Diagnóstico de enfermagem em saúde mental. Revista Contemporânea [Internet]. 10 de agosto de 2023;3(8):11228–46. Disponível em: https://ojs.revistacontemporanea.com/ojs/index.php/home/article/view/1119.
Costa BC. Aconchego: Construção e validação de aplicativo para apoio à saúde Mental [Dissertação]. [Sobral]: Universidade Federal do Ceará; 2023.
Giovanelli A, Sanchez Karver T, Roundfield KD, Woodruff S, Wierzba C, Wolny J, et al. The Appa Health App for Youth Mental Health: Development and Usability Study. JMIR Form Res. 4 de outubro de 2023;7:e49998. [CrossRef]
Chow PI. Developing Mental or Behavioral Health Mobile Apps for Pilot Studies by Leveraging Survey Platforms: A Do-it-Yourself Process. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth [Internet]. 20 de abril de 2020;8(4):1–24. Disponível em: https://mhealth.jmir.org/2020/4/e15561. [CrossRef]
Honaker MG, Weitlauf AS, Swanson AR, Hooper M, Sarkar N, Wade J, et al. Paisley: Preliminary validation of a novel app-based <scp>e-Screener</scp> for <scp>ASD</scp> in children 18–36 months. Autism Research [Internet]. 21 de outubro de 2023;16(10):1963–75. Disponível em: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aur.2997. [CrossRef]
Na H, Jo M, Lee C, Kim D. Development and Evaluation: A Behavioral Activation Mobile Application for Self-Management of Stress for College Students. Healthcare [Internet]. 27 de setembro de 2022;10(10):1880. Disponível em: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/10/1880. [CrossRef]
Mota AAS, Cecchin HFG, Pimentel SM, Spíndola MR, Mota MRS, Martins H, et al. Desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia mHealth para prevenção e literacia em saúde mental entre jovens universitários. Revista Observatório. 31 de dezembro de 2023;9(1):1–16.
Vial S, Boudhraâ S, Dumont M, Tremblay M, Riendeau S. Developing A Mobile App With a Human-Centered Design Lens to Improve Access to Mental Health Care (Mentallys Project): Protocol for an Initial Co-Design Process. JMIR Res Protoc. 22 de agosto de 2023;12:e47220. [CrossRef]
Cunha LPC, Reis PLC dos, Casarin RG, Caritá EC, Silva SS. Desenvolvimento de aplicativo móvel como estratégia de educação para o matriciamento em saúde mental. Debates em Educação Científica e Tecnológica (DECT) [Internet]. 2023;13(x):165–85. Disponível em: http://ojs.ifes.edu.br/index.php/dect/about.
Birrell L, Furneaux-Bate A, Debenham J, Spallek S, Newton N, Chapman C. Development of a Peer Support Mobile App and Web-Based Lesson for Adolescent Mental Health (Mind Your Mate): User-Centered Design Approach. JMIR Form Res. 1^o de maio de 2022;6(5). [CrossRef]
Rosenfeld EA, Lyman C, Roberts JE. Development of an mHealth App–Based Intervention for Depressive Rumination (RuminAid): Mixed Methods Focus Group Evaluation. JMIR Form Res. 1^o de dezembro de 2022;6(12):1–27. [CrossRef]
Jorge MSB, Costa LSP, Carvalho MRR, Mamede RS de B, Morais JB de, Paula ML de. Mobile web application for use in the Extended Family Health and Primary Care Center: content and usability validation. Revista CEFAC [Internet]. 2020;22(3):1–8. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-18462020000300509&tlng=en.
Ferreira LF de A, Benevides AMLN, Rabelo JAF, Medeiros MS, Barros Filho EM de, Sanders LLO, et al. Desenvolvimento, Satisfação e Usabilidade de plataforma móvel para monitoramento da saúde mental de estudantes universitários. Research, Society and Development. 23 de janeiro de 2022;11(2):e19911225525.
Kuck N, Dietel FA, Nohr L, Vahrenhold J, Buhlmann U. A smartphone app for the prevention and early intervention of body dysmorphic disorder: Development and evaluation of the content, usability, and aesthetics. Internet Interv [Internet]. abril de 2022;28:100521. Disponível em: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214782922000288. [CrossRef]
Ruf A, Koch ED, Ebner-Priemer U, Knopf M, Reif A, Matura S. Studying Microtemporal, Within-Person Processes of Diet, Physical Activity, and Related Factors Using the APPetite-Mobile-App: Feasibility, Usability, and Validation Study. J Med Internet Res. 5 de julho de 2021;23(7):e25850.
Morgado T, Loureiro L, Botelho M. Intervenção psicoeducacional promotora da literacia em saúde mental de adolescentes na escola: estudo com grupos focais. Revista de Enfermagem Referência. 30 de junho de 2021;V Série(N^o6).
Campos FAAC, Orfão NH. População em Situação de Rua sob a Perspectiva da Intersetorialidade e Direitos Humanos na Gestão do Cuidado em Saúde. Saúde em Redes [Internet]. 8 de julho de 2022;8(sup1):179–89. Disponível em: http://revista.redeunida.org.br/ojs/index.php/rede-unida/article/view/3486.
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Antes G, Atkins D, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Vol. 6, PLoS Medicine. Public Library of Science; 2009. [CrossRef]
Galvão TF, Tiguman GMB, Sarkis-Onofre R, Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. A declaração PRISMA 2020: Diretriz atualizada para relatar revisões sistemáticas. Epidemiologia e Servicos de Saude. 2022;31(2).
Bear HA, Nunes LA, DeJesus J, Liverpool S, Moltrecht B, Neelakantan L, et al. Determination of Markers of Successful Implementation of Mental Health Apps for Young People: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 9 de novembro de 2022;24(11):1–28. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36350704. [CrossRef]
Chan AHY, Honey MLL. User perceptions of mobile digital apps for mental health: Acceptability and usability - An integrative review. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs [Internet]. 18 de fevereiro de 2022;29(1):147–68. Disponível em: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jpm.12744. [CrossRef]
González-Pérez A, Matey-Sanz M, Granell C, Díaz-Sanahuja L, Bretón-López J, Casteleyn S. AwarNS: A framework for developing context-aware reactive mobile applications for health and mental health. J Biomed Inform. 1^o de maio de 2023;141(104359):1–20. [CrossRef]
