Multilayer and Multilevel Cosmological Models Based on So-Lutions of the Extended Einstein Field Equations

1. Background and Introduction

In 1915, the efforts of Albert Einstein, with the assistance of Marcel Grossmann, and David Hilbert culminated in the derivation of the equations of general relativity [1]

$$R_{ik}-{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}R{g}_{ik}={\displaystyle \frac{8\pi G}{c^2}}{T}_{ik},$$

(1)

where $g_{ik}$ are the components of the metric tensor; $T_{ik}$ are the components of the matter energy-momentum tensor; c is the speed of light in vacuum; G is Newton's gravitational constant;

$R=g^{ik}{R}_{ik}$ is the scalar curvature;

$$R_{ik}={\displaystyle \frac{\partial {Г}_{ik}^l}{\partial x^l}}-{\displaystyle \frac{\partial {Г}_{il}^l}{\partial x^k}}+{Г}_{ik}^l{Г}_{lm}^m-{Г}_{il}^m{Г}_{mk}^l \mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r};$$

(1a)

$${Г}_{ik}^{\lambda }={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{g}^{\lambda \mu }\left({\displaystyle \frac{\partial g_{\mu k}}{\partial x^i}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\partial g_{i\mu }}{\partial x^k}}-{\displaystyle \frac{\partial g_{ik}}{\partial x^{\mu }}}\right) \mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{s}.$$

(1b)

However, Eq.s (1) did not allow the possibility of describing the static universe. Therefore, Einstein in 1917, used the property of covariant derivatives:

$${\nabla }_j(R_{ik}-{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}R{g}_{ik})=0,{\nabla }_j{T}_{ik}=0,{\nabla }_j{g}_{ik}=0,$$

(2)

and as a result, in the article [2], he wrote down the Einstein's field equations (13a), which is transformed into the formula

$$R_{ik}-{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}R{g}_{ik}+\Lambda g_{ik}={\displaystyle \frac{8\pi G}{c^2}}{T}_{ik},$$

(3)

where Λ is a constant, called the "cosmological constant".

In various cosmological models, for example [4,5,6,8,10,11], it is often assumed

Λ = 3/r_a² or Λ = –3/r_a²,

(4)

where r_a is the radius of some sphere (in particular, the radius of the observable universe); For $T_{ik}=0$, the case Λ > 0 corresponds to the de Sitter model, Λ < 0 corresponds to the anti-de Sitter model.

This article assumes the complete absence of matter ($T_{ik}=0$), i.e. the vacuum version of the Einstein field equations (3) is considered

$$R_{ik}-{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}R{g}_{ik}+\Lambda g_{ik}=0.$$

(5)

Combining Eq.s (5) with the contravariant components of the metric tensor $g^{ik}$, we obtain

$$g^{ik}\left\{R_{ik}-{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}R{g}_{ik}+\Lambda g_{ik}\right\}=R-{\displaystyle \frac{n}{2}}R+n\Lambda =0,$$

(6)

where ${n=g}^{ik}{g}_{ik}$ is the number of space dimensions.

From Ex. (6) it follows

$$R={\displaystyle \frac{2n}{n-2}}\Lambda ,$$

(7)

$$-{\displaystyle \frac{n}{n-2}}\Lambda g_{ik}+\Lambda g_{ik}=R_{ik}-{\displaystyle \frac{2}{n-2}}\Lambda g_{ik}=0.$$

For a 4-dimensional space: n = 4, R = 4Λ, and Eq.s (5) takes the simplest form [4]

$$R_{ik}-\Lambda g_{ik}=0$$

(8)

$$\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}{R}_{ik}=\Lambda g_{ik}$$

(8a)

This equation, taking into account expressions (4), can be represented as a system

$$R_{ik}=\pm {\displaystyle \frac{3}{r_a^2}}{g}_{ik}=\left\{\begin{array}{c}{R}_{ik}={\displaystyle \frac{3}{r_a^2}}{g}_{ik}; \left(9a\right) \\ R_{ik}=-{\displaystyle \frac{3}{r_a^2}}{g}_{ik}, \left(9b\right) \end{array} \right.$$

where r_a can also take both positive and negative values (${\pm r}_a)$.

Eq.s (8) are essentially conservation laws, since the condition (3b.A1) in Appendix 1 is satisfied, and the solutions of these equations describe the metric-dynamic state of stable deformations of local or global areas of vacuum.

The solution of Eq.s (9a) is written in the form of the Kottler metric, which is also called the de Sitter-Schwarzschild solution [4,5,6,12]

$$d{s}_{Kottler}^2=\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_b}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_a^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1-\frac{r_{b }}{r}-\frac{r^2}{r_a^2}\right)}}-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right),$$

(10)

where $r_a$ and $r_b$ are constant parameters of the metric with distance dimension.

In the case: r_a = ∞ and r_b ≠ 0, the Kottler metric (10) turns into the Schwarzschild metric

$$d{s}_{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{w}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{z}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{d}}^2=\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_b}{r}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1-\frac{r_b}{r}\right)}}-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right).$$

(11)

In another case: r_a ≠ ∞ and r_b = 0, the Kottler metric (10) becomes the de Sitter metric

$$d{s}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}}^2=\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_a^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1-\frac{r^2}{r_a^2}\right)}}-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right).$$

(12)

In the third case: r_a = ∞ and r_b = 0, the metric (10) takes the form of the Minkowski metric

$$d{s}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{k}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{w}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{k}\mathrm{i}}^2=c^{2}d{t}^2-d{r}^2-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right).$$

(13)

2. Generalized Kottler Metrics

In fact, Friedrich Kottler wrote down in [3] not the metric (10), but the metric of the form

$$d{s}_{Kot}^2=-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_b}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_a^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1+\frac{r_b}{r}-\frac{r^2}{r_a^2}\right)}}+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

this can be easily seen on page 443 of that article.

Article [3] was published in March 1918, that is, almost immediately after the publication of Einstein's GR, so the metrics given below will be called the generalized Kottler metrics.

