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A Novel Type II L-Asparaginase from the Halotolerant Bacillus subtilis CH11

A peer-reviewed version of this preprint was published in:
Life 2023, 13(11), 2145. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13112145

Submitted:

29 September 2023

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30 September 2023

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Abstract
L-asparaginase from bacterial sources have been used in antineoplastic treatments and the food industry. A novel type II L-a sparaginase encoded by the N-truncated gene ansZP21 of halotolerant Bacillus subtilis CH11 isolated from Chilca salterns in Peru was expressed using a heterologous system in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3)pLysS. The recombinant protein was purified using one-step nickel affinity chromatography and exhibited activity of 234.38 U mg-1 and a maximum catalytic activity at pH 9.0 and 60 °C. The enzyme shows a homotetrameric form with an estimated molecular weight of 155 kDa by gel filtration chromatography. The enzyme half-life at 60 °C was 3 h 48 min, and L-asparaginase retained 50% of initial activity for 24 h at 37 °C. The activity was considerably enhanced by KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, mercaptoethanol, and DL-dithiothreitol (p-value < 0.01). Moreover, the Vmax and Km were 145.2 µmol mL-1 min-1 and 4.752 mM, respectively. These findings evidence a promising novel type II L-asparaginase for future industrial applications.
Keywords: 
L-asparaginase II
;  
Bacillus subtilis
;  
saline environment
;  
biochemical characterization
Subject: 
Biology and Life Sciences  -   Biology and Biotechnology

1. Introduction

The L-asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) hydrolyzes L-asparagine into aspartic acid and ammonia via an intermediate beta-acyl-enzyme [1,2]. This well-known enzyme is used in cancer therapy, such as childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and lymphoid system disorders [3]. The antineoplastic action of L-asparaginase happens because cancer cells are not able to synthesize enough L-asparagine and the depletion of this compound in serum causes the death of cancer cells. However, several side effects have been reported in patients treated with the available L-asparaginases in the market. In addition, L-asparaginase has been frequently used in the food industry to reduces the formation of carcinogenic acrylamide in food during the heat treatment [4,5]. Therefore, recent studies have been focusing on finding new sources for obtaining this pharmaceutically and biotechnologically important protein [6,7]. Likewise, the studies look for the optimization of the production media [8,9] and the achievement of higher levels of the purified protein using several strategies such as including a signal peptide, optimizing a promoter to obtain extracellular proteins [10,11], and truncation from the N-terminus of L-asparaginase [12,13]; all of them to have better quality, efficiency, and safety of the L-asparaginase.
The sources for obtaining this protein are diverse including plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. However, bacterial sources are the most interesting and more comprehensively studied because of their easy handling and genetic manipulation, fast growth, lower genome complexity, and economically more viable production cost [9,14]. Moreover, L-asparaginases from bacteria isolated from hypersaline environments, especially from the Bacillus genus, have been described as the most promising anticancer compounds as they show lower immune response and higher activity [15,16,17]. The genome of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) has two genes encoding for L-asparaginase (ansA and ansZ). The ansA gene encodes L-asparaginase I, an intracellular protein with low affinity to the substrate. While the ansZ gene encodes L-asparaginase II, an extracellular enzyme with higher substrate affinity[12,18].
In this paper, we describe cloning, heterologous expression, and purification of novel, N-terminally truncated, type II L-asparaginase of B. subtilis CH11 from Chilca salterns in Lima-Peru. In addition, we have characterized its thermostability along with contribution of temperature, pH, and co-factors to the enzymatic activity. We also determined the kinetic parameters of the enzyme.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Bacteria strains and chemicals

Bacillus subtilis CH11 strain belongs to the collection of Prof. Amparo Zavaleta, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Universidad Nacional de San Marcos (Lima, Peru). T4 DNA ligase, Phusion DNA polymerase, Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)pLysS were purchased from Thermo Scientific® (Waltham, Massachusetts, USA). Restriction endonucleases and 1 kb DNA Ladder were from New England Biolabs® (Ipswich, Massachusetts, USA). QIAprep® Spin Miniprep Kit was from QIAGEN (Hilden, Germany). pET-15b and BugBuster® Master Mix from Novagen® (Merck - Darmstadt, Germany). Finally, Bicinchoninic Acid Kit were from Sigma-Aldrich® (St. Louis, Missouri, USA).

