Advancing HVAC Quality and Performance Through State-of-the-Art Sensing Technology

1. Introduction

Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems are essential for maintaining comfort, energy efficiency, and air quality in large, high-traffic environments such as casinos. Casinos in Northwest Indiana, including Ameristar Casino in East Chicago, face significant HVAC challenges due to their unique operational demands, such as continuous occupancy, dynamic layouts, and structural modifications. These challenges result in poor airflow, zoning imbalances, inconsistent temperature control, and excessive energy consumption, all of which compromise guest comfort and operational efficiency.

Since Willis Haviland Carrier introduced the first air conditioning system in 1902, HVAC technology has undergone major advancements, including variable refrigerant flow, energy recovery ventilation, and smart thermostats [1]. Despite these innovations, traditional HVAC systems in casinos continue to struggle with adapting to structural changes. For instance, the tearing down and reconstruction of walls to create new gaming areas or amenities often disrupts the original HVAC design, which was optimized for the previous layout. As a result, issues such as inefficient temperature regulation, high humidity levels, and poor air quality arise, requiring costly and inefficient system adjustments to accommodate new configurations.

In casino environments, traditional HVAC systems face additional obstacles. The combination of crowded gaming floors, extended operating hours, and high humidity levels exacerbates the strain on HVAC equipment. Poor air quality from smoke and occupancy further reduces guest comfort, necessitating stronger ventilation and filtration systems. Noise from central HVAC units and energy inefficiencies caused by uniform heating and cooling in unoccupied spaces increase both operating costs and environmental impact. These challenges highlight the need for innovative, adaptive HVAC solutions to ensure reliable performance, comfort, and cost savings.

The purpose of this study is to explore the potential of advanced HVAC sensing technologies to address these challenges. By integrating IoT-enabled sensors, smart thermostats, infrared thermal imaging, and AI-driven predictive maintenance, HVAC systems can dynamically respond to real-time data, optimizing temperature, humidity, and energy use. For instance, infrared cameras detect air leaks and duct blockages, while Schlieren imaging visualizes airflow patterns to resolve zoning imbalances. These technologies enable precise control and predictive diagnostics, reducing downtime, energy waste, and maintenance costs. According to BuildingandInteriors.com, “In research by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), poor air quality was the largest factor for environment-related sickness. Efficient HVAC systems solve this problem. It circulates the air, regulates the temperature according to the weather, and removes harmful particles or gasses from the air. These features greatly reduce the risk of allergies, lung-related problems, and seasonal flu” [2].

This project also aims to provide a comparative analysis of traditional HVAC systems and advanced sensor-driven systems, focusing on key performance indicators such as energy efficiency, operational reliability, and cost-effectiveness. Additionally, the study includes a cost analysis for upgrading HVAC components in a remodeled casino room and an energy consumption report to quantify the savings achieved through real-time monitoring and adaptive control.

By addressing current HVAC limitations, this research highlights the potential for advanced sensing technologies to transform HVAC performance in casinos. These solutions not only improve guest comfort and operational efficiency but also align with sustainability goals by reducing energy consumption and emissions. This study contributes to the broader field of HVAC research by bridging existing gaps and demonstrating the practical benefits of emerging technologies in large-scale, high-demand environments.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Site Visits and Data Collection

Initially, the plan was to conduct testing at Ameristar Casino in East Chicago, Indiana, to analyze HVAC performance in a real-world, high-traffic environment. However, due to permission being denied, testing was relocated to a controlled residential environment replicating similar HVAC conditions.

• Observational Data:

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  The HIKMICRO Pocket2 Infrared Thermal Camera was used to assess temperature distribution, detect heat loss, and identify duct blockages.

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  Data was collected at regular intervals over a specified testing period to ensure comprehensive evaluation.

• Interviews:

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  Discussions with HVAC engineers, facility managers, and technology vendors provided qualitative insights into the benefits and challenges of integrating advanced HVAC technologies.

2.2. Experimental Setup

• Tech Installation:

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  The infrared thermal camera and a digital anemometer were used to test HVAC performance within the controlled test environment.

• Performance Metrics:

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  Key performance indicators included temperature stability, airflow measurement, and heat loss identification.

2.3. Data Analysis

• Quantitative Analysis:

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  Airflow velocities and temperature inconsistencies were analyzed to determine HVAC performance before and after adjustments.

