A Study on Gross and Histopathological Lesions of Platyhelminthes in Liver from Slaughtered Camel at Some-Meat Company in Mogadishu Somalia

Abdirahman Barre; Shafii Abdullahi Mohamed; Hamza Abdirahman Hashi; Hoyden Ibrahim Nageye

doi:10.20944/preprints202501.0446.v1

Submitted:

27 December 2024

Posted:

07 January 2025

You are already at the latest version

Abstract

Camel production is used for a variety of reasons in East Africa. Camels therefore play a significant role in Somali culture, society, and the economy. The Somali economy is largely dependent on livestock, and camels are a major source of income. Camels are shipped to the Middle East, as are their prized milk and meat. With an estimated seven million, Somalia is home to more camels than perhaps any other nation in the world. Investigations were carried out to look at some Platyhelminthes lesions in the liver of camels with the purpose of both Gross and histopathological lesions at some meat companies in Somalia. Studies were conducted from April 2024 to October 2024. A total sample of 340 Livers originated from slaughtered camels at some meat in Dynile District. However, out of 200 liver Organs were examined with gross and histological lesions for further tests in Salaam University Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and University of Nairobi Department of Veterinary Pathology. Microbiology and Parasitology Nairobi Kenya. In this study, 84.5% (n=200) of the most cases of Platyhelminthes were Taenia saginata, Fasciola hepatic, and Liver flukes followed by Haemorrhages, Congestion, Oedema, and hydatidosis. The histological features included Tissue Infiltration, Lymphocytic infiltration, Granulomas, Necrosis, Fibrosis, and inflammation. Those results indicated major health problems with one health approach and Zoonotic aspects in humans and animals.

Keywords:

Platyhelminthes

;

Gross Lesions

;

Histopathology

;

Slaughtered

;

Camels

;

Somalia

Subject:

Biology and Life Sciences - Parasitology

INTRODUCTION

Among the most common parasite infections in camels, Platyhelminthes can cause health issues for both humans and animals worldwide. An estimated 400 million individuals are ill as a result of these illnesses, and an estimated 1.5 billion people are impacted (Albogami, (2015).

Infections with parasitic Platyhelminthes are among the most prevalent infections in both Developed and underdeveloped countries. After civil war Somalia is one of the Developing Country which needs more concentration to Platyhelminthes infection in both human and animal (Ashoor, & Wakid, (2023).

Therefore, Somalia has the most camel in Africa and Camels are utilised in traditional social customs and are a representation of wealth and prestige (Barre, A. (2023).

Camels are utilised as a kind of blood money, to compensate harmed parties in feuds, and to pay bride wealth, for instance. A camel herd's size reflects its social standing. Additionally, Somali oral literature describes them as a symbol of tradition and resiliency. Camels are employed for family relocation, transportation, and water fetching. They are also viewed as protection against sickness, drought, and other natural calamities (Ali et.al. (2023).

Camel herders are considered to be superior individuals. They know their camels by name, and use various methods to protect them from hyenas. The people who herd camels are regarded as superior. They have a name for their camels and employ a number of strategies to keep hyenas away from them. In Somali culture, Camels are extremely valuable, and people who herd them are regarded as superior. Many pieces of oral poetry illustrate the importance of camels in Somali culture, saying that Somalis are prepared to make sacrifices for them (Barre, et.al. (2023).

The Characterization of Gross and Histopathological Lesion of Platyhelminthes in liver has not been studied in the some-meat slaughterhouse Deynile, Somalia. For this reason the study was addressed major Gross and Histopathological lesions for slaughter camel, based on clinical manifestation for both infected and non-infected liver to identify the type of gross lesions at camel slaughterhouse in Deynile Somalia (Barre ,et.al. (2024).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The investigation was carried out in some-meat slaughterhouse located Deynile Mogadishu, Somalia. Daynile District is located in the south-eastern Benadir region of Somalia. Daynile is the smallest administrative region in Somalia, but it has the largest population. The area is considered to be fairly safe and has good economic opportunities and resources.

Figure 1. 1: Map of Somali Showing that the Regions of Somalia and Study area.

TYPE OF STUDY AND ANIMAL

The study was cross-sectional, in order to determine the frequency of gross and histological lesion of Platyhelminthes in liver of slaughtered Camel at some-meat slaughterhouse in Deynile Somalia. Purposively, the study was carried out on 200 slaughtered camel From Different parts of Deynile District. All Examined Camel were include both male and female 80% were male while 20% of Female Greater than seven (7) years of age and had a good body conditions during both ante mortem and post-mortem inspection.