2.1. Bioinformatic analysis

The native ansZ gene sequence was analyzed by SignalP – 6.0 server (DTU Health Tech, Denmark) to identify the presence of signal peptide. The molecular weight and isoelectric point were predicted by ProtParam (SIB bioinformatics resource). The monomer’s structure was predicted using AlphaFold2 (EMBL-EBI, UK).

2.2. Cloning of the ansZP21 gene encoding L-ASNasaZP21

The ansZ gene without the signal peptide YccC (first 60 base pairs) denominated ansZP21, was amplified by PCR from the extracted DNA of Bacillus sp. CH11 using the forward primer 5’-TTT CAT ATG CCA CAT TCT CC T GAA ACA AAA GAA TCC CC-3’ and the reverse primer 5’-TGC CGG ATC CTC AAT ACT CAT TGA AAT AAG C-3’. The gene was cloned using the restriction enzymes NdeI and BamHI whose recognition sequences are in bold in the primers described above. PCR was carried out using Phusion DNA polymerase (2 U µL-1) and the reaction conditions were an initial denaturation at 98 °C for 30 sec; followed by 35 cycles at 98 °C for 10 sec, 58 °C for 30 sec, 72 °C for 20 sec; and a final extension at 72 °C for 5 min (T100 Thermal Cycler, Bio-Rad, Hercules, California, USA). The PCR products were cloned into pET-15b using 1 U of T4 DNA ligase and transformed into Escherichia coli DH5α. Then, the plasmids were extracted using the kit QIAprep® Spin Miniprep Kit and sending for sequencing to confirm the correct cloning of the ansZP21 gene. The correct expression vector was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)pLysS host cells.

2.3. Expression and purification of L-ASNasaZP21

Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)pLysS cells were used for protein expression. Cells were grown using LB-Miller medium supplemented with 100 µg mL-1 ampicillin at 37°C. Protein expression was induced by adding Isopropyl β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) to a final concentration of 0.5 mM when the OD600 reached 0.6. Post-induction, the culture was incubated for 14 h at 22 °C and 230 rpm. Subsequently, the cells were harvested by centrifugation at 2133 g for 20 min at 4 °C and disrupted using BugBuster® Master Mix reagent following the manufacturer’s instructions. The clarified lysate containing 6X-His-tagged L-ASNasaZP21 was recovered and used for purification by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) using an FPLC system (ÄKTA start, GE Healthcare, Chicago, Illinois, USA). Briefly, the clarified lysate in 50 mM Tris-HCl containing 100 mM NaCl and 20 mM imidazole, pH 8.5 was loaded onto a pre-equilibrated HisTrapTM FF column of 5 mL (GE Healthcare). Unbound proteins were eliminated by washing the column with 5 column volume (CV) of the buffer, and finally, the enzyme was eluted by linear gradient of imidazole (up to 500 mM), desalted in Tris-HCl pH 8.5, and stored at 4 °C for further analysis.

2.4. Molecular weight determination

The molecular weight of the purified L-ASNasaZP21 was determined by size exclusion chromatography using a HiPrepTM 16/60 Sephacryl® S-200 HR column (GE Healthcare) and 50 mM Tris-HCl containing 100 mM NaCl, pH 8.5 at a flow rate of 0.5 mL min-1. The standard curve was performed using a Protein Standard Mix 15-600 kDa (Sigma-Aldrich®, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) composed of ρ-aminobenzoic acid (0.14 kDa), ribonuclease A type I-A (13.7 kDa), grade VI albumin (44.3 kDa), γ-globulin (150 kDa) and thyroglobulin (670 kDa). The estimation of the molecular weight was made on a semi-log graph following the method described by Mahajan et al. [19]