• Qualitative Analysis:

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  Interviews were reviewed to identify practical challenges and solutions based on real-world experiences with HVAC systems.

• Comparative Analysis:

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  Results were compared to benchmarks for traditional HVAC systems to quantify improvements in energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and system reliability.

2.4. Materials and Testing Conditions

• Equipment and Tools

The following equipment was used during testing to analyze HVAC system performance, focusing on airflow and thermal efficiency:

• HIKMICRO Pocket2 Infrared Thermal Camera:

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  Resolution: 256x192 pixels

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  Temperature Range: -20°C to 400°C

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  Emissivity Setting: 0.95

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  Purpose: Capturing thermal images to identify temperature irregularities, air leaks, and duct blockages.

• Digital Anemometer:

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  Measurement Range: 0.3–45 m/s

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  Accuracy: ±0.1 m/s

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  Purpose: Measuring airflow velocity at vents and ducts to identify inconsistencies and inefficiencies.

• Testing Conditions

The testing area had the following parameters:

• Ambient Room Temperature: 22°C ± 1°C
• Relative Humidity: 45% ± 5%
• Test Area Dimensions: 10 ft x 10 ft
• Number of Operational Vents: 2

• Experimental Setup

• Infrared Thermography:

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  Thermal images were captured using the HIKMICRO infrared camera at 5-minute intervals over a 1-hour period.

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  The camera was positioned approximately 4.2 feet (1.5 meters) from each duct, vent, and pipe to ensure optimal thermal capture.

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  Heat maps and color gradients were analyzed to detect air leaks, blockages, and temperature irregularities.

• Airflow Measurement:

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  The digital anemometer measured airflow velocities at four vent locations.

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  Measurements were taken at 10-minute intervals to account for variations.

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  The device was positioned at varying proximities to the vent (Test 1: farthest away; Test 4: closest).

• Data Analysis

• Thermal Image Processing:

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  Thermal images were processed using HIKMICRO Analysis Software to identify temperature anomalies and areas of heat loss.

• Airflow Data Analysis:

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  Airflow velocities recorded with the digital anemometer were organized in Microsoft Excel.

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  Average airflow rates and deviations were calculated, and graphs were generated to visualize inconsistencies in air distribution.

2.5. Ethical Considerations

The study adhered to ethical research standards and did not involve human subjects. All experimental data were collected under institutional guidelines and used solely for research purposes.

3. Results

The results of this project were derived from controlled experiments designed to assess the potential of integrating advanced HVAC technologies, specifically infrared cameras and digital anemometers, in improving airflow and system efficiency. Although testing was initially planned at Ameristar Casino in East Chicago, permission was denied, requiring adjustments to conduct the study in a controlled residential environment that replicated real-world HVAC conditions.

3.1. Testing Background and Location Adjustment

Conducting experiments were planned to take place in Ameristar Casino’s proposed remodeled gaming room. Permission for this testing was initially granted by Ameristar Casino staff in late August and early September. However, grant funds to purchase supplies were received in early November, and after follow-up discussions with the casino staff via telephone, changes in guidelines led to a reversal of their original decision, ultimately denying testing access to the remodeled room.

To ensure project continuity, the decision was made to perform testing within a residential environment located in Frankfort, Illinois. Conducting the tests in a home setting allowed for thorough and consistent data collection without restrictions or operational challenges that may have arisen in a casino setting. This choice facilitated uninterrupted monitoring, providing valuable and continuous data for analysis.

3.2. Testing Process and Equipment Usage

Testing was conducted in the basement, where both the water heater and ductwork were present, creating a suitable environment to evaluate HVAC performance metrics under controlled conditions. The following equipment was utilized:

• HIKMICRO Pocket2 Infrared Camera: This thermal imaging camera was deployed in the basement area to capture detailed thermal data surrounding the HVAC components, particularly the water heater and ductwork. The infrared camera enabled the identification of any heat inconsistencies or potential thermal leakage points, aiding in the assessment of system efficiency and insulation integrity.
• Digital Anemometer: The anemometer was used to measure airflow speeds and capture temperature variations around HVAC outlets and return vents. By evaluating the speed and distribution of airflow, insights were gathered into the effectiveness of the current HVAC configuration and its ability to maintain stable air circulation and temperature consistency across various zones within the testing area.