SAMPLING PROCESSING

After Ante-mortem process, the slaughtered Camels, were made by post-mortem examination visual examination, palpation and incision for the presence of any liver lesion. Then the gross lesion and Histopathological lesion were recorded. As well as size of the lesions and observations by Platyhelminthes made on incision were also recorded. A total of 360 camel samples were examined out of 200 liver tissue collected for histopathological manifestations.

Microscopic analysis of cells and tissues preparation were collected for every liver. The tissue were very thin up to one (1) to two (2), and high-quality sections (slices) mounted on glass slides and appropriately stained to demonstrate normal and abnormal structures.

The Most fresh tissue were very delicate and easily distorted and damaged, and thus possible to prepare thin sections unless it is chemically preserved or “fixed” and supported in some way whilst it is being cut. Broadly, the tissue used by frozen section and alternatively, used by paraffin sections which allow thin sections of the tissue specimen with a liquid agent that can subsequently be converted into a solid that has appropriate physical properties, to be cut from it. Paraffin wax is such an agent.

This produces so-called “paraffin sections”. Immediately. Each sample was fixed separately and transported to pathology laboratory for processing at the university of Nairobi Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology. After fixing, all tissue samples collected for histopathological study were dehydrated in alcohol, and paraffin, and stained with Haematoxylin - The stained samples were examined using Electronic Microscope. Sample collection and processing was done as used by Yalew, et.al, (2018).

Appropriately. The data was entered into Microsoft excel spread sheet and coded was analysed by using SPSS 20.0 version. The Data was used descriptive analysis to determine the variance and proportion of the different lessons of Platyhelminthes in liver in both Gross and microscopic changes that was found at the slaughterhouse of some-meat company Dynile Somalia. Also Chi-square was used to test the lobular distributions of pathos-biological lesions in the slaughtered camel Liver.

RESULTS

A total of 340 slaughtered camel examined during the study, 200 camel (84.5%) were found to have Platyhelminthes in liver lesions. Considering both microscopic and gross inspection. For the gross Changes in ante-mortem Examination test included Liver Swollen 34.5% Yellowish discoloration 27.5%, Haemorrhagic lesions 11.5%, Bile duct dilation 9.5%, Necrosis 7.0%, Cirrhosis 5.5% and Exudates Cirrhosis 4.5%.

However, the most Histopathological features were Tissue Infiltration, 25.5%, Lymphocytic infiltration, 18.1%, Granulomas 13.5%, Granuloma formation 11.2%, (These can develop surrounding the parasite, particularly if the infection is being defended against by the host immune system.

The granulomas may contain lymphocytes, multinucleated giant cells, and macrophages), Necrosis, 11.2%, Abscess formation 8.3%, Inflammation 7.1% Infiltration 5.5% Fibrosis 4.2% Granulomas 3.2%, Hepatocellular necrosis 2.4%, (which is Tissue destruction due to parasitic activity, such as fluke migration through liver tissue.) Eosinophilic infiltrates 13.0%. Swelling or expansion of bile ducts 4.2%, often caused by the fluke’s impact on bile flow.

These lesions were indicated the most percentage of the study which was 84.5% while sample number was (n=85).respectively. Both Gross and Histological lesion summarized in table one (1) and two (2). Also therefore Representative images of some Platyhelminthes lesion had indicated in figure one (1), two (2), three (3) and Four (4).

However, liver enlargement or swelling brought on by fibrosis and inflammation was one of the other microscopic and gross characteristics. Yellowish discolouration brought on by necrotic tissue and bile build-up.

Haemorrhagic lesions, such as regions where tissue is being destroyed or bleeding. Chronic infections cause bile duct dilatation and cyst development. Fibrosis and granulomas surrounding the parasite or its eggs. When chronic infections cause cirrhosis, the liver develops a firm, nodular Idea Description of the Image: Cross-section of the liver as shown below Figure 1.

Figure 1. The Most gross lesions in flat worms From the Selected Slaughterhouse in Some Meat Deynile, Somalia.

A thorough histological section displaying the liver parenchyma with granulomas surrounding the parasites, eosinophilic infiltrates, and necrotic areas.