2.5. SDS-PAGE and zymography

The purity fraction of the L-ASNasaZP21 was evaluated by SDS-PAGE using β-mercaptoethanol as reducing agent. The zymography was used to evaluate the L-asparaginase activity in situ following electrophoresis with 5% polyacrylamide gel. The gel was incubated in a solution containing 25 mL of 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.6, 2 mL of 189 mM L-asparagine, 2 mL of 2 M hydroxylamine, 1.6 mL of 2 M NaOH. The incubation was performed at 37 °C for 20 min in a Mini Rocker Platform (Bio-Rad). Finally, the gel was stained with a solution containing 10% FeCl2, 5% trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and 0.66 M HCl which allows visualizing a positive reaction based on the L-aspartic acid β-hydroxamate (AHA) colorimetric assay [20]

2.6. L-asparaginase activity and protein assay

The L-asparaginase activity was evaluated by Nessler’s method with modifications [21]. The reaction consisted of 100 μL of 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.6, 10 μL of 189 mM L-asparagine, 90 μL of H2O, and 10 μL of sample. This mixture was incubated for 10 min at 37 °C and stopped using 10 μL of 1.5 M trichloroacetic acid. A volume of 25 μL of the previous reaction was mixed with 25 μL of Nessler solution and 200 μL of H2O and the released free ammonia was quantified measuring the absorbance at 436 nm. In the negative control, H20 was used instead of enzyme, and for the blank, the reaction was stopped before adding the enzyme. A standard calibration curve was performed using different known concentrations of ammonium sulfate. One unit of enzyme (U) produces 1.0 µmole of ammonia from L-asparagine per minute under optimum conditions.
Protein concentration was measured according to Bicinchoninic Acid Kit for 96-well plate-assay following the manufacturer’s instructions. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) (Sigma-Aldrich®, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) was used as a standard.

2.7. Biochemical characterization

The temperature effect on L-ASNasaZP21 activity was investigated between 22 and 80 °C at fixed pH equal to 8.6. The pH effect was evaluated between 3.0 and 10.0 using appropriate buffers: pH 3.0–5.0, 50 mM sodium citrate, pH 6.0–7.0, 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 8.0–9.0, 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 10.0, sodium bicarbonate-NaOH. Temperature was fixed at 60 °C. The results were expressed as relative activity (%).
The half-life of L-ASNasaZP21 at 22, 37, and 60 °C was determined by incubation from 1 to 24 h, and the residual activity was measured at 60 °C for 10 min by Nessler method with modifications described above, a control sample without incubation was used. The rate of the reaction was calculated by plotting the time (h) along the X-axis vs the logarithmic of the residual activity along the Y-axis. The inactivation rate constant (k) was estimated using linear regression[22]:
ln [A]t = -kt + ln [A]0
Where [A]0 is the control activity (100 %) and the [A]t is the activity at an indicated time t (h). The half-life was determined with the following equation[23]:
t(1/2) = ln(2)k -1
The effect of inhibitors and ions was examined following the same protocol described above and supplementing the standard reaction mixture with appropriate inhibitors and salts. The tested inhibitors were PMSF, Urea, Mercaptoethanol, DL-Dithiothreitol, SDS, and EDTA at final concentration of 10 mM and Glutathione at final concentration of 5 mM. The tested salts with mono and divalent cations were NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, MnCl2, BaCl2, CuCl2, and CoCl2, all at final concentration of 100 mM. The enzyme activity was expressed as relative activity (%) compared to control without any supplemented component.
The reactions for kinetic assays were carried out at pH 9, 60 °C, and with an incubation time of 10 min. The substrate was tested in a concentration range from 2 to 14 mM. The Vmax and Km values were calculated by the Lineaweaver-Burk plot.