Gaebel W, Lukies R, Kerst A, Stricker J, Zielasek J, Diekmann S, et al. Upscaling e-mental health in Europe: a six-country qualitative analysis and policy recommendations from the eMEN project. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1^o de setembro de 2021;271(6):1005–16. [CrossRef]
Wu A, Scult MA, Barnes ED, Betancourt JA, Falk A, Gunning FM. Smartphone apps for depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis of techniques to increase engagement. NPJ Digit Med. 1^o de dezembro de 2021;4(1):1–9. [CrossRef]
Hariman K, Ventriglio A, Bhugra D. The Future of Digital Psychiatry. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 1^o de setembro de 2019;21(9):1–8. [CrossRef]
Ramos G, Ponting C, Labao JP, Sobowale K. Considerations of diversity, equity, and inclusion in mental health apps: A scoping review of evaluation frameworks. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1^o de dezembro de 2021;147(103990):1–15. [CrossRef]
Huckvale K, Nicholas J, Torous J, Larsen ME. Smartphone apps for the treatment of mental health conditions: status and considerations. Curr Opin Psychol. 1^o de dezembro de 2020;36:65–70. [CrossRef]
Hanssen E, Balvert S, Oorschot M, Borkelmans K, van Os J, Delespaul P, et al. An ecological momentary intervention incorporating personalised feedback to improve symptoms and social functioning in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Res. 1^o de fevereiro de 2020;284(12695):1–8. [CrossRef]
Lemon C, Huckvale K, Carswell K, Torous J. A Narrative Review of Methods for Applying User Experience in the Design and Assessment of Mental Health Smartphone Interventions. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2020;36(1):64–70. [CrossRef]
Torous J, Vaidyam A. Multiple uses of app instead of using multiple apps- A case for rethinking the digital health technology toolbox. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2020;29(e100):1–2. [CrossRef]
Miller E, Polson D. Apps, Avatars, and Robots: The Future of Mental Healthcare. Vol. 40, Issues in Mental Health Nursing. Taylor and Francis Ltd; 2019. p. 208–14.
Bucci S, Schwannauer M, Berry N. The digital revolution and its impact on mental health care. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. 1^o de junho de 2019;92(2):277–97. [CrossRef]
Ng MM, Firth J, Minen M, Torous J. User engagement in mental health apps: A review of measurement, reporting, and validity. Psychiatric Services. 2019;70(7):538–44. [CrossRef]
Kenny R, Fitzgerald A, Segurado R, Dooley B. Is there an app for that? A cluster randomised controlled trial of a mobile app–based mental health intervention. Health Informatics J. 1^o de setembro de 2020;26(3):1538–59. [CrossRef]
Quintana M, Anderberg P, Berglund JS, Frögren J, Cano N, Cellek S, et al. Feasibility-usability study of a tablet app adapted specifically for persons with cognitive impairment—smart4md (Support monitoring and reminder technology for mild dementia). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2 de setembro de 2020;17(6816):1–21. [CrossRef]
Nordgreen T, Rabbi F, Torresen J, Skar YS, Guribye F, Inal Y, et al. Challenges and possible solutions in cross-disciplinary and cross-sectorial research teams within the domain of e-mental health. J Enabling Technol. 12 de outubro de 2021;15(4):241–51. [CrossRef]
Mukhiya SK, Lamo Y, Rabbi F. A Reference Architecture for Data-Driven and Adaptive Internet-Delivered Psychological Treatment Systems: Software Architecture Development and Validation Study. JMIR Hum Factors. 1^o de abril de 2022;9(2):1–30. [CrossRef]
Alqahtani F, Al Khalifah G, Oyebode O, Orji R. Apps for Mental Health: An Evaluation of Behavior Change Strategies and Recommendations for Future Development. Front Artif Intell. 17 de dezembro de 2019;2(30):1–11. [CrossRef]
Timakum T, Xie Q, Song M. Analysis of E-mental health research: mapping the relationship between information technology and mental healthcare. BMC Psychiatry. 1^o de dezembro de 2022;22(1):1–17. [CrossRef]
Bianco CL, Myers AL, Smagula S, Fortuna KL. Can Smartphone Apps Assist People with Serious Mental Illness in Taking Medications as Prescribed? Sleep Med Clin [Internet]. 1^o de março de 2021;16(1):213–22. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33485529.
Bush NE, Armstrong CM, Hoyt T V. Smartphone apps for psychological health: A brief state of the science review. Psychol Serv. 1^o de maio de 2019;16(2):188–95. [CrossRef]
Callan JA, Jacob JD, Siegle GJ, Dey A, Thase ME, Dabbs AD, et al. CBT MobileWork : User-Centered Development and Testing of a Mobile Mental Health Application for Depression. Cognit Ther Res. 1^o de abril de 2021;45(2):287–302. [CrossRef]
Chan S, Li L, Torous J, Gratzer D, Yellowlees PM. Review and Implementation of Self-Help and Automated Tools in Mental Health Care. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1^o de dezembro de 2019;42(4):597–609. [CrossRef]
Lipschitz JM, Boxtel R Van, Torous J, Firth J, Lebovitz JG, Burdick KE, et al. Digital Mental Health Interventions for Depression: Scoping Review of User Engagement. J Med Internet Res. 1^o de outubro de 2022;24(10):1–19. [CrossRef]
Burchert S, Alkneme MS, Bird M, Carswell K, Cuijpers P, Hansen P, et al. User-centered app adaptation of a low-intensity e-mental health intervention for Syrian refugees. Front Psychiatry. 2019;9(663):1–18. [CrossRef]
Hoffman L, Benedetto E, Huang H, Grossman E, Kaluma D, Mann Z, et al. Augmenting mental health in primary care: A 1-Year Study of Deploying Smartphone Apps in a Multi-site Primary Care/Behavioral Health Integration Program. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10(94):1–10. [CrossRef]
Kruzan KP, Reddy M, Washburn JJ, Mohr DC. Developing a Mobile App for Young Adults with Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: A Prototype Feedback Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 1^o de dezembro de 2022;19(23):1–23. [CrossRef]
Borghouts J, Eikey E, Mark G, Leon C de, Schueller SM, Schneider M, et al. Barriers to and facilitators of user engagement with digital mental health interventions: Systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 1^o de março de 2021;23(3):1–29. [CrossRef]