Since the metric (10) is used in many cosmological models, for example, [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12], in this article it is proposed to pay attention to the fact that the parameters 3/r_a² and ${ r}_b$ can take both positive and negative values (±3/r_a² and ${\pm r}_b$), so the system of Eq.s (9) generally has the following 10 mutually irreducible solutions:

- with signature (+ – – –)

$$d{s}_1^{(-)2}=\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_{b1}}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{a1}^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1-\frac{r_{b1}}{r}+\frac{r^2}{r_{a1}^2}\right)}}-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right),$$

(14)

$$d{s}_2^{(-)2}=\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_{b2}}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{a2}^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1+\frac{r_{b2 }}{r}-\frac{r^2}{r_{a2}^2}\right)}}-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(15)

$$d{s}_3^{(-)2}=\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_{b3}}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{a3}^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1-\frac{r_{b3}}{r}-\frac{r^2}{r_{a3}^2}\right)}}-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right),$$

(18)

$${ds}_4^{(-)2}=\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_{b4}}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{a4}^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1+\frac{r_{b4}}{r}+\frac{r^2}{r_{a4}^2}\right)}}-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right),$$

(19)

$$d{s}_5^{(-)2}=c^{2}d{t}^2-d{r}^2-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(20)

- and with signature (– + + +)

$$d{s}_1^{(+)2}=-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_{b1}}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{a1}^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1-\frac{r_{b1}}{r}+\frac{r^2}{r_{a1}^2}\right)}}+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right),$$

(21)

$$d{s}_2^{(+)2}=-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_{b2}}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{a2}^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1+\frac{r_{b2}}{r}-\frac{r^2}{r_{a2}^2}\right)}}+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right),$$

(22)

$$d{s}_3^{(+)2}=-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_{b3}}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{a3}^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1-\frac{r_{b3}}{r}-\frac{r^2}{r_{a3}^2}\right)}}+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right),$$

(23)

$$d{s}_4^{(+)2}=-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_{b4}}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{a4}^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1+\frac{r_{b4}}{r}+\frac{r^2}{r_{a4}^2}\right)}}+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right),$$

(24)

$$d{s}_5^{(+)2}=-{ c}^{2}d{t}^2+d{r}^2+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(25)

where $r_{a1},r_{a2},r_{a3},r_{a4}$ and $r_{b1},r_{b2},r_{b3},r_{b4}$ are parameters of the cosmological model.

All ten metrics (14) – (25) are solutions of one system of Eq.s (9), which determines the metric-dynamic state of the same region of space. Therefore, we can assume that these solutions describe the metric-dynamic state of the ten "layers" of this area. In this case, the additive overlay (i.e. sum or average) of all ten metrics

$$\sum _{i=1}^5{s}_i^{\left(-\right)2}+\sum _{j=1}^5{s}_j^{\left(+\right)2}=0$$

(26)

leads to two more trivial solutions of Eq.s (9) with mutually opposite signatures (+ – – –) and (– + + +)

$$0={0·c}^{2}d{t}^2-0·d{r}^2-{0·r}^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right),$$

(27)

$$0=-{0·c}^{2}d{t}^2+0·d{r}^2+0·r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right).$$

(28)

This can be easily seen if we substitute the zero components of the metric tensor $g_{ik}=0$ from metrics (27) and (28) into Eq.s (9) taking into account Ex.s (1a) and (1b).

All 12 solutions of the system Einstein's field equations (9) will be taken into account in the multilayer cosmological model.

Before discussing the possibility of additive superposition (i.e., summation or averaging) of metric layers on each other, we note the following important circumstance.

Addition of two quadratic forms

ds_a² + ds_b² = ds_ab²,

(29)

or their averaging

$${\displaystyle \raisebox{1ex}{$1$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$2$}\right.}ds{a}^2+{\displaystyle \raisebox{1ex}{$1$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$2$}\right.}ds{b}^2={\displaystyle \raisebox{1ex}{$1$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$2$}\right.}ds{ab}^2$$

(29a)

resembles the Pythagorean theorem (see Figure 1a) a² + b² = c².

This means that the segments ds_a and ds_b of the corresponding lines s_a and s_b are always mutually perpendicular to each other (ds_{a ⊥} ds_b). This is possible only if the lines s_a and s_b form a double helix (see Figure 1b), which can be described by a system of two complex conjugate numbers

$$d{s}_{ab}=d{s}_a+\mathit{i}d{s}_b,$$

(30)

$$d{s}_{ab}^{*}=d{s}_a^{\text{'}}-\mathit{i}d{s}_b^{\text{'}}.$$

(30a)

Figure 1. Double helix of lines s_a and s_b.

Figure 1. Double helix of lines s_a and s_b.

Figure 2. Illustration of a 4 line $s_a,s_b,s_a^{\text{'}},s_{b }^{\text{'}}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}$

Figure 2. Illustration of a 4 line $s_a,s_b,s_a^{\text{'}},s_{b }^{\text{'}}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}$

The product of complex numbers (30) and (30a), under the condition ${ds}_a=d{s}_a^{\text{'}}$ и $s_b=d{s}_b^{\text{'}}$, is equal to the quadratic form (29).

Such a spiral will be called a 4-braid (i.e., a bundle consisting of 4 interlaced lines $s_a,s_b,s_a^{\text{'}},s_{b }^{\text{'}}$), wherein:

the line $s_a$ belongs to the outer side of the a-th affine space;

the line $s_a^{\text{'}}$belongs to the inner side of the a-th affine space;

the line $s_b$belongs to the outside of the b-th affine space;

the line $s_b^{\text{'}}$ belongs to the inner side of the b-th affine space.

The addition of quadratic forms (29) or their averaging (29a) depends on the model representation. If we assume that two metric spaces are additively superimposed on each other, then the addition operation (29) should be used. If we assume that a metric space can be in a state with the metric s_a² or with the metric s_b² with equal probability, then this corresponds to the quantum mechanical approach, and the averaging operation (29a) should be used.

At this stage of the study, it is difficult to decide which operation "addition" (29) or "averaging" (29a) should be used. However, the quantum mechanical approach provides additional opportunities for probability theory and does not require an answer to the question: "Is the sum of solutions (for example, s_a² and s_b²) of Einstein's non-linear differential equations also a solution of this equations?". Therefore, the quantum mechanical approach looks much more preferable, especially when the sum of solutions is also a solution to a nonlinear equation. Arguments in favor of the second approach are presented in Appendix 1, see Ex.s (4.A1) – (32.A1).

