Hasan, M.W.; Ehsan, M.; Wang, Q.; Haseeb, M.; Lakho, S.A.; Haider, A.; Lu, M.; Xu, L.; Song, X.; Yan, R.; Li, X. PLGA-Encapsulated Haemonchus contortus Antigen ES-15 Augments Immune Responses in a Murine Model. Vaccines2023, 11, 1794.
Hasan, M.W.; Ehsan, M.; Wang, Q.; Haseeb, M.; Lakho, S.A.; Haider, A.; Lu, M.; Xu, L.; Song, X.; Yan, R.; Li, X. PLGA-Encapsulated Haemonchus contortus Antigen ES-15 Augments Immune Responses in a Murine Model. Vaccines 2023, 11, 1794.
Hasan, M.W.; Ehsan, M.; Wang, Q.; Haseeb, M.; Lakho, S.A.; Haider, A.; Lu, M.; Xu, L.; Song, X.; Yan, R.; Li, X. PLGA-Encapsulated Haemonchus contortus Antigen ES-15 Augments Immune Responses in a Murine Model. Vaccines2023, 11, 1794.
Hasan, M.W.; Ehsan, M.; Wang, Q.; Haseeb, M.; Lakho, S.A.; Haider, A.; Lu, M.; Xu, L.; Song, X.; Yan, R.; Li, X. PLGA-Encapsulated Haemonchus contortus Antigen ES-15 Augments Immune Responses in a Murine Model. Vaccines 2023, 11, 1794.
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) is a gastrointestinal parasite affecting small ruminants, leading to a significant decline in animal productivity. In this study, we developed a nanovaccine by encapsulating the recombinant protein rHcES-15, derived from the excretory/secretory products of H. contortus, within biodegradable poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs). To construct the nanovaccine, PLGA NPs were prepared using a modified double emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) illustrated successful encapsulation of rHcES-15 within PLGA NPs, with a size ranging between 350-400 nm. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the antigen in the nanovaccine was determined to be 72%. A total of forty experimental mice were divided into five groups, receiving the nanovaccine on day 0 and being humanely sacrificed at the end of the 14-day trial. The stimulation index (SI) from mice vaccinated with the nanovaccine indicated an amplified lymphocyte proliferation and a significant increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17). Furthermore, the percentages of T-cells (CD4+, CD8+) and dendritic cell phenotypes (CD83+, CD86+) were substantially upregulated in mice immunized with the nanovaccine compared to control groups and the rHcES-15 group. Similarly, higher levels of antigen-specific serum immunoglobulins (IgG1, IgG2a, IgM) were observed in response to the nanovaccine compared to both the antigenic (rHcES-15) and control groups. In conclusion, the data strongly supports the notion that encapsulation of rHcES-15 within PLGA NPs effectively stimulates immune cells in vivo, ultimately augmenting antigen-specific adaptive immune responses against H. contortus. This discovery highlights the promising potential of the nanovaccine, justifying additional investigations to ascertain its efficacy finally.
Biology and Life Sciences, Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Zoology
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