Marciniak MA, Shanahan L, Rohde J, Schulz A, Wackerhagen C, Kobylińska D, et al. Standalone Smartphone Cognitive Behavioral Therapy–Based Ecological Momentary Interventions to Increase Mental Health: Narrative Review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth [Internet]. 12 de novembro de 2020;8(11):1–46. Disponível em: https://mhealth.jmir.org/2020/11/e19836. [CrossRef]
McCall T, Ali MO, Yu F, Fontelo P, Khairat S. Development of a Mobile App to Support Self-management of Anxiety and Depression in African American Women: Usability Study. JMIR Form Res [Internet]. 17 de agosto de 2021;5(8):e24393. Disponível em: https://formative.jmir.org/2021/8/e24393. [CrossRef]
Martinengo L, Stona AC, Griva K, Dazzan P, Pariante CM, von Wangenheim F, et al. Self-guided Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Apps for Depression: Systematic Assessment of Features, Functionality, and Congruence With Evidence. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 30 de julho de 2021;23(7):e27619. Disponível em: https://www.jmir.org/2021/7/e27619.
Eis S, Solà-Morales O, Duarte-Díaz A, Vidal-Alaball J, Perestelo-Pérez L, Robles N, et al. Mobile Applications in Mood Disorders and Mental Health: Systematic Search in Apple App Store and Google Play Store and Review of the Literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 1^o de fevereiro de 2022;19(4):1–15. [CrossRef]
Salehi F, Kermani ZA, Khademian F, Aslani A. Critical Appraisal of Mental Health Applications. Stud Health Technol Inform [Internet]. 2019;261:303–8. Disponível em: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31156135.
Parmar P, Ryu J, Pandya S, Sedoc J, Agarwal S. Health-focused conversational agents in person-centered care: a review of apps. NPJ Digit Med. 1^o de dezembro de 2022;5(1):1–9. [CrossRef]
Torous JB, Chan SR, Yee-Marie Tan Gipson S, Kim JW, Nguyen TQ, Luo J, et al. A hierarchical framework for evaluation and informed decision making regarding smartphone apps for clinical care. Psychiatric Services. 1^o de maio de 2018;69(5):498–500.
Statcounter. https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share. 2024. p. 1–2 Operating System Market Share Worldwide.
Simões de Almeida R, Marques A. User engagement in mobile apps for people with schizophrenia: A scoping review. Front Digit Health. 10 de janeiro de 2023;4:1–26.
Pokhrel P, Karmacharya R, Taylor Salisbury T, Carswell K, Kohrt BA, Jordans MJD, et al. Perception of healthcare workers on mobile app-based clinical guideline for the detection and treatment of mental health problems in primary care: a qualitative study in Nepal. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 1^o de dezembro de 2021;21(1):1–12. [CrossRef]
Martinez-Martin N, Greely HT, Cho MK. Ethical development of digital phenotyping tools for mental health applications: Delphi study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 1^o de julho de 2021;9(7). [CrossRef]
Queiroz G. Second Mind: Considerações Ético-Legais sobre a Digitalização em Saúde Mental no Contexto Português. Revista Portuguesa de Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental. 24 de junho de 2022;8(3):96–104.
Winnike AN, Dale BJ. REWIRING MENTAL HEALTH: LEGAL AND REGULATORY SOLUTIONS FOR THE EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF TELEPSYCHIATRY AND TELEMENTAL HEALTH CARE. Houst J Health Law Policy [Internet]. 2017;17(21):21–103. Disponível em: https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice.
Lagan S, Emerson MR, King D, Matwin S, Chan SR, Proctor S, et al. Mental Health App Evaluation: Updating the American Psychiatric Association’s Framework Through a Stakeholder-Engaged Workshop. Psychiatric Services. 1^o de setembro de 2021;72(9):1095–8. [CrossRef]
Martín-Herrera I. Cortesía en Internet. Presentación de una guía multidisciplinar sobre la netiqueta. Anagramas Rumbos y Sentidos de la Comunicación. 14 de fevereiro de 2023;21(42):1–22.
Campos FAACC, García JCS, Feitosa FB, Reis I de O, Caritá EC, Moll MF, et al. Theoretical and bioethical foundations for the development of the psychosocial rehabilitation project application. Saúde em Redes. 2025;
Paschoarelli LC, Silva JCP da. Importância do estudo metodológico para o desenvolvimento da área do design informacional. Em: Rumos da Pesquisa no Design Contemporâneo: Relação Tecnologia × Humanidade [Internet]. 2013. p. 50–67. Disponível em: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281873709.
Paschoarelli LC, Medola FO, Bonfim GH. Características Qualitativas, Quantitativas e Quali-quantitativas de Abordagens Científicas: estudos de caso na subárea do Design Ergonômico. Revista de Design, Tecnologia e Sociedade. 2015;2(1):65–78.
Ponce EK, Cruz MF, Andrade-Arenas L. Machine Learning Applied to Prevention and Mental Health Care in Peru. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications. 2022;13(1):823–31. [CrossRef]
Torous J, Roberts LW. The Ethical Use of Mobile Health Technology in Clinical Psychiatry. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1^o de janeiro de 2017;205(1):4–8. [CrossRef]
Castro RAS de. Desenvolvimento de protótipo de tecnologia digital para apoio aos profissionais de enfermagem frente ao estresse ocupacional: proposta de intervenção. [Ribeirão Preto]: Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto; 2021.
Viana LS, Oliveira EN, Vasconcelos MIO, Fernandes CAR, Dutra MCX, Almeida PC de. Desenvolvimento e validação de um jogo educativo sobre uso abusivo de drogas e o risco de suicídio. SMAD, Revista Eletrônica Saúde Mental Álcool e Drogas (Edição em Português) [Internet]. 7 de junho de 2023;19(2):16–25. Disponível em: https://www.revistas.usp.br/smad/article/view/188483.
Farias QLT. Tecnologia educativa digital para promoção da saúde mental de adolescentes: estudo de validação por especialistas. [Sobral]: Universidade Federal do Ceará; 2021.
Gusmão ECR. CONSTRUÇÃO E VALIDAÇÃO DE UM APLICATIVO DE IDENTIFICAÇÃO DAS HABILIDADES ADAPTATIVAS DE CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES COM DEFICIÊNCIA INTELECTUAL. [Belo Horizonte]: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; 2019.