Now, for example, consider the averaging of four metrics (14) – (20)

$${{\mathrm{ds}}_{1-4}}^{(–)2 }=\raisebox{1ex}{$1$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$4$}\right.$$

(31)

(ds₁^(–)2+ ds₂^(–)2 +ds₃^(–)2+ ds₄^(–)2).

As a result, we obtain the averaged metric

$$d{s}_{1-4}^{(-)2}=f\left(r\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-k\left(r\right)d{r}^2-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right),$$

(32)

$$\mathrm{w}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}f\left(r\right)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left[\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_{b1}}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{a1}^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_{b2}}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{a2}^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_{b3}}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{a3}^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_{b4}}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{a4}^2}}\right)\right],$$

(33)

$$k\left(r\right)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\left(1-\frac{r_{b1}}{r}+\frac{r^2}{ r_{a1}^2}\right)}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\left(1+\frac{r_{b2}}{r}-\frac{r^2}{ r_{a2}^2}\right)}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\left(1-\frac{r_{b3}}{r}-\frac{r^2}{r_{a3}^2}\right)}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\left(1+\frac{r_{b4}}{r}+\frac{r^2}{r_{a4}^2}\right)}}\right]$$

(34)

By analogy with (29) – (30), such a metric space is based on the interweaving of four affine extensions, which respectively belong to 8 linear forms ds_i^(–) and ds_i^(–)′, i.e. segments of 8 lines twisted into an 8-braid.

Such an 8-braid is described by a system of two complex conjugate quaternions:

$$d{s}_{1-4}^{(–)}=\left(d{s}_1^{(–)}+\mathit{i}d{s}_2^{(–)}+\mathit{j}d{s}_3^{(–)}+\mathit{k}d{s}_4^{(–)}\right),$$

(35)

$$d{s}_{1-4}^{\left(–\right)*}=\left(d{s_1^{\left(–\right)}}^{\mathrm{\text{'}}}-\mathit{i}d{s_2^{\left(–\right)}}^{\mathrm{\text{'}}}-\mathit{j}d{s_3^{\left(–\right)}}^{\mathrm{\text{'}}}-\mathit{k}d{s_4^{\left(–\right)}}^{\mathrm{\text{'}}}\right),$$

(35a)

whose product is equal to the metric (32).

On Figure 3 shows an illustration of the interweaving of several affine subspaces that form a multilayer metric space.

Properties of intertwined affine subspaces and multilayer metric spaces with signatures (+ – – –) and (– + + +) corresponding to the “vacuum balance” condition

(+ – – –) + (– + + +) = 0

(36)

detailed in the "Algebra of signatures" [16,17].

In the same papers [16,17], a more detailed analysis was carried out, considering metric spaces with all sixteen possible signatures:

$$\begin{array}{cccc}(+++\hspace{0.17em}+)& (+++\hspace{0.17em}-)& (-++\hspace{0.17em}-)& (++-\hspace{0.17em}+)\\ (---\hspace{0.17em}+)& (-++\hspace{0.17em}+)& (--+\hspace{0.17em}+)& (-+-\hspace{0.17em}+)\\ (+--\hspace{0.17em}+)& (++-\hspace{0.17em}-)& (+--\hspace{0.17em}-)& (+-+\hspace{0.17em}+)\\ (--+\hspace{0.17em}-)& (+-+\hspace{0.17em}-)& (-+-\hspace{0.17em}-)& (---\hspace{0.17em}-)\end{array}$$

(37)

0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 =

( 0 0 0 0) (+ + + +) (– – – + ) (+ – – + ) (– – + – ) (+ + – – ) (– + – – ) (+ – + – ) (– + + +) (0 0 0 0) +

+ + + + + + + + + +

(0 0 0 0) (– – – – ) (+ + + – ) (– + + – ) (+ + – +) (– – + +) (+ – + +) (– + – +) (+ – – –) (0 0 0 0) +

= 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0

(37a)

(+ + + + ) (– – – + ) (+ – – + ) (– – + – ) (+ + – – ) (– + – – ) (+ – + – ) (+ – – –)+

+ + + + + + + +

(– – – – ) (+ + + – ) (– + + – ) (+ + – +) (– – + +) (+ – + +) (– + – +) (– + + +)+

(37b)

which in total correspond to the principle of "full vacuum (i.e., zero) balance",

In this expression, called in [16,17] ranking, the summation of the signs "+" and "–" is performed both in columns and in rows.

The simplified “vacuum balance” (36) follows from the ranking Ex. (37a) [16,17]

That is, the additive superposition (in this case, the addition of signs of signatures by columns) of seven metric spaces with signatures in the denominator of the left column of the ranking Ex. (37b), form a Minkowski space with signature (+ – – –).

Whereas the additive superposition of seven metric spaces with signatures in the denominator of the right column of the ranking Ex. (37b), form an anti-Minkowski space with the opposite signature (– + + +).

Accounting for all sixteen metric spaces with signatures (37) can significantly enrich the cosmological models of the universe (see Appendix 2 and also [16,17]).

3. Extended Einstein's Field Equations

In the previous paragraphs of this article, we considered a set of solutions to the Einstein field equations (8), well known to specialists. In this paragraph, for the first time, it is proposed to consider an extended version of this equations.

Recall that Einstein, in order to write Eq.s (3), used the following property of the metric tensor

$$\Lambda {\nabla }_j{g}_{ik}={\nabla }_j{\Lambda g}_{ik}=0,$$

(38)

however, it is obvious that the covariant derivative of the infinite series ${\Lambda }_l {\nabla }_j{g}_{ik}$is also equal to zero

$${\nabla }_j\left({\Lambda }_1 g_{ik}+{\Lambda }_2{g}_{ik}+{\Lambda }_3{g}_{ik}+...+{\Lambda }_{\infty }{g}_{ik}\right)={\Lambda }_1 {\nabla }_j{g}_{ik}+{\Lambda }_2{\nabla }_j{g}_{ik}+...+{\Lambda }_{\infty }{\nabla }_j{g}_{ik}=0,$$

(39)

where Λ₁, Λ₂, … , Λ_∞ are constants that can take both positive (Λ_i > 0) and negative (Λ_i < 0) values.