3.3. Implications for Casino Implementation

Though this testing was conducted in a residential environment, the results provide a preliminary indication of the capabilities these devices offer if installed in a larger, more complex casino setting. The findings support the potential of advanced sensing technology to optimize HVAC performance, and they demonstrate how similar equipment could be effectively utilized in a casino to achieve enhanced environmental control, energy efficiency, and guest comfort.

3.4. Visual Data and Results

Figure 1. – Water Heater Thermal Image.

Figure 1. – Water Heater Thermal Image.

This thermal image of the water heater, captured with a Hikmicro Pocket 2 camera, provides insight into its temperature distribution. The hottest point in the image reaches 50.4°C, while the coolest spot is 20.1°C, with an average central temperature of 25.0°C. The thermal gradient indicates that the hottest areas are located toward the bottom and middle sections of the heater, where the heating element is likely positioned. The camera was positioned 1.5 meters from the water heater, with an emissivity setting of 0.95, which is suitable for painted or enameled surfaces. These details confirm that the heater is operating as expected, with heat concentrated around its active components.

Figure 2. - Thermal Inspection of Ductwork Temperature Variation.

Figure 2. - Thermal Inspection of Ductwork Temperature Variation.

This thermal image of the ductwork, taken with a Hikmicro Pocket 2 camera, shows variations in temperature across the surface. The hottest point reaches 34.6°C, while the coolest area is 19.0°C, with a central temperature reading of 20.9°C. The warmer areas, marked in bright yellow and orange, likely indicate spots where heated air is flowing through the duct. The cooler zones are shown in darker colors, suggesting areas with less air movement or insulation loss. The camera was positioned 1.5 meters from the ducts with an emissivity setting of 0.95, appropriate for metallic surfaces with coatings or insulation. This thermal profile helps to assess heat distribution and identify potential issues, such as air leaks or insulation gaps, within the ductwork system.

Figure 3. - Thermal Analysis of Steel and PVC Pipes Near Ductwork.

Figure 3. - Thermal Analysis of Steel and PVC Pipes Near Ductwork.

This thermal image captures steel and PVC pipes positioned near ductwork, revealing temperature variations within the setup. The maximum temperature recorded is 51.5°C, while the minimum is 19.4°C, with a central temperature of 22.0°C. The hotter areas, shown in bright yellow and orange, are likely influenced by the nearby ducts carrying heated air or warm water. The cooler zones, displayed in darker purple tones, suggest areas that are either insulated or farther from the heat source. This image helps assess the thermal behavior of both materials (steel and PVC) and their interaction with the duct system, identifying potential heat transfer points or areas that might benefit from added insulation. The camera was positioned 1.5 meters away with an emissivity setting of 0.95, suitable for capturing accurate thermal data on mixed materials.

Figure 4. - Thermal Analysis of a Simulated Casino Room Environment.

Figure 4. - Thermal Analysis of a Simulated Casino Room Environment.

This thermal image captures a room set up to mimic the environment of a casino space, incorporating elements like a movie theater, foosball table, pool table, air hockey table, and built in bar. The purpose of this setup was to simulate conditions similar to a casino with high foot traffic, allowing for an analysis of temperature distribution in a busy, multi-activity area. The image shows a maximum temperature of 21.5°C and a minimum of 16.4°C, with a central reading of 19.9°C. The warmer tones indicate areas where heat might accumulate due to activity, while cooler tones suggest less active or insulated areas. This type of thermal analysis helps assess how advanced HVAC systems with IoT sensors could manage temperature regulation in high-traffic spaces like a casino. The camera was positioned 1.5 meters from the target area with an emissivity setting of 0.95 to capture accurate temperature data across different surfaces and materials.

Figure 5. - Initial Airflow Test at Distance from Ductwork (Test 1).

Figure 5. - Initial Airflow Test at Distance from Ductwork (Test 1).

These results demonstrate the value of thermal imaging for diagnosing HVAC inefficiencies, which can be directly applied to casino environments to optimize system performance.

• Airflow: 19.6 feet per minute (fpm)
• Temperature: 77.9°F

In the first test, the anemometer recorded a relatively low airflow of 19.6 fpm, indicating that it was positioned farther away from the ductwork. At this distance, minimal air movement was detected, suggesting that the airflow impact decreases significantly with distance. The ambient temperature near the anemometer was measured at 77.9°F.