Figure 1. Steps flowchart for selection of articles for this integrative literature review. Source: prepared by the author (2024).

Figure 2. presents the possible composition of the prototype “Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project App”. Source: Preparation of the authors, 2024.

Table 1. Description of the search expression, based on the indexed descriptors and their respective synonyms combined using the Boolean operators.

PICo	DeCs/MeSH	SYNONYMS
P	“Design de Software” OR “Software Design” OR “Diseño de Software”	“Desenho de Programas de Computador” OR “Diagrama de Bloco (Computação)” OR “Diagramas de Bloco (Computação)” OR “Fluxograma (Computação)” OR “Fluxogramas (Computação)” OR “Projeto de Programas de Computador” OR “Projeto de Software” OR “Design, Software” OR “Designs, Software” OR “Software Designs” OR “Flowcharts (Computer)” OR “Flowchart (Computer)” OR “Flow Charts (Computer)” OR “Chart, Flow (Computer)” OR “Charts, Flow (Computer)” OR “Flow Chart (Computer)” OR “Flowcharts” OR “Flowchart” OR “diagrama de flujo (informática)” OR “diagramas de flujo (informática)” OR “diseño de programas Informáticos”
	OR
	“Projeto de Sistemas” OR “System Design” OR “Diseño de Sistemas”	Software OR “Análise de Sistemas” OR “Digital Technologies” OR “Technologies, Digital” OR “Technology, Digital” OR “Digital Electronics” OR “Electronics, digital”
	OR
	“Software” OR “Software” OR “Programas Informáticos”	“Engenharia de Software” OR “Ferramentas de Software” OR “Programas de Computador e Programação” OR “Programas de Computação” OR “Programas para Computadores” OR “Programação e Programas de Computador” OR “Software Proprietário” OR “Software de Aplicativos” OR “Software de Aplicativos de Computador” OR “Software de Aplicações” OR “Software de Aplicações Informáticas” OR “Suporte Lógico de um Sistema Informático” OR “Computer Software” OR “Software, Computer” OR “Open Source Software” OR “Open Source Softwares” OR “Software, Open Source” OR “Softwares, Open Source” OR “Source Software, Open” OR “Source Softwares, Open” OR “Computer Programs” OR “Computer Program” OR “Program, Computer” OR “Programs, Computer” OR “Software Tools” OR “Software Tool” OR “Tool, Software” OR “Tools, Software” OR “Software Engineering” OR “Engineering, Software” OR “Computer Applications Software” OR “Applications Software, Computer” OR “Applications Softwares, Computer” OR “Computer Applications Softwares” OR “Software, Computer Applications” OR “Softwares, Computer Applications” OR “Computer Software Applications” OR “Application, Computer Software” OR “Applications, Computer Software” OR “Computer Software Application” OR “Software Application, Computer” OR “Software Applications, Computer” OR “Computer Programs and Programming” OR “aplicaciones de software” OR “aplicaciones de software informático” OR “aplicación de software” OR “herramientas de software” OR “ingeniería de software” OR “programas de computadora y programación” OR “programas de ordenador” OR “programas Informáticos” OR “programas informáticos y programación” OR “programas para computadoras” OR “programas para ordenadores” OR “software de aplicaciones informáticas” OR “software de código abierto” OR “software informático” OR “soporte lógico de un sistema informático”
AND
I	“Aplicativos Móveis” OR “Mobile Applications” OR “Aplicaciones Móviles”	“Aplicativos Eletrônicos Portáteis” OR “Aplicativos de Software Portáteis” OR “Aplicativos em Dispositivos Móveis” OR “Aplicativos para Dispositivos Móveis” OR “Apps Móveis” OR “Application, Mobile” OR “Applications, Mobile” OR “Mobile Application” OR “Mobile Apps” OR “App, Mobile” OR “Apps, Mobile” OR “Mobile App” OR “Portable Software Apps” OR “App, Portable Software” OR “Portable Software App” OR “Software App, Portable” OR “Portable Software Applications” OR “Application, Portable Software” OR “Portable Software Application” OR “Software Application, Portable” OR “Smartphone Apps” OR “App, Smartphone” OR “Apps, Smartphone” OR “Smartphone App” OR “Portable Electronic Apps” OR “App, Portable Electronic” OR “Electronic App, Portable” OR “Portable Electronic App” OR “Portable Electronic Applications” OR “Application, Portable Electronic” OR “Electronic Application, Portable” OR “Portable Electronic Application” OR “aplicaciones de software portátiles” OR “aplicaciones electrónicas portátiles” OR “aplicaciones Móviles” OR “aplicaciones para móviles” OR “aplicaciones para smartphones” OR “aplicaciones para teléfonos inteligentes” OR “aplicaciones portátiles de software” OR “aplicación móvil” OR “softwares portátiles”
	AND
	“Projetos” OR “Projects” OR “Proyectos”	“Projeto” OR “Projects” OR “Proyectos”
	AND
	“Reabilitação Psiquiátrica” OR “Psychiatric Rehabilitation” OR “Rehabilitación Psiquiátrica”	“Atenção Psicossocial” OR “Rehabilitation, Psychiatric” OR “Mental Health Rehabilitation” OR “Health Rehabilitation, Mental” OR “Rehabilitation, Mental Health” OR “Psychosocial Rehabilitation” OR “Rehabilitation, Psychosocial” OR “Psychosocial Care” OR “Care, Psychosocial” OR “Cares, Psychosocial” OR “Psychosocial Cares” OR “atención Psicosocial”
AND
Co	“Saúde Mental” OR “Mental Health” OR “Salud Mental”	“Higiene Mental” OR “Área de Saúde Mental” OR “Health, Mental” OR “Mental Hygiene” OR “Hygiene, Mental” OR “higiene mental”