2.8. Data collection and analysis

All the analysis was carried out in duplicate and expressed as the mean ± standard deviations (SD). Data were evaluated using one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s Multiple Comparison Test using GraphPad Prism version 10.0.2. software (San Diego, USA) with significance defined as p < 0.01.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Cloning of ansZP21 gene and sequence analysis

The native ansZ transcript included a signal peptide (amino acid residues 1-19) identified via bioinformatics analysis conducted with SignalP – 6.0 server with a probability of 0.996% (Figure 1a). This finding is in line with the AlphaFold2 structure prediction of L-asparaginase II from B. subtilis (Figure 1b) [24,25], and that lipoprotein signal peptide type II YccC reported in B. subtilis was found to be in the N-terminal amino sequence of the ansZ gene used in the present study [26,27]. In addition, Onishi et al. [12] reported that E. coli might not process the signal peptide of L-asparaginase from Bacillus sp., resulting in incorrect protein folding leading to a lower purification yield and purity. On the other hand, studies have suggested that the formation of the mature protein is involved in the proper folding, where the diacylglycerol modification of the Cys20 residue is required for the signal peptide release [12,28,29], it indicates a possible post-translational modification that might remove the N-terminal 6X-His-tag. Therefore, the lipoprotein signal peptide between 1-19 amino acid residues and Cys20 residue were removed when cloning the protein for E. coli expression. Also, the molecular weight and isoelectric point of the mature protein were 37.91 kDa and 6.16, respectively, both estimated by ProtParam (SIB bioinformatics resource). In bases on that, the ansZP21 gene has 1068 bps (Figure 1), encoding the protein L-ASNasaZP21 of 355 amino acids.

3.2. Expression and purification of L-ASNasaZP21

B. subtilis L-ASNasaZP21 expressed in heterologous E. coli BL21(DE3)pLysS and purified showed a specific activity of 234.38 U mg-1. This specific activity was higher than previously reported values in similar proteins [10,12,30]. This may result from a better protein solubility and reduced misfolding associated with N-terminal truncation and optimized expression protocol [13,31]. Besides, Moura et al. [13] reported that E. coli BL21(DE3)pLysS (89.0 ± 4.4) expresses L-asparaginase with higher enzymatic activity compared to other E. coli strains. (T7 Express Crystal, 57.0 ± 1.7; Turned (DE3), 41.6 ± 2.0; C43 (DE3), 22.4 ± 1.6; BL21 (DE3), 12.5 ± 1.2; Lemo21 (DE3), 10.9 ± 1.2; SHuffe T7, 4.9 ± 1.9; GroEL (DE3), 2.2 ± 2.1)
A purification factor of 85.2-fold and a recovery yield of 61.9 % were achieved after the affinity chromatography (Table 1). The N-truncated version of our L-asparaginase was expressed including an N-terminal 6X-His-tagg which allowed high selectivity to obtain a highly purified protein from a complex sample [27,32]. Studies on other L-asparaginases type II from Bacillus sp. using affinity chromatography have been reported, obtaining activities of 4438.6 U mg-1[33], 1146 U mg-1[34], and 162.9 U mg-1 with a recovery yield of 67.21% [10].

3.3. Molecular weight determination, SDS-PAGE, and zymography

The SDS-page analysis shows that the molecular weight of L-ASNasaZP21 was 38 kDa as expected and the purity grade was relatively high (Figure 2a). The zymography shows the L-asparaginase activity in situ, although the molecular weight does not match with the one observed in denaturing conditions (Figure 2b). This is associated to presumably oligomerization of the protein in native conditions. In accordance with that, the molecular weight determined by gel filtration chromatography was 155 kDa, indicating L-ASNasaZP21 possible tetrameric structure in agreement with preliminary studies [35,36].