Therefore, we use the same method that Einstein used to introduce the Λ-term into Eq.s (1) [2], and write the equations

$$R_{ik}-{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}R{g}_{ik}+{\Lambda }_1{g}_{ik}+{\Lambda }_2{g}_{ik}+{\Lambda }_3{g}_{ik}+...+{\Lambda }_{\infty }{g}_{ik}=0,$$

or in a more compact form

$$R_{ik}-{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}R{g}_{ik}+g_{ik}{\sum }_{j=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\Lambda }_j=0,$$

(40)

where Λ_j = 3/r_аj² or – 3/r_аj², here r_aj is the radius of the j-th spherical formation.

If the sum of the series Λ₁ + Λ₂ + Λ₃ +…+ Λ_∞ converges to a constant number Λ₀, i.e., if

$${\sum }_{\mathit{j}=1}^{\mathbf{\infty }}{\Lambda }_j={\Lambda }_0,$$

(41)

then Eq.s (40) takes the form of Eq.s (5)

$$R_{ik}-{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}R{g}_{ik}+{\Lambda }_0{g}_{ik}=0,$$

(42)

which, like (6) – (7), is reduced to the form similar to Eq.s (8)

$$R_{ik}-g_{ik}{\Lambda }_0=0.$$

(43)

Therefore, the solutions of Eq.s (43) practically coincide with the solutions (14) – (25):

- with signature (+ – – –)

$$d{s}_1^{(-)2}=\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_f}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{{\Lambda }_0{r}^2}{3}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1-\frac{r_f}{r}+\frac{{\Lambda }_0{r}^2}{3}\right)}}-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(44)

$$d{s}_2^{(-)2}=\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_f}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{{\Lambda }_0{r}^2}{3}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1+\frac{r_f}{r}-\frac{{\Lambda }_0{r}^2}{3}\right)}}-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(45)

$$d{s}_3^{(-)2}=\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_f}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{{\Lambda }_0{r}^2}{3}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1-\frac{r_f}{r}-\frac{{\Lambda }_0{r}^2}{3}\right)}}-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(46)

$$d{s}_4^{(-)2}=\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_f}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{{\Lambda }_0{r}^2}{3}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1+\frac{r_f}{r}+\frac{{\Lambda }_0{r}^2}{3}\right)}}-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(47)

$$d{s}_5^{(-)2}=c^{2}d{t}^2-d{r}^2-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(48)

- and with signature (– + + +)

$$d{s}_5^{(+)2}=-c^{2}d{t}^2+d{r}^2+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(49)

$$d{s}_4^{(+)2}=-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_f}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{{\Lambda }_0{r}^2}{3}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1+\frac{r_f}{r}+\frac{{\Lambda }_0{r}^2}{3}\right)}}+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right),$$

(50)

$$d{s}_3^{(+)2}=-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_f}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{{\Lambda }_0{r}^2}{3}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1-\frac{r_f}{r}-\frac{{\Lambda }_0{r}^2}{3}\right)}}+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right),$$

(51)

$$d{s}_2^{(+)2}=-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_f}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{{\Lambda }_0{r}^2}{3}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1+\frac{r_f}{r}-\frac{{\Lambda }_0{r}^2}{3}\right)}}+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right),$$

(52)

$$d{s}_1^{(+)2}=-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_f}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{{\Lambda }_0{r}^2}{3}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1-\frac{r_f}{r}+\frac{{\Lambda }_0{r}^2}{3}\right)}}+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right),$$

(53)

where ${\Lambda }_0$ and$r_f$ are the zero results of the summation of alternating series

$${\Lambda }_0={\sum }_{j=1}^{\infty }{\Lambda }_j={\sum }_{j=1}^{\infty }{\left(-1\right)}^j{\displaystyle \frac{3N_j}{r_{aj}^2}}={\sum }_{n=2j}^{\infty }{\displaystyle \frac{3N_n}{r_{an}^2}}+{\sum }_{m=2j-1}^{\infty }\left(-{\displaystyle \frac{3N_m}{r_{am}^2}}\right)=0$$

(54)

$$r_f={\sum }_{j=1}^{\infty }{{\left(-1\right)}^{j}r}_{bj}={\sum }_{n=2j}^{\infty }{r}_{bn}+{\sum }_{m=2j-1}^{\infty }\left(-r_{bm}\right)=0,$$

(55)

where N_j are the dimensionless corrective parameters of the considered cosmological model.

Such a cosmological model is the most optimal, since in the case of ${\Lambda }_{0 }=0$ (54) the extended Einstein field equations as a whole take on the simplest form

$$R_{ik}=0,$$

(55a)

with four Schwarzschild solutions

$$d{s}_1^{(-)2}=\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_f}{r}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1-\frac{r_f}{r} \right)}}-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

$$d{s}_2^{(-)2}=\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_f}{r}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1+\frac{r_f}{r} \right)}}-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

$$d{s}_4^{(+)2}=-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_f}{r}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1+\frac{r_f}{r} \right)}}+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right),$$

$$d{s}_3^{(+)2}=-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_f}{r}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1-\frac{r_f}{r} \right)}}+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right),$$

which, when condition (55) is met, turn into two Minkowski solutions (20) and (25), which is consistent with the principle of “maximum rationality” and the principle of “total average absence” (i.e., observance of the “vacuum balance”).

At the same time, it is possible that there is a slight imbalance between the positive and negative members of the series (54)

$${\Lambda }_0={\sum }_{n=2j}^{\infty }{\displaystyle \frac{3N_n}{r_{an}^2}}+{\sum }_{m=2j-1}^{\infty }\left(-{\displaystyle \frac{3N_m}{r_{am}^2}}\right)\ne 0$$

(55b)

$$r_f={\sum }_{n=2j}^{\infty }{r}_{bn}+{\sum }_{m=2j-1}^{\infty }\left(-r_{bm}\right)=0,$$

(55c)

where j =1,2,3,…

For example, it is possible that the imbalance exists, but is extremely small.

$${\underset{n,m\to \infty }{\lim }\Lambda }_0={\Lambda }_{\mathsf{\Sigma }}=1.0905·{10}^{-52} m^{-2}$$

i.e., tend to the value published by the Plank collaboration [14] for the Standard cosmological model Lambda-CDM; where ${\Lambda }_{\mathsf{\Sigma }}$ is the total cosmological constant (TCC).