Source: prepared by the author (2024).

Table 2. Selected Articles for the Integrative Review.

ARTICLES	RESUME	MAIN FINDING (REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTOTYPING)
González-Pérez, A., Matey-Sanz, M., Granell, C., Díaz-Sanahuja, L., Bretón-López, J., & Casteleyn, S. (2023). AwarNS: A framework for developing context-aware reactive mobile applications for health and mental health. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 141(104359), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2023.104359 [36].	Theoretical study that narrates an open-source platform (AwarNS) to develop an app (its structure) in mental health to prevent technical failures and ensure data privacy by developers.	- Privacy Policy.
Gaebel, W., Lukies, R., Kerst, A., Stricker, J., Zielasek, J., Diekmann, S., Trost, N., Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E., Bonroy, B., Cullen, K., Desie K., Ewalds Mulliez, A. P., Gerlinger, G., Günther, K., Hiemstra, H. J., McDaid, S., Murphy, C., Sander, J., Sebbane, D., Roelandt, J. L., Thorpe, L., ... Vlijter, O. (2021). Upscaling e-mental health in Europe: a six-country qualitative analysis and policy recommendations from the eMEN project. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 271(6), 1005-1016 [37].	A narrative literature review and survey study that aimed to identify the barriers to the implementation of m-Health in Europe. These are related to concerns regarding the privacy and protection of psychiatric patient data.	- Privacy and Data Protection Policy.
Wu, A., Scult, M. A., Barnes, E. D., Betancourt, J. A., & Falk, A. (2021). Gunning FM. Smartphone apps for depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis of techniques to increase engagement. NPJ Digital Medicine, 4(1), 1-9 [38].	A systematic literature review/meta-analysis study (N=25 articles) suggests that a mental health app needs to have aspects related to content (texts and images), security and privacy policies (security and privacy policy, encryption, and password verification), and accessibility (free or not) in its design.	- Content (texts/or images) related to the purpose of the mental health app. - Security and privacy policies. - Encryption and password verification. - Accessibility (free or not).
Hariman, K., Ventriglio, A., & Bhugra, D. (2019). The Future of Digital Psychiatry. Current Pyschiatry Reports, 21(9), 88. [39].	Theoretical study analyzes the influence of digital technologies (telepsychiatry, videoconferencing, apps, artificial intelligence, and social media) on psychiatry.	- Icon for videoconferencing to discuss mental health cases by the team. - Icon for telepsychiatry for consultation of professionals and patients. - Simple interface that allows a pleasant experience and user engagement.
Ramos, G., Ponting, C., Labao, J. P., & Sobowale K. (2021). Considerations of diversity, equity, and inclusion in mental health apps: A scoping review of evaluation frameworks. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 147, 103990 [40].	A scope review study with a sample of 43 articles aimed to assess whether the structures of the applications meet the criteria of inclusion, equity, and diversity.	- Have an attractive design/aesthetics, functionality and clinical validity, interactive content, engagement, ease of learning, comprehensibility/simple language, and meet ethical standards (privacy, security and data transparency), usability, applicability, contextualization with the user's real world, possibility of user customization and feedback. - Access (internet connectivity, data usage, data input and output, maintenance cost and Android operating system). - Content: accessible language, literacy, content adapted to the reality and context of users, personalization/avatars, adapted to people with disabilities. - Appearance: visibility and legibility of texts, icons, buttons, menus and screen content, diverse design that represents the user, including aspects of gender and sexuality. The appearance should give users the feeling that they are welcome.
Huckvale, K., Nicholas, J., Torous, J., & Larsen, M. E. (2020). Smartphone apps for the treatment of mental health conditions: status and considerations. Current Opinion in Psychology, 36, 65-70 [41].	Theoretical study that addresses aspects related to mental health apps, such as their basis in scientific evidence, privacy and data security, engagement, and that in the construction of a mental health app, the human component and its applicability to the real world (contextualization) are considered.	- Data privacy policy (transparency with confidentiality, data processing, and data security). - Data encryption. - Data risk management and security protocol. - The quality of the PRP app is defined by the evidence, security, data protection, usability, accessibility, interoperability, and technical stability. - The content of PRP apps should be evidence-based. - User engagement happens if the PRP app is contextualized and applied to their clinical reality.
Hanssen, E., Balvert, S., Oorschot, M., Borkelmans, K., van Os, J., Delespaul, P., & Fett, A. K. (2020). An ecological momentary intervention incorporating personalised feedback to improve symptoms and social functioning in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Research, 284, 112695 [42].	Intervention study (N=50 schizophrenic patients) that evaluated the effectiveness of the SMART app regarding its ability to offer personalized feedback to schizophrenic patients, demonstrating to be effective in reducing psychotic symptoms and loneliness.	- The PRP app needs to be useful, easy to use, attractive, and personalized to the user. - Personalized feedback to psychiatric patients to deal with the problems and limitations resulting from the mental disorder. - Data storage in the cloud.
Li, H., Lewis, C., Chi, H., Singleton, G., & Williams, N. (2020). Mobile health applications for mental illnesses: An Asian context. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(102209), 1–6 [12].	A narrative literature review study (N=22) conducted to track publications that identified mental health applications developed and/or used in the Asian context.	- The PRP app should be contextualized and adapted to the users' culture. Regarding the structure, icons/buttons for videoconferencing for referral/consultation of the psychiatric patient, and GPS to locate services to refer during the treatment plan.