The flatworm parasite (such as Fasciola hepatica) or its egg inside the liver tissue is the main focus of the picture. Fibrosis: Around the afflicted tissue, there are patches of periportal fibrosis and alterations to the bile duct. Eosinophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages in close-up as examples of inflammatory cells by Figure 2. At the following Stamens.

Though, Some of these manifestation had reported in some other studies in Africa, Asia and America but this study is Unique in Somalia especially Slaughterhouse studies in the country. Therefore I hope to fill that of study and look some further studies.

Figure 2. The Most Microscopically Affected Lesion for Platyhelminthes in Liver from Selected Camel Slaughterhouse in Deynile Somali.

This images shows that the most Histopathological lesion and their estimation value of the study. Randomly and purposively selected by the study site.

Figure 3. Reported Gross Lesions and Features Platyhelminthes (flat worms) in Two (2) different camel livers at selected slaughterhouse. .

These images are the grosses lesions in the post-mortem report analysis and clinical manifestation to Platyhelminthes of the camel live at some meat slaughterhouse

Figure 4. Histopathological feature Necrosis(C) Lymphocytic Infiltration (B) Hyperplasia (A) Haemorrhagic areas adjacent to bile ducts (D).

DISCUSSION

Gross and Microscopically Lesion for Platyhelminthes (Flat worms) associated with slaughtered camel at some meat slaughterhouse deynile Mogadishu Somalia was as shown in tables 1 and 2 and figures above of the study. Therefore, of 200 samples out of 340 selected camels examined 84.5 % had Liver Swollen 34.5%, similarly, Reported by Yalew, et.al. (2018) and Gebrehiwot et al. (2015). These researches had cited in the same results of liver swollen at the slaughterhouse of both camel and cattle in different study area.

Table 1. Gross pathological Features in post-mortem Examination.

Gross Features	Aetiology ( Cause of the Lesion)	Frequencies (F)	Percentage (%)	Chi-square	P- Value
Liver Swollen	due to inflammation and fibrosis	69	34.5	169	0.000
Yellowish discoloration	from bile accumulation and necrotic tissue	55	27.5	121	0.000
Haemorrhagic lesions	Due to the Bleeding or tissue destruction.	23	11.5	102	0.000
Bile duct dilation	Formation of cysts in chronic infections.	19	9.5	95.1	0.000
Necrosis	Distinctive activities	14	7.0	69.3	0.001
Cirrhosis	long-term infections, giving the liver a firm, nodular	11	5.5	33.1	0.001
Exudates	Due to the parasitic migration	9	4.5	19.2	0.231

Table 2. microscopic Lesion at the Histopathological Features for Postpartum Examination.

Histopathological Features	Frequencies (F)	Percentage (%)	Chi-square (X² )	P-Value
Tissue Infiltration	51	25.5	139	0.000
Lymphocytic infiltration	37	18.1	111	0.000
Granuloma formation	29	13.5	103	0.000
Necrosis	21	11.2	97.6	0.000
Abscess formation	17	8.3	81.2	0.001
Inflammation	13	7.1	73.0	0.002
Infiltration	11	5.5	43	0.000
Fibrosis	9	4.2	27	0.0001
Granulomas	7	3.2	13	0.001
Hepatocellular necrosis	5	2.4	7	0.001

However, the result of this study was higher than the study findings of Yasine, et.al. (2019) and Xavier, et.al. (2022). an understanding of the Flat worms Lesion in camel slaughterhouses such lesion Yellowish discoloration 27.5%, is not so common in Somalia and it is some more further funding’s done in east and south Arabian countries similar study done in Iran and Saudi Arabia Tafere, et.al. (2020) and Sazmand, A. (2021).

Therefore, Haemorrhagic lesions 11.5%, Bile duct dilation 9.5%, Necrosis 7.0%, Cirrhosis 5.5% and Exudates Cirrhosis 4.5%. Although, the results of this study was higher than findings of Polinas, M. (2016) And Rajesh, et.al. (2017). whom reported Platyhelminthes lesion which is 42.2% and 39.0% respectively. Microscopic lesions were also reported similarly in this study. Therefore, the most histo-pathological lesions were found Tissue Infiltration, 25.5%, and Lymphocytic infiltration, 18.1%, as indicated the same study Odokuma, (2019) in Warri, Nigeria. And Keo, et.al. (2015). whom reported infiltration in slaughtered camel at the incidence of 36.53 and 41.77%.