Then Eq.s (43) takes the form

$$R_{ik}={\Lambda }_{\mathsf{\Sigma }}{g}_{ik},$$

(55d)

with four de Sitter solutions

$$d{s}_1^{(-)2}=\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{{\Lambda }_{\mathsf{\Sigma }}{r}^2}{3}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1+\frac{{\Lambda }_{\mathsf{\Sigma }}{r}^2}{3}\right)}}-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

$$d{s}_2^{(-)2}=\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{{\Lambda }_{\mathsf{\Sigma }}{r}^2}{3}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1-\frac{{\Lambda }_{\mathsf{\Sigma }}{r}^2}{3}\right)}}-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

$$d{s}_4^{(+)2}=-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{{\Lambda }_{\mathsf{\Sigma }}{r}^2}{3}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1+\frac{{\Lambda }_{\mathsf{\Sigma }}{r}^2}{3}\right)}}+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right),$$

$$d{s}_3^{(+)2}=-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{{\Lambda }_{\mathsf{\Sigma }}{r}^2}{3}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1-\frac{{\Lambda }_{\mathsf{\Sigma }}{r}^2}{3}\right)}}+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right).$$

In this case, according to Ex.s (7) and (4)

$${4\Lambda }_{\mathsf{\Sigma }}=R,\mathrm{s}\mathrm{o}R={\displaystyle \frac{12}{r_{a\mathsf{\Sigma }}^2}},\mathrm{w}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}{r}_{a\mathsf{\Sigma }}=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{R}{12}}}=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{{\Lambda }_{\mathsf{\Sigma }}}{3}}}\approx \mathrm{1,6586}·{10}^{26}m.$$

(55e)

If there is a predominance of positive terms in Ex. (55b), then ${\Lambda }_{\mathsf{\Sigma }}$> 0 (de Sitter universe); if negative terms predominate, then ${\Lambda }_{\mathsf{\Sigma }}$< 0 (anti - de Sitter universe).

At the same time, in the author's opinion, the "vacuum balance" cannot be violated, since only mutually opposite entities can appear from the void (for example, convexity - concavity, wave - antiwave, particle-antiparticle, etc.). Therefore, if an imbalance (55b) of type ${\Lambda }_{\mathsf{\Sigma }}$> 0 exists, then a counter-imbalance of type ${\Lambda }_{\mathsf{\Sigma }}$< 0 must also coexist.

It is possible to restore the averaged “vacuum balance” in such a situation if we assume that the sign of the total cosmological constant (TCC) periodically changes with time. For example, it can be assumed that the value of the TCC fluctuates according to a sinusoidal law with an amplitude ${\Lambda }_{\mathsf{\Sigma }}\approx {10}^{-52}{\mathrm{m}}^{-2}$. Then, on average, the “vacuum balance” is restored

$$R_{ik}=g_{ik}\overline{{\Lambda }_{\mathsf{\Sigma }}\sin \left(2\mathsf{\pi }{f}_{u}t\right)}=0,$$

(55f)

where $f_u$ is the cosmological oscillation frequency.

4. Closed Ten-Layer and Ten-Level Cosmological Model

In the previous section, it was shown that the extended Einstein field equations can contain an infinite number of $\pm {\Lambda }_j$-terms, provided that the sum of all these terms must tend to zero to maintain the “vacuum balance”.

Further, it will be shown that the cosmological model based on the extended Einstein field equations (43), taking into account Ex.s (54) and (55) [or (55b) and (55c)], can be a closed spherical space filled with an infinite number of spherical formations ("bubbles") and opposite anti-spherical formations ("anti-bubbles") with different radii $r_{аj}$, inside which there is an infinite number of smaller "bubbles" and "anti-bubbles" with different radii $r_{bj}$, and so it continues to infinity from level to level (see Figure 4).

At this point, for simplicity, we single out only ten levels with two mutually opposite spherical formations (i.e., a “bubble” and an “anti-bubble”) at each level.

In other words, to identify the main parameters of the multilevel cosmological model, we study a special case when, instead of infinite series (54) and (55), we use a simplified series limited by ten mutually opposite pairs of terms:

$${\Lambda }_{0\left(10\right)}={\sum }_{j=1}^{10}{\Lambda }_j={\sum }_{j=1}^{10}{\displaystyle \frac{3}{r_j^2}}+{\sum }_{j=1}^{10}\left(-{\displaystyle \frac{3}{r_j^2}}\right)=0,$$

(56)

$$r_{f\left(10\right)}={\sum }_{k=1}^{10}{r}_j+{\sum }_{j=1}^{10}\left(-r_j\right)=0.$$

(57)

Consider separately the series with positive and negative terms

$$r_{f\left(10\right)}={\sum }_{j=1}^{10}{r}_j,{\Lambda }_{0\left(10\right)}=3{\sum }_{j=1}^{10}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_j^2}};$$

(58)

$$r_{f\left(-10\right)}={\sum }_{j=1}^{10}\left(-r_j\right),{\Lambda }_{0\left(-10\right)}=3{\sum }_{k=1}^{10}\left(-{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_j^2}}\right).$$

(59)

Let’s substitute series (58) into metrics (44) – (48) instead of series (56) and (57) and take into account that we can write:

$$\begin{gathered} 1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_{f\left(10\right)}}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{{\Lambda }_{0\left(10\right)}{r}^2}{3}}=1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_1+r_2+\dots +r_{10}}{r}}+\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_1^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_2^2}}+\dots +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_{10}^2}}\right)r^2= \\ \left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_{10}}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_9^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_9}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_8^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_8}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_7^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_5}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_4^2}}\right)+ \\ +\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_4}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_3^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_3}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_2^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_2}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_1^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_1}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{10}^2}}\right) \end{gathered}$$