Lemon, C., Huckvale, K., Carswell, K., & Torous, J. (2020). A narrative review of methods for applying user experience in the design and assessment of mental health smartphone interventions. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 36(1), 64–70 [43].	A narrative literature review study that addresses the importance of user experience both in the development of the application and during its use, in order to improve it.	- The development of a PRP app should consider the user experience in its prototyping and use (favoring a participatory interaction that allows gathering feedback and insights). - The PRP app should be evaluated for its satisfaction, acceptability, feasibility, usefulness, friendliness, learnability, credibility and usability. - The PRP app should collect continuous feedback from its users when available. Having a user evaluation tool, whether qualitative and/or quantitative (metrics and comments).
Torous, J., & Vaidyam, A. (2020). Multiple uses of app instead of using multiple apps- a case for rethinking the digital health technology toolbox. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 29, e100 [44].	Theoretical study that describes the MindLAMP platform (which provides mental health applications to users after a prior assessment).	- Consider the global impact, whether it is open source, simplicity, efficiency, ethics, resource, and data privacy. - Assess and understand the risks. - Personalizing the app means meeting with mental health professionals or/users. - Create exclusive and data-driven interventions.
Miller, E., & Polson, D. (2019). Apps, Avatars, and Robots: The Future of Mental Healthcare. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 40(3), 208-214 [45].	Theoretical study that critically reflects on how digital technologies can impact positively (access and social inclusion) and/or negatively (feelings, expressions, and reception are not human) in mental health care.	- As a resource to be used in an application: Artificial Intelligence (data mining and support for interventions to mental health professionals), patient self-monitoring, voice commands, personalization by avatars, facial detection (security feature).
Bucci, S., Schwannauer, M., & Berry, N. (2019). The digital revolution and its impact on mental health care. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 92(2), 277-297 [46].	Theoretical study that addresses the impacts of digital tools on health. Considering positive points for being low cost, breaking geographical barriers to access to the health service, and negative the absence of theory that explains how the application works (psychological theories) and bioethical recommendations.	- Be based on theory and have its operation explained by this theory. - Reduce cognitive overload (content/information). - Safe handling and storage of data.
Ng, M. M., Firth, J., Minen, M., & Torous, J. (2019). User engagement in mental health apps: A review of measurement, reporting, and validity. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 70(7), 538-544 [47].	Systematic literature review study (N=40) that verifies the engagement potential of mental health apps. It considers that this metric is composed of usability, user satisfaction, acceptability and feasibility.	- Attractive and engagement the user (engagement). - Intersection with technology, mental health and user experience.
Kenny, R., Fitzgerald, A., Segurado, R., & Dooley, B. (2020). Is there an app for that? A cluster randomised controlled trial of a mobile app–based mental health intervention. Health Informatics Journal, 26(3), 1538-1559 [48].	Intervention study with 560 adolescents divided into two groups to evaluate the effectiveness of the CopeSmart app (coping strategies), which was not considered effective, in four weeks of use, to provide psychological well-being.	- Locate mental health support services. - Patient self-monitoring. - Personalized feedback from mental health professionals.
Quintana, M., Anderberg, P., Sanmartin Berglund, J., Frögren, J., Cano, N., Cellek, S., Zhang, J., & Garolera, M. (2020). Feasibility-usability study of a tablet app adapted specifically for persons with cognitive impairment—smart4md (Support monitoring and reminder technology for mild dementia). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6816 [49].	A pilot study that tests the feasibility and usability of the SMART4MD app (care management for elderly people with dementia), demonstrating that before making an app available, it is important to test it as much as possible to avoid "bugs.	- User satisfaction interviews. - Reminders about health care (appointments, medication, intervention). - Sharing of information.
Nordgreen, T., Rabbi, F., Tørresen, J., Skar, Y. S., Guribye, F., Inal, Y., Flobakk, E., Wake, J. D., Mukhiya, S. K., Aminifar, A., Myklebost, S., Lundervold, A. J., Kenter, R., Hammar, Å., Nordby, E., Kahlon, S., Tveit Sekse, R. J., Griffin, K. F., Jakobsen, P.,... & Lamo, Y. (2021). Challenges and possible solutions in cross-disciplinary and cross-sectorial research teams within the domain of e-mental health. Journal of Enabling Technologies (JET), 15(4), 241-251 [50].	Experience report study addressing the main challenges and solutions for prototyping a mental health app. It’s considers important for the development of an app in this area: teamwork, participatory person-centered design, efficient communication between developer and mental health professional/researcher, and desire/willingness to learn from each other.	- Simple design. - Clinical content, software, hardware, and data sets. - Participation of the mental health team in the prototyping of the PRP app. - Interoperability. - Data Security and Privacy.
Mukhiya, S. K., Lamo, Y., & Rabbi, F. (2022). A Reference Architecture for Data-Driven and Adaptive Internet-Delivered Psychological Treatment Systems: Software Architecture Development and Validation Study. JMIR Human Factors, 9(2), e31029 [51].	Experience report study describing the prototype, development, and evaluation of a Reference Architecture (RA) for mental health app software. The RA should have adaptability, scalability, security, and modifiability.	- The operating system/architecture of the PRP app needs to have: - Interoperability. - Adaptability (possibility to make continuous improvements, not to be inflexible). - Creation of profile/user. - Level 4 security: BankID, Microsoft Azure or Amazon Web Services. - Contents, presentation/design, feedbacks, reminders and usability.
