Preprint Review Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Bioconversion, Pharmacokinetics, and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Compound K and Its Analogues for Treating Metabolic Diseases

Md Niaj. Morshed
ORCID logo ,
Reshmi Akter
,
Imran Mahmud
,
Md. Rezaul Karim
ORCID logo ,
Safia Iqbal
,
Md. jakaria Islam
,
Se Chan Kang
* ORCID logo ,
Deok Chun Yang
* ORCID logo
Version 1 : Received: 2 February 2024 / Approved: 2 February 2024 / Online: 2 February 2024 (08:52:48 CET)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

Morshed, M.N.; Akter, R.; Karim, M.R.; Iqbal, S.; Kang, S.C.; Yang, D.C. Bioconversion, Pharmacokinetics, and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Compound K and Its Analogues for Treating Metabolic Diseases. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46, 2320-2342. Morshed, M.N.; Akter, R.; Karim, M.R.; Iqbal, S.; Kang, S.C.; Yang, D.C. Bioconversion, Pharmacokinetics, and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Compound K and Its Analogues for Treating Metabolic Diseases. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46, 2320-2342.

Abstract

Rare ginsenoside compound K (CK), is an intestinal microbial metabolite with a low natural abundance that is primarily produced by physicochemical processing, side chain modification, or metabolic transformation in the gut. Moreover, CK exhibits potent biological activity compared to primary ginsenosides, which has raised concerns in the field of ginseng research and development as well as ginsenosides-related dietary supplements and natural products. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, and Rc are generally used as a substrate to generate CK via several bio-conversion processes. Current research shows that CK has a wide range of pharmacological actions including boosting osteogenesis, lipid and glucose metabolism, lipid oxidation, insulin resistance, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptosis properties. Further research on the bioavailability and toxicology of CK can advance its medicinal application. The purpose of this review is to lay the groundwork for future clinical studies and the development of CK as a therapy for metabolic disorders. Furthermore, the toxicology and pharmacology of CK are investigated as well in this review. The findings indicate that CK primarily modulates signal-ing pathways associated with AMPK, SIRT1, PPARs, WNTs, and NF-kB. It also demonstrates a positive therapeutic effect of CK on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and its complications, as well as osteoporosis. Additionally, the analogues of CK showed more bioavailability, less toxicity, and more efficacy against disease states. Enhancing bioavailability and regulating hazardous variables are crucial for its use in clinical trials.

Keywords

Ginsenoside compound K, Metabolic disease, obesity, NAFLD, Diabetes, osteoporosis

Subject

Biology and Life Sciences, Biology and Biotechnology

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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