(60)

$$\begin{gathered} 1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_{f\left(10\right)}}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{{\Lambda }_{0\left(10\right)}{r}^2}{3}}=1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_1+r_2+\dots +r_{10}}{r}}-\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_1^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_2^2}}+\dots +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_{10}^2}}\right)r^2= \\ \left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_{10}}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_9^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_9}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_8^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_8}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_7^2}}\right)-...+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_2}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_1^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_1}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{10}^2}}\right), \end{gathered}$$

(61)

$$\begin{gathered} 1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_{f\left(10\right)}}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{{\Lambda }_{0\left(10\right)}{r}^2}{3}}=1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_1+r_2+...+r_{10}}{r}}-\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_1^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_2^2}}+...+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_{10}^2}}\right)r^2= \\ \left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_{10}}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_9^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_9}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_8^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_8}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_7^2}}\right)-...+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_2}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_1^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_1}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{10}^2}}\right), \end{gathered}$$

(62)

$$\begin{gathered} 1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_{f\left(10\right)}}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{{\Lambda }_{0\left(10\right)}{r}^2}{3}}=1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_1+r_2+...+r_{10}}{r}}+\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_1^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_2^2}}+...+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_{10}^2}}\right)r^2= \\ \left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_{10}}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_9^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_9}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_8^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_8}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_7^2}}\right)-...+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_2}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_1^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_1}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{10}^2}}\right). \end{gathered}$$

(63)

As a result, we obtain five metrics with signature (+ – – –):

$$\begin{gathered} d{s}_1^{\left(-\right)2}=\left\{\begin{array}{c}\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_{10}}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_9^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_9}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_8^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_8}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_7^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)-\\ -\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_5}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_4^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_4}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_3^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_3}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_2^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_2}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_1^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_1}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{10}^2}}\right)\end{array}\right\}{c}^{2}d{t}^2- \\ -{\left\{\begin{array}{c}\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_{10}}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_9^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_9}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_8^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_8}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_7^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)-\\ -\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_5}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_4^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_4}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_3^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_3}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_2^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_2}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_1^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_1}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{10}^2}}\right)\end{array}\right\}}^{-1}d{r}^2- \\ - r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right), \end{gathered}$$

(64)

$$\begin{gathered} d{s}_2^{(-)2}=\left\{\begin{array}{c}\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_{10}}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_9^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_9}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_8^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_8}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_7^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)-\\ -\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_5}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_4^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_4}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_3^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_3}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_2^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_2}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_1^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_1}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{10}^2}}\right)\end{array}\right\}{c}^{2}d{t}^2- \\ -{\left\{\begin{array}{c}\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_{10}}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_9^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_9}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_8^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_8}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_7^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)-\\ -\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_5}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_4^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_4}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_3^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_3}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_2^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_2}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_1^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_1}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{10}^2}}\right)\end{array}\right\}}^{-1}d{r}^2- \\ -r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right), \end{gathered}$$

(65)

$$\begin{gathered} d{s}_3^{\left(-\right)2}=\left\{\begin{array}{c}\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_{10}}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_9^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_9}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_8^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_8}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_7^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)-\\ -\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_5}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_4^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_4}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_3^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_3}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_2^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_2}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_1^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_1}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{10}^2}}\right)\end{array}\right\}{c}^{2}d{t}^2- \\ -{\left\{\begin{array}{c}\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_{10}}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_9^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_9}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_8^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_8}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_7^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)-\\ -\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_5}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_4^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_4}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_3^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_3}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_2^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_2}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_1^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_1}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{10}^2}}\right)\end{array}\right\}}^{-1}d{r}^2- \\ -r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right), \end{gathered}$$

(66)

$$\begin{gathered} d{s}_4^{(-)2}=\left\{\begin{array}{c}\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_{10}}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_9^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_9}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_8^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_8}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_7^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)-\\ -\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_5}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_4^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_4}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_3^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_3}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_2^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_2}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_1^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_1}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{10}^2}}\right)\end{array}\right\}{c}^{2}d{t}^2- \\ -{\left\{\begin{array}{c}\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_{10}}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_9^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_9}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_8^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_8}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_7^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)-\\ -\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_5}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_4^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_4}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_3^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_3}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_2^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_2}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_1^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_1}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{10}^2}}\right)\end{array}\right\}}^{-1}d{r}^2--r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right), \end{gathered}$$

(67)

$$d{s}_5^{(-)2}=c^{2}d{t}^2-d{r}^2-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right).$$

(68)

Similarly, substitution of series (59) into metrics (49) – (53) leads to the following five similar metrics, but with the opposite signature (– + + +):

$$d{s}_5^{(+)2}=-c^{2}d{t}^2+d{r}^2+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right).$$

(69)

$$\begin{gathered} d{s}_4^{\left(+\right)2}=-\left\{\begin{array}{c}\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_{10}}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_9^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_9}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_8^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_8}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_7^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)-\\ -\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_5}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_4^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_4}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_3^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_3}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_2^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_2}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_1^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_1}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{10}^2}}\right)\end{array}\right\}{c}^{2}d{t}^2+ \\ +{\left\{\begin{array}{c}\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_{10}}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_9^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_9}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_8^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_8}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_7^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)-\\ -\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_5}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_4^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_4}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_3^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_3}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_2^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_2}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_1^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_1}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{10}^2}}\right)\end{array}\right\}}^{-1}d{r}^2+ \\ +r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right), \end{gathered}$$

(70)

$$\begin{gathered} d{s}_3^{\left(+\right)2}=-\left\{\begin{array}{c}\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_{10}}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_9^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_9}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_8^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_8}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_7^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)-\\ -\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_5}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_4^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_4}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_3^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_3}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_2^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_2}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_1^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_1}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{10}^2}}\right)\end{array}\right\}{c}^{2}d{t}^2+ \\ +{\left\{\begin{array}{c}\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_{10}}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_9^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_9}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_8^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_8}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_7^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)-\\ -\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_5}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_4^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_4}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_3^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_3}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_2^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_2}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_1^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_1}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{10}^2}}\right)\end{array}\right\}}^{-1}d{r}^2+ \\ +r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right), \end{gathered}$$