Alqahtani, F., Al Khalifah, G., Oyebode, O., & Orji, R. (2019). Apps for Mental Health: An Evaluation of Behavior Change Strategies and Recommendations for Future Development. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 2(30), 1–11 [52].	Mixed-methods study that presents recommendations on tools with persuasive strategies to be used in the development of a mental health app to improve its adherence and usability by future users.	- Credibility (provide scientifically proven and evidence-based information). - Social support. - Support for tasks. - Self-monitoring. - Performance feedback/rewards (coins and trophies). - Personalization (background, images, themes, sounds according to users' preferences). - Reminders to professionals about actions or interventions related to the patient's PRP. - Data Security and Privacy.
Timakum, T., Xie, Q., & Song, M. (2022). Analysis of E-mental health research: mapping the relationship between information technology and mental healthcare. BMC Psychiatry, 22(1), 57 [53].	Bibliometric study (N=3,172 articles) with the purpose of mapping the beginning of publications and trends of digital technologies in mental health. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary work in the development of mental health apps.	- Programming (machine learning, algorithms, data mining, Android and artificial intelligence). - Data Privacy and Security. - Contents (multimedia (videos, email, social media, text messages and chats). - Design with interactive interface. - Usability. - Integrative Practices.
Bianco, C. L., Myers, A. L., Smagula, S., & Fortuna, K. L. (2021). Can Smartphone Apps Assist People with Serious Mental Illness in Taking Medications as Prescribed? Sleep Medicine Clinics, 16(1),213-222 [54].	Theoretical study that presents mental health apps that are used to improve medication adherence in psychiatric patients.	- User-centered design that considers the needs and suggestions of users. This will provide greater engagement and acceptability of the PRP app by mental health professionals. - Interventions: psychoeducation, mood monitoring, sleep and social functioning, medication adherence.
Bush, N. E., Armstrong, C. M., & Hoyt, T. V. (2019). Smartphone apps for psychological health: A brief state of the science review. Psychological Services, 16(2), 188-195 [55].	Theoretical study that critically analyzes apps in psychology, which should be verified for the quality of their content and have scientific evidence that proves their efficacy and clinical effectiveness for use.	- Content quality (scientific evidence). - Prototyping, consulting and participation of end-users. - Data privacy and security (end-to-end encryption) and ethical considerations. - Functionality: Diagnosis, Treatment, Monitoring, Prescription/Intervention and Evaluation. - Appointment reminders/calendar management. - Telehealth. - Algorithm. - Artificial intelligence. - Wearables. - Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy.
Callan, J. A., Jacob, J. D., Siegle, G. J., Dey, A., Thase, M. E., Dabbs, A. D., Kazantzis, N., Rotondi, A., Tamres, L., Van Slyke, A., & Sereika, S. (2021). CBT MobileWork©: User-Centered Development and Testing of a Mobile Mental Health Application for Depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 45(2), 287-302 [56].	Study describes the 2-phase development and validation of the app (development: 8 depressed patients and 5 therapists, and testing: 5 therapists and 15 depressed patients) CBT MobileWork© to streamline the homework tasks proposed by cognitive-behavioral therapists in depressed patients.	- User-centered design (iterative methodology that seeks the active participation of users). - Design features: Adequate screen size and audiovisual capacity (colorful icons/YouTube™). - Android™ platform (fast and easy development). - Content: aligned with theory, clinical recommendations and evidence-based intervention. - Integrate users' daily activities; - User feedback. - Data encryption (logout after five minutes of non-use protects against indiscriminate privacy invasion and data theft).
Chan, S., Li, L., Torous, J., Gratzer, D., & Yellowlees, P. M. (2019). Review and Implementation of Self-Help and Automated Tools in Mental Health Care. The Psychiatric clinics of North America, 42(4), 597-609 [57] .	Theoretical study that critically analyzes information technologies used in mental health, demonstrating their potential, as well as the shortcomings that need to be overcome.	- Data privacy and security (encryption). - User-centered design. - Clinical content. - Technological resources: Artificial intelligence, feedbacks, communication recognition of speech, facial expression, voice and text, emails, voicemails, telepsychiatry, video, podcast, YouTuber, chatbot, voice assistant and GPS.
Chan, A. H. Y., & Honey, M. L. L. (2022). User perceptions of mobile digital apps for mental health: Acceptability and usability - An integrative review. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 29(1), 147-168 [35].	Integrative literature review study (N=17 articles) that identified users' perceptions of mental health apps (mental health team knows the patient better, suggestions for app improvements, satisfaction with the app, and technical problems with app use.	- Data Security and Privacy.
Birrell, L., Furneaux-Bate, A., Debenham, J., Spallek, S., Newton, N., & Chapman, C. (2022). Development of a Peer Support Mobile App and Web-Based Lesson for Adolescent Mental Health (Mind Your Mate): User-Centered Design Approach. JMIR Formative Research, 6(5), e36068 [24].	Study describes the development of the Mind Your Mate app that psychoeducates adolescents about anxiety, depression and psychoactive substance use.	- Intervention: social support. - Privacy Policy, Transparency and Data Security. - Customizable Resources. - Configuration (user can edit profile and notification information). - Reminders. - Technological failures: Ads, delays, batteries and difficulties in using.
Rosenfeld, E. A., Lyman, C., & Roberts, J. E. (2022). Development of an mHealth App–Based Intervention for Depressive Rumination (RuminAid): Mixed Methods Focus Group Evaluation. JMIR Formative Research, 6(12), e40045 [25].	Mixed methods study that describes the prototyping and validation of the RuminAid app prototype to reduce rumination in depressed patients.	- Design with modern aesthetics and attractive color scheme. - Gamification.
Lipschitz, J. M., Van Boxtel, R., Torous, J., Firth, J., Lebovitz, J. G., Burdick, K. E., & Hogan, T. P. (2022). Digital Mental Health Interventions for Depression: Scoping Review of User Engagement. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 24(10), e39204 [58].	Scoping review study (N=22 articles) aimed at defining metrics to measure user engagement with mental health apps.	- The engagement Report demonstrates user involvement with the mental health app and is composed of: Usage Metric (quantitative of the downloaded app divided by the effective usage time of the app) and Adherence Metric (number of app tasks divided by the total number of tasks to be completed).