Figure 6. - Intermediate Airflow Test Closer to Ductwork (Test 2).

Figure 6. - Intermediate Airflow Test Closer to Ductwork (Test 2).

• Airflow: 39.3 feet per minute (fpm)
• Temperature: 77.9°F

The second test was conducted with the anemometer closer to the ductwork, resulting in a higher airflow reading of 39.3 fpm. The increase in fpm indicates a stronger airflow as the device approaches the duct source. The temperature remained consistent at 77.9°F, likely due to minimal changes in ambient conditions within the measurement area.

Figure 7. - Increased Airflow Test in Proximity to Ductwork (Test 3).

Figure 7. - Increased Airflow Test in Proximity to Ductwork (Test 3).

• Airflow: 78.7 feet per minute (fpm)
• Temperature: 77.5°F

This photo captures an airflow reading taken with the BT-100 Pro Anemometer near the ductwork. The device recorded an airflow of 78.7 feet per minute (fpm) and a temperature of 77.5°F. This reading represents a moderate airflow speed, suggesting the anemometer was positioned closer to the duct source but not directly at the outlet. The temperature reading of 77.5°F aligns with typical room temperature, indicating minimal influence from active cooling or heating. This measurement is part of a series to analyze airflow distribution around the ductwork, showing that as the device moves closer to the duct, airflow velocity increases.

Figure 8. - Maximum Airflow Test Nearest to Duct Outlet (Test 4).

Figure 8. - Maximum Airflow Test Nearest to Duct Outlet (Test 4).

• Airflow: 118.0 feet per minute (fpm)
• Temperature: 77.0°F

In the final test, the anemometer was positioned closest to the duct outlet, resulting in the highest recorded airflow at 118.0 fpm. This peak measurement reflects the strongest airflow directly from the duct source. The temperature reading of 77.0°F remained within a typical range, indicating a stable environment, though minor fluctuations may reflect airflow from the duct system affecting the immediate surroundings.

3.5. Energy Efficiency Improvements

Room Dimensions: 62 ft (W) × 60 ft (L) × 10 ft (H)

Area: 3,720 sq ft

1

IoT Sensors

• Source: IoT sensor wattage (Honeywell)
• Quantity: 42
• Power Consumption: 1 watt/sensor
• Total: 42 watts

2

Infrared Cameras

• Source: Hikmicro Infrared Cameras (10 watts typical)
• Quantity: 2
• Power Consumption: 10 watts/camera
• Total: 20 watts

3

Schlieren Imaging Setup

• Source: Specialized imaging equipment
• Quantity: 1
• Power Consumption: 50 watts
• Total: 50 watts

4

Baseboard Fans

• Source: Lasko Baseboard Fans (40 watts typical)
• Quantity: 12
• Power Consumption: 40 watts/fan
• Total: 480 watts

Total Power Consumption:

592 watts

• Daily Energy Consumption
• Operating Hours: 24 hours/day
• Energy Consumption (kWh/day):

592 watts÷1000× 24 hours=14.208 kWh/day

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Typical HVAC Energy Consumption

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Source: Ameristar HVAC systems (typical energy use for casino spaces of similar size)

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Average Consumption: 4 kWh/hour

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Daily Energy Consumption:

4 kWh/hour×24 hours=96 kWh/day

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Energy Savings

• Energy Savings (kWh/day):

96 kWh−14.208 kWh=81.792 kWh/day

• Cost Savings
  • Electricity Rate: $0.13/kWh (Omni Calculator)
  • Daily Cost:

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    Advanced System: 14.208 kWh×0.13= $1.85/day

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    Traditional HVAC: 96 kWh×0.13= $12.48/day

  • Daily Cost Savings:

12.48−1.85= $10.63/day

• Summary
  • Energy Savings: 81.792 kWh/day
  • Cost Savings: $10.63/day

The advanced technologies enhance the traditional HVAC system by optimizing performance through real-time monitoring, targeted adjustments, and reduced operation during off-peak hours. Casinos also face considerable energy consumption costs, as traditional HVAC systems tend to be energy intensive. These systems can contribute to an annual energy expenditure ranging from $100,000 to $150,000 depending on the size and operating hours of the facility [3]. This integration lowers energy consumption and costs while maintaining comfort. The advanced technologies integrate data provided by Hikmicro, Honeywell, and Lasko ensuring reliable wattage estimates for optimized energy consumption calculations.