(71)

$$\begin{gathered} d{s}_2^{(+)2}=-\left\{\begin{array}{c}\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_{10}}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_9^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_9}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_8^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_8}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_7^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)-\\ -\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_5}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_4^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_4}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_3^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_3}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_2^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_2}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_1^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_1}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{10}^2}}\right)\end{array}\right\}{c}^{2}d{t}^2+ \\ +{\left\{\begin{array}{c}\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_{10}}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_9^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_9}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_8^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_8}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_7^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)-\\ -\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_5}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_4^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_4}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_3^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_3}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_2^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_2}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_1^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_1}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{10}^2}}\right)\end{array}\right\}}^{-1}d{r}^2+ \\ +{ r}^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right), \end{gathered}$$

(72)

$$\begin{gathered} d{s}_1^{(+)2}=-\left\{\begin{array}{c}\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_{10}}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_9^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_9}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_8^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_8}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_7^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)-\\ -\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_5}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_4^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_4}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_3^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_3}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_2^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_2}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_1^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_1}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{10}^2}}\right)\end{array}\right\}{c}^{2}d{t}^2++{\left\{\begin{array}{c}\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_{10}}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_9^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_9}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_8^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_8}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_7^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)-\\ -\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_5}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_4^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_4}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_3^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_3}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_2^2}}\right)+\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_2}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_1^2}}\right)-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_1}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{10}^2}}\right)\end{array}\right\}}^{-1}d{r}^2+ \\ +r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right). \end{gathered}$$

(73)

Let's try to connect the radii r_j, included in Ex.s (56) and (57), with the characteristic sizes of bodies in the world around us.

Let's assume that in the basis of a fully geometrized cosmological model there are only two geometric constants: R_v is the parametric radius of the universe, and l_с ≈ сΔt ≈ с·1sec ≈ 2.9·10¹⁰ cm is the distance that a light beam travels in vacuum in a time interval Δt = 1 sec.

Let’s assume that the radii r_j in the metrics (64) – (73) are estimated by the recursive formula consisting of the above two constants

r_j ~ R_v²/l_сj,

(74)

where $l_{сj}= {\left(2.9·{10}^{10}\right)}^j$ cm is the distance obtained by raising the number 2.9·10¹⁰ to the power j (1, 2,…,10) with the dimension centimeter.

If we assume R_v ≈ 10²⁵ cm, then we obtain the following approximate recurrent formula

$$r_j~{\displaystyle \frac{R_v^2}{l_{cj}}}={\displaystyle \frac{10^{50}}{(2.9\cdot 10^{10}{)}^j}} \mathrm{c}\mathrm{m},$$

(75)

from which follows a hierarchical sequence of radii of ten spheres nested into each other (see Figure 5 and Figure 6):

r1 ~ 3.4·1039 cm is the radius commensurate with the radius of the mega-universe*; r2 ~ 1.2·1029 cm is the radius commensurate with the radius of the core of the metagalaxy (i.e., the observable universe); r3 ~ 4·1018 cm is the radius commensurate with the radius of the galaxy core; r4 ~ 1.4·108 cm is radius commensurate with the radius of the core of a star (planet); r5 ~ 4.9·10–3 cm is a radius commensurate with the size of a biological cell; r6 ~1.7·10–13 cm radius commensurate with the core of an elementary particle; r7 ~ 5.8·10–24 cm is radius, commensurate with the size of a proto-quark*; r8 ~ 2.1·10–34cm is radius, commensurate with the size of the plankton nucleus*; r9 ~ 7·10–45 cm is the radius commensurate with the radius of the proto-plankton core*; r10 ~ 2.4·10–55 cm is the radius commensurate with the size of the instanton core*.

(76)

The existence of spherical formations marked with an asterisk * has not been confirmed in practice due to the imperfection of modern technology. Therefore, it is proposed to consider the 10-level cosmological model as a speculative forecast of the author intended for the first working hypothesis. This forecast is based on the confessional intuition of the author, connected with the philosophical doctrine of the “Tree of Life” (i.e., “Tree of ten Sefirot”).

However, the radii r₂, r₃, r₄, r₅ and r₆ from the sequence (76), obtained using the recurrent formula (75), surprisingly turned out to be commensurate with the characteristic sizes of the cores (or nuclei) of the observed discrete hierarchical sequence of real spherical formations: metagalaxies, galaxies, stars (planets) and biological cells, while the radius r₆ practically coincided with the "classical radius of the electron" 2.8·10^–13 cm. Therefore, it is possible that compact formations with characteristic sizes r₁, r₇, r₈, r₉ and r₁₀ can also be detected over time.

Metrics (64) – (73) with a hierarchical sequence of radii r_j (76) describe the metric-dynamic state of a sequence of ten nested multilayer spherical formations (see Figure 5 and Figure 6), the proportions of which partially coincide with the sizes of a discrete sequence of cores (or nuclei) of real objects [17]. Therefore, such a ten-layer and ten-level cosmological model looks promising for further development and refinement.

However, this hierarchical model has one circumstance that does not lend itself to logical understanding. The fact is that from metrics (64) – (73) it follows that the 1-st sphere (whose radius is commensurate with the radius of the mega-universe r₁ ~ 10³⁹ cm) is located inside the 10-th sphere (with the instanton size r₁₀ ~ 10^–55 cm).

To verify this, follow, for example, the sequence of terms:

$$\begin{array}{c}\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_{10}}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_9^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_9}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_8^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_8}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_7^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)-\\ -\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_5}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_4^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_4}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_3^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_3}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_2^2}}\right)+\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_2}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_1^2}}\right)-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_1}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_{10}^2}}\right)\end{array}$$

(77a)

and pay attention to the last term, which contains r₁ and r₁₀. This means that the sphere with radius r₁ is inside the sphere with radius r₁₀ [17], as can be seen from the previous terms of the same expression. A similar situation takes place in all metrics (64) – (73).

Such isolation of the proposed 10-layer and 10-level cosmological model looks very extravagant and requires additional study and reflection. However, the history of science teaches that sometimes what looks impossible is disproved by experiment. For example, 100 years ago, Einstein and many of his contemporaries could not admit the idea that the part of the universe we observe is expanding with acceleration.

Note that today we do not see only the upper and lower "ends" of the proposed 10-layer and 10-level cosmological model, but in the interval from r₂ ~ 10²⁸ cm (scale of the observable universe) to r₆ ~ 10^–16 cm (intranuclear scale), this model can be useful for solving many problems.