Burchert, S., Alkneme, M. S., Bird, M., Carswell, K., Cuijpers, P., Hansen, P., Heim, E., Harper Shehadeh, M., Sijbrandij, M., Van’t Hof, E., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2019). User-centered app adaptation of a low-intensity e-mental health intervention for Syrian refugees. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 663 [59].	Multi-method study (N=128 participants) conducted in 3 phases with the aim of developing the interactive prototype of the Step-by-Step app for mental health intervention focused on the Syrian ethnic refugee population in Europe and the Middle East.	- Usability. - Use interactive prototyping software, suggests InVision (InVisionApp inC).
Hoffman, L., Benedetto, E., Huang, H., Grossman, E., Kaluma, D., Mann, Z., & Torous, J. (2019). Augmenting mental health in primary care: A 1-Year Study of Deploying Smartphone Apps in a Multi-site Primary Care/Behavioral Health Integration Program. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 94 [60].	Intervention study that developed and tested (N=32 mental health professionals) the mental health app toolkit to support the health team to recommend them to patients.	- App needs to be constantly updated. - Simplicity in Design. - Apps with limited numbers of concepts, functions/activities may be more attractive than those with multiple features.
Kruzan, K. P., Reddy, M., Washburn, J. J., & Mohr, D. C. (2022). Developing a Mobile App for Young Adults with Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: A Prototype Feedback Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 16163 [61].	Qualitative approach study (N=10 participants) aimed at prototyping an app for self-harm prevention in adolescents and young adults.	- Simple structure. - Easy to use. - Chatbot. - Avatars.
Borghouts, J., Eikey, E., Mark, G., De Leon, C., Schueller, S. M., Schneider, M., Stadnick, N., Zheng, K., Mukamel, D., & Sorkin, D. H. (2021). Barriers to and facilitators of user engagement with digital mental health interventions: systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(3), e24387 [62].	Literature review study (N=208 articles) that seeks to identify the barriers and facilitators for mental health apps to have engagement among their users.	- Engagement is facilitated by the credibility of the mental health app. - Demographic variables for users (name, age, gender, education, profession, etc.). - Contextualization with the user's professional reality. - Content consistent with the proposed intervention. - Privacy and Confidentiality; - Usability. - Costs of developing the mental health app.
Chow, P. I. (2020). Developing Mental or Behavioral Health Mobile Apps for Pilot Studies by Leveraging Survey Platforms: A Do-it-Yourself Process. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 8(4), e15561 [18].	Guides researchers on how to develop a mental health app according to 5 development stages (theoretical structuring, systematization of content and appearance, posting on Google Play Store and pilot testing), which he considered very laborious and stressful.	- Theoretical structure that underlies the app's intervention. - Content and appearance.
MARCINIAK, M. A.; SHANAHAN, L.; ROHDE, J.; SCHULZ, A.; WACKERHAGEN, C.; KOBYLIŃSKA, D. et al. Standalone Smartphone Cognitive Behavioral Therapy–Based Ecological Momentary Interventions to Increase Mental Health: Narrative Review. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, v. 8, n. 11, p. 1–46, 12 nov. 2020 [63].	Literature review study (N=20 studies) that investigates mental health apps developed with concepts from Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy.	- Content. - Feasibility. - Efficacy and effectiveness. - -
McCall, T., Ali, M. O., Yu, F., Fontelo, P., & Khairat, S. (2021). Development of a Mobile App to Support Self-management of Anxiety and Depression in African American Women: Usability Study. JMIR Formative Research, 5(8), e24393 [64].	Study evaluates the usability (N=15 participants) of an app prototype to treat depression and anxiety in black women.	- Ease of use and interactivity. - Connect user to therapist. - Avoid bugs and poor interface design.
Martinengo, L., Stona, A. C., Griva, K., Dazzan, P., Pariante, C. M., von Wangenheim, F., & Car, J. (2021). Self-guided Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Apps for Depression: Systematic Assessment of Features, Functionality, and Congruence With Evidence. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 23(7), e27619 [65].	Literature review study (search in virtual stores for mental health apps) that evaluates the evidence and safety of available apps for depression treatment.	- Content. - Credibility. - Ease of use. - Data privacy and authentication.
Lopes, R. P., Barroso, B., & Deusdado, L. (2021). Digital technologies for innovative mental health rehabilitation. Electronics (Switzerland), 10(18), 2260 [10].	Study that prototyped and developed a mental health app for the psychosocial rehabilitation of patients with schizophrenia. The design (dashboard) and technological resources were guided by gamification with virtual reality, in order to systematize the rehabilitation sessions.	- Gamification.

Source: prepared by the author (2024).

Table 3. Selected applications for the search, app and description platform.

Platform	App	MAIN FINDING (REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTOTYPING)
Play Store	ACAPEF (app)	1. Home: Córdoba Association to help psychiatric patients with diagnosis and their family (icon of parents and two children); 2. News: asks if the user wants to receive news and notifications; 3. Guide for the family; 4. Categories; 5. Bibliography; 6. ACAPEF Audios; 7. Recommended Films; YouTube Videos; end 8. Share App.

Source: prepared by the author (2024).

Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Copyright: This open access article is published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, which permit the free download, distribution, and reuse, provided that the author and preprint are cited in any reuse.

Requirements for the Development of an App for a Psychosocial Rehabilitation Project: An Integrative Review

Abstract

Keywords:

Subject:

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

3. Results

4. Discussion

4.1. Directions Futures

5. Conclusions

Author Contributions

Funding

Institutional Review Board Statement

Informed Consent Statement

Data Availability Statement

Acknowledgments

Conflicts of Interest

References

MDPI Initiatives

Important Links

Subscribe