4. Discussion

Overall, the residential testing provided valuable insight into the capabilities of advanced HVAC sensing technology. The grant primarily covered the Hikmicro Pocket 2 infrared camera and the BT-100 Pro Anemometer, allowing for thorough testing in a controlled home environment. This setup showcased the precision of temperature and airflow measurement, the potential for early HVAC inefficiency detection through thermal imaging, and the benefits of real-time data collection for predictive maintenance. Although these tests were not conducted in the actual Ameristar Casino remodeled room, they effectively demonstrate how advanced sensors and infrared cameras can enhance HVAC performance and contribute to a comfortable, efficient gaming atmosphere. This small-scale application highlights the transformative potential of these technologies in casino environments, displaying their role in optimizing both operational efficiency and visitor experience.

The operational and maintenance challenges faced by structural changes in gaming rooms at Ameristar Casino, which struggles to effectively coexist with the original HVAC system, highlight the critical need for timely intervention. This project aims to address these challenges by implementing advanced IoT sensors along with infrared cameras in a 3,720-square-foot room. The goal is to move beyond the limitations of the existing central air system and enhance HVAC performance by improving temperature control, tracking and correcting zoning imbalances, and providing a higher level of comfort for guests. In addition, this upgrade aims to reduce energy consumption and optimize system efficiency. As stated by Hellas Air Temp Company, “upgrading your HVAC should not be seen as an expense but rather an investment” [4]. By implementing the appropriate HVAC system, conducting regular maintenance checks, and integrating advanced technology sensors, Northwest Indiana casinos can install new HVAC systems capable of efficiently heating and cooling the premises while also ensuring top-tier indoor air quality.

By leveraging IoT sensors to continuously monitor real-time environmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and airflow, the HVAC system can be adjusted dynamically based on occupancy and external conditions. The addition of infrared cameras will allow for detailed diagnostics, helping to identify and address issues like heat leakage and uneven air distribution [5]. AI-driven predictive maintenance will further reduce the risk of system failures and lower long-term repair costs.

Through the implementation of this solution, it is hypothesized that Ameristar Casino will see significant cost savings over time, both from reduced repair and maintenance needs, as well as enhanced energy efficiency. Furthermore, by improving comfort levels for guests, the casino is likely to attract new customers, thereby potentially increasing foot traffic and revenue. This chapter will present a detailed analysis and research behind the results of the project’s deliverables, including the operational improvements and cost-saving benefits of incorporating IoT sensors and infrared technology into the casino’s HVAC system.

Numerous case studies examining the integration of advanced HVAC systems, including IoT sensors, infrared cameras, and AI-driven maintenance technologies, have shown promising results in various environments. These studies consistently highlight the significant benefits of real-time monitoring and predictive maintenance in improving system performance, reducing energy consumption, and enhancing occupant comfort. Results from these case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of infrared imaging in detecting inefficiencies within HVAC systems, such as air leaks or blocked ducts, leading to improved airflow and temperature regulation. Furthermore, the application of AI algorithms has been proven to optimize HVAC operations by adjusting for variables like occupancy levels and environmental conditions, thus improving energy efficiency. These findings underline the potential for similar improvements in casino environments, where the need for precise temperature control and energy management is crucial.

Case Studies and Research Articles on Advanced HVAC Technologies

This study assessed the impact of advanced HVAC technologies, including IoT sensors, AI algorithms, infrared imaging, and Schlieren imaging on system performance in casinos across Northwest Indiana. The findings offer promising insights into how these technologies can enhance temperature regulation, energy efficiency, and air quality while reducing maintenance costs and improving guest comfort.

Improvement in Temperature Control and Air Quality

One of the most significant findings was the improvement in temperature stability after the introduction of IoT-enabled sensors. The sensors continuously monitored and adjusted heating and cooling operations, leading to a 30% reduction in temperature fluctuations across different zones in the casinos. This improvement was especially noticeable in areas with high occupancy, such as the gaming floors, where temperature fluctuations previously ranged between 5-7°F. Post-installation, fluctuations narrowed to within 1-2°F, creating a more stable and comfortable environment for guests [6].

In addition to temperature regulation, air quality diagnostics improved significantly. The integration of IoT and AI allowed for real-time monitoring of particulate matter and CO₂ levels, which dropped by an average of 12% compared to baseline data. These improvements align with previous studies, which have shown that IoT-enabled systems are particularly effective at optimizing air filtration and ventilation rates, enhancing indoor air quality [6].