3.4. Effect of temperature and pH

L-ASNasaZP21 exhibited an optimum activity at 60 °C (Figure 3a) which was 2.7-fold higher than at 37 °C. The enzyme retained more than 60% of its activity at 45 °C and around 30% at 70 °C. The optimum pH of L-ASNasaZP21 was 9.0 (Figure 3b) keeping more than 80% of its activity at physiological pH (pH 7). Most bacterial L-asparaginases have been shown optimum activity between 30 and 50 °C [37] and at pH between 7.0 and 9.0 [38]. These results agree with Feng et al. [30], who reported an N-truncated L-asparaginase with an optimum temperature of 65 °C. However, they differ from those reported for other type II L-asparaginases from B. subtilis, which exhibited optimum activity at 40 °C and pH of 7.5 [39], as well as at 37 °C and pH of 5.0 [40]. Onishi et al. [12] suggested that the different values in optimum temperature and pH may be caused by variations in the N-terminal structure of the protein. Also, these differences might be because of the protein is from a halotolerant bacterial in line with Lakshmi et al. [41]

3.5. Effect of metal ions and inhibitors

The effects on enzymatic activity of inhibitors and ions are described in Table 2. The activity was slightly enhanced by KCl (1.2-fold) and MgCl2 (1.5-fold). While the highest improvement in the activity was observed in the presence of CaCl2 (3.1-fold). This positive effect of ions on the activity has also been described for L-asparaginases from B. sonorensis [33], and B. amyloliquefaciens MKSE [27]. Some authors have reported the inhibitory effect of MnCl2, CuCl2, and CoCl2 on L-asparaginases activity[30,40]
On the other hand, L-ASNasaZP21 activity was enhanced in the presence of Mercaptoethanol (1.4-fold) and DL-dithiothreitol (2.7-fold). The presence of reducing agents might reduce possible protein aggregation due to intermolecular disulfide bridge formation. These findings are similar to L-asparaginases from Pectobacterium carotovorum [42] and Erwinia carotovora [43]. The activity was partially inhibited by EDTA, while the presence of SDS dropped the activity to zero as mentioned by other authors [19,44].

3.6. Thermostability of L-ASNasaZP21

Figure 4 shows the inactivation process at 22, 37 and 60 °C. The half-life of L-ASNasaZP21 at 60 °C was 3 h 48 min and it retained around 60% of its activity after 1 h of incubation. At 25 and 37 °C, the half-life was > 24 h and retained 50% of its activity after 24 h of incubation. L-ASNasaZP21 showed better thermal stability compared with previously studied L-asparaginases [22,39], which could be promising for industrial applications.

3.7. Determination of kinetic parameters

The kinetic constants were estimated by the Lineaweaver-Burk plot (Figure 5). Vmax and Km were 145.2 µmol mL-1 min-1 and 4.752 mM, respectively. The Km value was comparable to 5.29 mM described by Feng et al [30], and 7.06 mM by Onishi et al [12] and clearly in contrast to 0.43 mM reported by Jia et al [39].