Moreover, the tissue infiltration an Lymphocyte infiltration can cause some different histo-pathologic conditions including autoimmune disorders by the immune system attacking healthy cells, such that arteries and inflammation, malignant lymphomas, throughout the cells and tissue,and immune-oregulatory responses to the basis of hepatic lymphocyte and therefore, Those infiltrations in both tissue and lymphocytes had been mentioned to describe hepatic lymphocytes in the basis of hepatic Disease conditions, suggesting that these lymphocytes play an active role in hepatic damage and submits through necrosis.

Granuloma formation and Necrosis, were also mentioned in the study and reported 11.2%, 11.2%, similarly, this was higher than the results of Ibrahim, (2017) and Manga-González, M. & Ferreras, (2019). However, the result of this study was lower than the results of Islam, (2015). And Guimaraes, et.al. (2015). which was Epidemiological and Pathological Studies of one of the Platyhelminthes (Fascioliasis) in liver. Also Abscess formation were stumble upon the percentage of 8.3%, for examined liver at the slaughterhouse of some meat Mogadishu Somalia and it was lower than the findings of Gebrekrustos, et.al. (2019) in Ethiopia, therefore the study was mostly focused on Pathogenicity of Platyhelminthes especially Trypanosoma Types which is Phylum of Schistosoma.

Inflammation and Fibrosis were encountered the ratio of 7.1%, 4.2%.This result was higher than the result of Ngetich, (2019). In Kenya this result was the Thesis dissertation at the University of eldoret. Same reported the result of de-Brito, et.al. (2020). though this study focused on much as the effects on parasitic blood fluke Schistosoma infection and Antimicrobial Agents it was a similarly, resulted in liver for the flat worm lesions in our study. However, both fibrosis and inflammation are significant processes that can promote tissue regeneration, yet under some circumstances, fibrosis can result from inflammation. Although, the inflammation is a reaction to tissue damage brought on by a variety of causes, such as poisons, autoimmune reactions, infections, and traumas. While an excessive build-up of fibrous connective tissue within and surrounding injured tissue can result in fibrosis, a pathological consequence of prolonged inflammation. This may result in organ failure, lifelong scarring, or even death.

Additionally, there was three less common microscopic lesion in the study Hepatocellular necrosis 2.4%, (Tissue destruction due to parasitic activity), Eosinophilic infiltrates 13.0% and Swelling or expansion of bile ducts 4.2%, which were reported similar studies of Andersen-Ranberg, et.al (2018) and Ali, et.al. (2023).both were reported similar study results in liver infection caused by Platyhelminthes in animals.

CONCLUSION

This study presented a series of different of Platyhelminthes Features in slaughtered camels and the most common lesion in both gross and microscopic in liver parasites which may form Cells and tissue or which may induce Necrosis in the liver of slaughtered Animal or other hosts of camel.

Therefore, important new information on the effects of parasitic infections on camel health is provided by the investigation of Platyhelminthes' gross and histological lesions in camel liver. The results show that trematodes and cestodes in particular, which are Platyhelminthes, can cause fatty liver disease, chronic hepatitis, and other degenerative changes in the liver. Moreover, the study also emphasises how critical early diagnosis and intervention are. Treatment results can be greatly enhanced by promptly identifying these parasite diseases using clinical symptoms and histological examination.

The association between certain histological results and macroscopic lesions highlights the necessity of thorough veterinary examinations in camel herds, especially in areas where parasite diseases are common.

According to histopathological analyses, these parasites can result in significant liver damage that manifests as fibrosis, inflammation, and necrosis. Hepatomegaly, congestion, and the existence of nodular formations within the liver tissue are among the gross abnormalities that are frequently seen. These alterations are crucial because they impair the affected camels' general health and productivity in addition to the liver's ability to operate.

In conclusion, this study emphasises the negative effects of Platyhelminthes on the liver health of camels and the need for continued investigation and observation to lessen these effects on the productivity and health of livestock. It will take ongoing veterinary pathology research to create management plans that effectively address these parasitic diseases in camels.

Ethics:

This study was approved by the University of Nairobi and Salaam University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Committee.

Acknowledgments:

The author sincerely would like to appreciate Some-meat Slaughterhouse (their facility to conduct the study). Salaam University and University of Nairobi Kenya University College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology for provision of the laboratory and other facilities. I also extend my thanks to my wife and family.

Conflicts of Interests:

The authors have not declared any conflict of interests.

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