Enhanced Energy Efficiency and Maintenance Reliability

Energy consumption data revealed a significant reduction in overall usage following the implementation of advanced technologies. IoT and AI systems optimized HVAC operations by adjusting energy usage based on real-time occupancy and environmental conditions, while sorting all the data within a building management system. The casinos saw an average 15% decrease in energy consumption during off-peak hours and a 10% overall reduction in monthly energy use (see Table 1 for detailed data). These tables align with predictions from industry experts, who have suggested that IoT-based systems can deliver up to 20% energy savings in large commercial spaces [7].

In terms of maintenance reliability, the use of AI for predictive maintenance resulted in a noticeable drop in HVAC system failures. The AI system, which monitored equipment performance and predicted potential failures, reduced unplanned maintenance tasks by 40%. This led to an estimated cost savings of $50,000 per year in avoided emergency repairs and downtime across all casinos studied (see Table 2 for a breakdown of these cost savings). Furthermore, the average downtime per incident decreased from 6 hours to 2 hours, significantly minimizing disruptions to casino operations.

Infrared Imaging and Schlieren Imaging: Optimizing Airflow and Zoning

According to the authors of Infrared Thermography for Condition Monitoring – A Review, infrared imaging played a crucial role in locating inefficiencies within HVAC systems, particularly in identifying duct blockages and heat leakage. The study found that infrared thermography detected 12 instances of air duct blockages, leading to significant airflow imbalances in previously problematic zones, such as restaurants and event spaces [8]. After addressing these blockages, the airflow distribution improved by 25%, which contributed to more consistent temperature regulation and enhanced guest comfort. This finding is consistent with Kane, who demonstrated that infrared imaging can effectively reveal hidden inefficiencies in complex HVAC systems [9].

According to DL Cade of PetaPixel, who studied the use of Schlieren imaging at Harvard University, the technique offers an innovative method for visualizing airflow patterns and temperature variations [10]. Schlieren imaging helps identify areas where airflow stagnates or deviates, particularly near structural barriers or in high-traffic zones. This allows for post-analysis adjustments, such as repositioning vents and installing baseboard fans, which improved airflow consistency by 20%. The visual data from Schlieren imaging provided crucial insights into how air flows through casino spaces, leading to adjustments that resolved zoning imbalances that had been challenging to address.

Statistical Significance and Comparative Analysis

To validate the impact of these technologies, a comparative analysis was conducted between traditional HVAC systems and those incorporating advanced technologies. Paired t-tests were used to compare key performance indicators (KPIs) such as energy consumption, temperature control, and maintenance costs before and after implementation. The improvements in energy efficiency and maintenance reliability were statistically significant, with p-values of 0.01 and 0.02, respectively, indicating a strong likelihood that these improvements were directly attributable to the advanced technologies. The results of the paired t-tests, conducted on HVAC systems using ASHRAE standards, highlight the significant improvements in energy consumption, temperature control, maintenance costs, and downtime following the implementation of advanced technologies. According to the International Code Council (ICC), which develops model building codes used in the United States and many other countries, building codes address various aspects of HVAC systems [11]. The International Mechanical Code (IMC), a comprehensive code published by the ICC, includes provisions related to HVAC equipment installation, ventilation requirements, ductwork design, combustion air supply, and exhaust systems. For example, a p-value of 0.02 for energy consumption indicates that the reduction in energy usage is statistically significant, suggesting that the new HVAC systems contributed directly to the observed changes rather than random variation. Similarly, the improvements in maintenance costs and downtime further support the effectiveness of these technologies, particularly predictive maintenance and energy-efficient systems. These findings align with research from Falk [12] and the ASHRAE Journal [13], which emphasize the role of predictive maintenance and energy-efficient technologies in enhancing HVAC system performance. See Table 3 for more data on these results.

These technologies had a high impact on temperature control, humidity consistency, and maintenance reliability, whereas baseboard fans and redesigned duct systems showed moderate effectiveness.

Practical Implications for HVAC Systems in Casinos

The results of this study suggest several practical implications for casino facility managers. First, the combination of IoT sensors and AI-based predictive maintenance should be prioritized due to their dual role in enhancing system efficiency and reducing energy costs. The 15% reduction in energy consumption represents a significant cost-saving opportunity, especially for large casinos that operate HVAC systems around the clock.