5. Conclusions

This work contributes to the knowledge of L-asparaginases since it describes a novel type II L-asparaginase from B. subtilis isolated from a natural extreme environment and reports the biochemical properties of the engineered L-ASNasaZP21. The major modification to native enzyme sequence includes the removal of the signal peptide in the N-terminus. This improved the yield of the protein in heterologous expression system facilitating the purification procedures. The data show that L-ASNasaZP21 has higher thermal stability compared to other L-asparaginases and the activity is well retained even if the protein is incubated for a period longer than 3 hours at 60 °C; also the optimal pH is slightly higher. Both these characteristics are particularly interesting for industrial usage of L-ASNasaZP21. Moreover, the study reports a possible multimeric structure of the enzyme, which is obviously retained without the signal peptide. The multimeric structure of the enzyme might be crucial for the catalytic activity, therefore L-ASNasaZP21 represents an optimal protein construct for both improving protein expression and purification and retaining the enzymatic activity. It is worth noting that the presence of CaCl2 resulted in a 3.1-fold enhancement of the enzyme activity. This is, once more, valuable characteristics for potential industrial applications.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.Z.; methodology, A.A., G.M., L.A. and P.P.; software, A.A., L.A. and P.P.; validation, A.A., L.A. and P.P.; formal analysis, A.A.; investigation, A.A. and A.Z.; resources, A.A., L.A. and P.P.; data curation, C.F. and A.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, A.A., C.F. and A.Z.; writing—review and editing, A.A., G.M., C.F., L.A., P.P. and A.Z.; visualization, A.A., C.F. and P.P.; supervision, A.Z.; project administration, A.A. and A.Z.; funding acquisition, A.Z. and G.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was partially funded by FONDECYT-CONCYTEC, grant number 169-2017. GM received grant from São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP – grant number 2022/02456-0) and a Productivity Fellowship from the Brazilian National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq 306060/2022-1).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Signal peptide prediction by SignalP – 6.0 of ansZ gene. (a) AlphaFold structure prediction of native ansZ gene (b). Signal peptide, disordered N-terminal part, and structural part are shown in red, blue, and green, respectively.
Figure 1. Signal peptide prediction by SignalP – 6.0 of ansZ gene. (a) AlphaFold structure prediction of native ansZ gene (b). Signal peptide, disordered N-terminal part, and structural part are shown in red, blue, and green, respectively.
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Figure 2. L-ASNasaZP21 analysis by SDS-PAGE (a) and zymography (b). Lanes: M, 1 kb DNA Ladder (New England Biolabs®, Ipswich, Massachusetts, USA); 1, purified L-ASNasaZP21.
Figure 2. L-ASNasaZP21 analysis by SDS-PAGE (a) and zymography (b). Lanes: M, 1 kb DNA Ladder (New England Biolabs®, Ipswich, Massachusetts, USA); 1, purified L-ASNasaZP21.
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Figure 3. Effect of temperature (a) and pH (b) on the enzymatic activity of L-ASNasaZP21. The relative activity was expressed as a percentage of the maximum activity. Error bars represent one standard deviation from the mean (n = 2).
Figure 3. Effect of temperature (a) and pH (b) on the enzymatic activity of L-ASNasaZP21. The relative activity was expressed as a percentage of the maximum activity. Error bars represent one standard deviation from the mean (n = 2).
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Figure 4. Thermostability of L-ASNasaZP21 at 25, 37, 60 °C. Error bars represent one standard deviation from the mean (n = 2).
Figure 4. Thermostability of L-ASNasaZP21 at 25, 37, 60 °C. Error bars represent one standard deviation from the mean (n = 2).
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Figure 5. Lineaweaver-Burk plot to determine the kinetic parameters. L-asparagine concentrations in the X-axis vs. the reciprocal of V0 in the Y-axis.
Figure 5. Lineaweaver-Burk plot to determine the kinetic parameters. L-asparagine concentrations in the X-axis vs. the reciprocal of V0 in the Y-axis.
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Table 1. Summary of the purification of L-ASNasaZP21.
Table 1. Summary of the purification of L-ASNasaZP21.
Total activity (U) Total protein (mg) Activity (U mg-1) Purification-fold Yield (%)
Crude-extract 2.38 x 102 86.39 2.75 1.0 100.0
Ni-affinity 1.47 x 102 0.63 234.38 85.2 61.9
Table 2. Effect of metal ions and inhibitors on L-ASNaseZP21 activity.
Table 2. Effect of metal ions and inhibitors on L-ASNaseZP21 activity.
Ions/inhibitors Final concentration Relative activity (%)1
Control - 100.00
KCl 100 mM 124.500 ± 1.85*
NaCl 106.300 ± 0.09
MgCl2 149.800 ± 4.04*
CaCl2 310.700 ± 3.28*
BaCl2 95.070 ± 2.73
MnCl2 0.0*
CuCl2 0.0*
CoCl2 0.0*
PMFS 10 mM 118.700 ± 5.77
Urea 96.260 ± 7.36
Mercaptoethanol 139.800 ± 3.52*
DL-dithiothreitol 271.100 ± 37.00*
SDS 0.0*
EDTA 58.850 ± 1.46*
Glutathione 5 mM 97.860 ± 4.39
1 The relative activity was expressed as the percentage of activity compared with a control without metal ions. Error bars represent one standard deviation from the mean (n = 2). * p < 0.01 vs. control (ANOVA test).
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