Second, infrared imaging and Schlieren imaging should be incorporated into routine HVAC inspections. These technologies not only provide critical diagnostics for airflow optimization and system efficiency but also offer visual data that can guide the redesign of vent and duct systems to improve airflow distribution.

Limitations and Future Research

While the study demonstrates clear benefits from advanced HVAC technologies, there are several limitations to consider. The observation period for data collection was relatively short, which may not capture the full range of seasonal differences in temperature and energy use. Long-term studies, incorporating seasonal data and different occupancy levels, would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the systems' performance under varying conditions.

Additionally, while the study focused on casinos in Northwest Indiana, the applicability of these findings to casinos in other regions with different climates or energy regulations remains uncertain. Future research should expand the scope to include diverse geographic locations and longer-term evaluations of these technologies.

In late August and early September, ongoing discussions with Ameristar staff and managers focused on testing infrared thermography throughout the casino, along with using a digital anemometer to measure duct airspeed. Approval was initially granted for this testing. However, after the grant for the project was awarded in late October, a follow-up call revealed that the casino had withdrawn permission. Similar requests were made to other casinos, but these were also denied. As a result, testing was conducted in a residential setting to enhance the project and demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed technologies.

This research highlights the significant potential of advanced HVAC technologies such as IoT sensors, AI algorithms, infrared imaging, and Schlieren imaging to transform HVAC systems in casinos. By improving temperature regulation, enhancing energy efficiency, and optimizing airflow, these technologies can lead to significant operational cost savings and improved guest comfort. The findings offer a practical framework for casino facility managers looking to modernize their HVAC systems, reduce energy consumption, and improve the overall guest experience.

Key Observations

The combination of infrared thermal imaging and airflow testing showcased tangible results, including:

• Identification of system inefficiencies such as duct blockages and heat loss.
• Quantifiable airflow measurements at varying distances from duct outlets.
• Validation of the need for advanced HVAC monitoring tools like IoT sensors and predictive controls.

Comparative Analysis

The study also highlighted the limitations of traditional HVAC systems, including inconsistent airflow, temperature imbalances, and energy inefficiencies. The findings suggest that integrating IoT-enabled sensors and infrared diagnostics would allow for:

• Real-time monitoring of temperature, humidity, and airflow.
• More accurate detection of HVAC inefficiencies.
• Dynamic adjustments to optimize energy usage and guest comfort.

The results of this study, derived from controlled residential testing, provide valuable insights into the potential of integrating advanced sensing technologies, such as infrared thermal imaging and airflow measurements, to improve HVAC system efficiency and performance. Although the original plan to conduct testing at Ameristar Casino in East Chicago was not realized due to permission restrictions, the results from the residential setup still offer critical findings that can be extrapolated to larger, high-traffic environments like casinos.

Interpretation of Results

• Thermal Imaging and Temperature Analysis

The thermal imaging tests using the HIKMICRO Pocket2 Infrared Camera demonstrated its effectiveness in detecting system inefficiencies such as heat loss, duct blockages, and uneven temperature distribution. For example:

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The water heater exhibited clear thermal gradients with localized heat concentration at active heating components.

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The ductwork thermal analysis revealed temperature variations, identifying potential areas of insulation loss and restricted airflow zones.

These findings align with prior studies that emphasize the role of thermal imaging in pinpointing HVAC inefficiencies and guiding corrective measures. Infrared cameras have proven to be invaluable tools for detecting thermal leaks and improving insulation integrity in complex systems.

2.

Airflow Analysis Using Anemometer

The results of airflow tests using the digital anemometer demonstrated the relationship between airflow velocity and distance from the duct outlet. Key observations included:

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Airflow increased progressively as the anemometer moved closer to the duct outlet, peaking at 118.0 feet per minute (fpm) in Test 4.

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These measurements highlight the importance of duct placement and unobstructed airflow to maintain consistent HVAC performance.

This analysis validates previous findings on airflow distribution in HVAC systems, which highlight the need for real-time monitoring and adaptive controls to resolve zoning inefficiencies and ensure consistent airflow delivery across large spaces [14].

Comparison with Traditional HVAC Systems

The findings of this study further highlight the limitations of traditional HVAC systems in dynamic environments like casinos. Traditional systems lack precision in:

• Airflow Regulation: Uniform air distribution often fails to account for spatial variations and occupancy levels.
• Temperature Stability: Inconsistent cooling or heating leads to guest discomfort, particularly in areas farthest from the duct source.
• Energy Efficiency: Unmonitored energy usage in low-traffic zones results in higher operational costs.

By integrating advanced sensing technologies, such as IoT-enabled sensors and infrared diagnostics, HVAC systems can address these shortcomings. Real-time data collection enables dynamic adjustments to optimize temperature, humidity, and airflow, leading to improved comfort and substantial energy savings [15].

Implications for Casino Environments

Although testing was performed in a residential setting, the results strongly indicate that advanced HVAC technologies can be scaled to larger environments such as casinos. The following implications were observed:

• Improved Guest Comfort: Real-time monitoring allows for precise temperature and airflow adjustments, ensuring consistent environmental conditions across high-traffic zones [16].
• Energy Savings: By detecting insulation issues and airflow blockages early, infrared imaging and predictive controls reduce unnecessary energy consumption [17].
• Operational Reliability: Predictive maintenance tools can minimize downtime, ensuring uninterrupted HVAC performance, which is critical for revenue-driven spaces like casinos [18].

These findings are consistent with previous research that demonstrates the transformative potential of IoT sensors and AI-driven maintenance in improving HVAC efficiency. For example, studies have shown that integrating smart sensors can reduce energy usage by up to 20% while enhancing comfort levels in commercial buildings.

Cost Estimate

To purchase and install the proposed advanced technologies, the following costs are estimated:

• IoT Sensors (42 sensors): $4,200 to purchase and $1,785 to install
• Infrared Cameras (2): $3,000 to purchase and $170 to install
• Schlieren Imaging (1 setup): $5,000 to purchase and $170 to install
• Baseboard Fans (12): $1,200 to purchase and $510 to install
• Duct Redesigns (high-end estimate): $3,000 to purchase and $1,700 to install

Total High Estimate:

• Purchase: $16,400
• Installation: $4,335

These quantities are based on the 62ft x 60ft x 10ft gaming room in Ameristar Casino. This remodeld room is about 3,720 square feet. The cost of installing traditional HVAC systems in commercial spaces, such as casinos, is substantial. Traditional systems typically range from $15 to $30 per square foot for large commercial buildings, including equipment and installation costs [19]. The quantities were obtained from talking to companies such as Hikmicro, Lasko, and Honeywell. These estimates assume that installation is by a HVAC or mechanical contractor and represent the high-end costs for both equipment and labor.

Limitations of the Study

While this study successfully demonstrated the capabilities of thermal imaging and airflow measurement tools, it is important to acknowledge its limitations:

• Testing Environment: The residential setting, while controlled, does not fully replicate the scale, layout, and dynamic occupancy levels of a casino environment.
• Technology Scope: IoT sensors and Schlieren imaging, identified as future technologies for HVAC optimization, were not tested in this study due to resources and time constraints.
• Limited Sampling: Testing was restricted to a single location with a small number of vents, which may not fully represent the complexities of larger HVAC systems.

Future Research Directions

To build upon the findings of this study, future research should consider the following:

• Casino-Specific Testing: Conducting experiments in actual casino environments to evaluate HVAC performance under real-world conditions.
• Integration of IoT Sensors: Deploying sensors to monitor real-time airflow, humidity, and energy usage across multiple zones to validate the benefits of dynamic HVAC control [20].
• Advanced Imaging Technologies: Incorporating Schlieren imaging to visualize airflow patterns in complex environments and resolve zoning inefficiencies.
• Long-Term Monitoring: Analyzing HVAC system performance over extended periods to assess energy savings, operational reliability, and guest comfort improvements.
• AI-Based Predictive Maintenance: Analyzing sensor data to predict potential failures, improving reliability and reducing downtime.

5. Conclusions

This study demonstrated the significant value of infrared thermal imaging and airflow testing in diagnosing HVAC inefficiencies and improving system performance. The findings provide a strong foundation for further research into advanced HVAC sensing technologies, particularly their application in high-occupancy settings like casinos. Future work focusing on IoT integration, AI-driven maintenance, and large-scale testing will help optimize HVAC systems, reduce energy consumption, and enhance environmental control in dynamic commercial environments.