5. Metric-Dynamic Models of «Electron» and «Positron»

For example, let’s select from a hierarchical discrete sequence of spheres nested into each other (see Figure 5 and Figure 6) two mutually opposite spherical formations with a radius r₆ ~ 10^–13 cm, which corresponds to the characteristic size of the "core" of an elementary particle (in particular core of the «electron» and "positron"). All other spherical formations from the considered hierarchical model (64) – (73) are arranged similarly.

In this work, the names of the particles are quoted, for example, «electron», since the metric-dynamic models of these spherical formations differ in many respects from the model ideas about these formations in modern physics.

In metrics (64) – (68), let’s leave for consideration only those terms that contain radii r₆. As a result, we obtain the following multilayer metric-dynamic model of a "convex" spherical formation, which we will call «electron»:

«ELECTRON»

(78)

"Convex" multilayer spherical formation with

a signature (+ – – –), consisting of:

The outer shell of the «electron»

in the interval [r₅, r₆] (Figure 7)

$$d{s}_1^{(+---)2}=\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1-\frac{r_6}{r}+\frac{r^2}{r_5^2}\right)}}-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(79)

$$d{s}_2^{(+---)2}=\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1+\frac{r_6}{r}-\frac{r^2}{r_5^2}\right)}}-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(80)

$$d{s}_3^{(+---)2}=\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1-\frac{r_6}{r}-\frac{r^2}{r_5^2}\right)}}-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(81)

$$d{s}_4^{(+---)2}=\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1+\frac{r_6}{r}+\frac{r^2}{r_5^2}\right)}}-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(82)

The сore of the «electron»

in the interval [r₅, r₆] (Figure 7)

$$d{s}_1^{(+---)2}=\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1-\frac{r_7}{r}+\frac{r^2}{r_6^2}\right)}}-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(83)

$$d{s}_2^{(+---)2}=\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1+\frac{r_{7 }}{r}-\frac{r^2}{r_6^2}\right)}}-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(84)

$$d{s}_3^{(+---)2}=\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1-\frac{r_7}{r}-\frac{r^2}{ r_6^2}\right)}}-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(85)

$$d{s}_4^{(+---)2}=\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2-{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1+\frac{r_7}{r}+\frac{r^2}{r_6^2}\right)}}-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(86)

The shelt of the «electron»

in the interval [0, ∞]

$$d{s}_5^{(+---)2}=c^{2}d{t}^2-d{r}^2-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(87)

where r₅ ~ 10^–3 cm, r₆ ~10^–13 cm, r₇ ~10^–24 cm.

Similarly, in the metrics (69) – (73) we also leave only those terms that contain the radii r₆. As a result, we obtain the following multilayer metric-dynamic model of a "concave" spherical formation, which we will call «positron»:

«POSITRON» (88)

"Concave" multilayer spherical formation with

a signature (– + + +), consisting of:

The outer shell of the «positron»

in the interval [r₅, r₆] (negative of the Figure 7)

$$d{s}_1^{(-+++)2}=-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1-\frac{r_6}{r}+\frac{r^2}{r_5^2}\right)}}+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(89)

$$d{s}_2^{(-+++)2}=-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1+\frac{r_6}{r}-\frac{r^2}{r_5^2}\right)}}+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(90)

$$d{s}_3^{(-+++)2}=-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1-\frac{r_6}{r}-\frac{r^2}{r_5^2}\right)}}+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(91)

$$d{s}_4^{(-+++)2}=-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_6}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_5^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1+\frac{r_6}{r}+\frac{r^2}{r_5^2}\right)}}+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(92)

The core of the «positron»

in the interval [r₅, r₆] (negative of the Figure 7)

$$d{s}_1^{(-+++)2}=-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1-\frac{{ r}_7}{r}+\frac{r^2}{r_6^2}\right)}}+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(93)

$$d{s}_2^{(-+++)2}=-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1+\frac{r_7}{r}-\frac{r^2}{r_6^2}\right)}}+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(94)

$$d{s}_3^{(-+++)2}=-\left(1-{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}-{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1-\frac{r_7 }{r}-\frac{r^2}{r_6^2}\right)}}+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(95)

$$d{s}_4^{(-+++)2}=-\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{r_7}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{r_6^2}}\right)c^{2}d{t}^2+{\displaystyle \frac{d{r}^2}{\left(1+\frac{r_7}{r}+\frac{r^2}{r_6^2}\right)}}+r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(96)

The sheltof the «positron»

in the interval [0, ∞]

$$d{s}_5^{(-+++)2}=c^{2}d{t}^2-d{r}^2-r^2\left(d{\theta }^2+{\mathit{sin}}^2\theta d{\varphi }^2\right)$$

(97)

where r₅ ~ 10^–3 cm, r₆ ~10^–13 cm, r₇ ~10^–24 cm.

The sets of metrics (78) and (88) differ only in their signature. That is, «electron» and «positron» are completely identical, but antipodal copies of each other. If an «electron» is conventionally called a "convex" spherical formation, then a «positron» is exactly the same conventionally "concave" spherical formation.

The Figure 7 shows a metric-dynamic (i.e., fully geometrized) model of a spherical formation with a radius from the hierarchical sequence (76). In a particular case, an «electron» (and/or its exact antipodal copy, a "positron") has (see Figure 7):

core with radius r₆ ~10^–13 cm;

inner “nucleolus” with radius r₇ ~10^–24 cm;

"outer shell", extending from r₆ ~10^–13 cm to r₅ ~ 10^–3 cm (or up to r₄ ~ 10⁸ cm, or up to

r₃ ~ 10¹⁸ cm and etc. depending on which spherical formation the given core of the «electron» is located inside).

In another case, for example, «planets» (or «anti-planets»): the "core" has a radius r₄ ~1,4·10⁸ cm; the inner "nucleolus" has a radius r₅ ~ 10^–3 cm (or r₆ ~ 10^-13 cm, etc., depending on which spherical formation is located inside the core of the «planet»), and "outer shell" extends from r₄ ~ 10⁸ cm to r₃ ~ 10¹⁸ cm (or up to r₂ ~ 10²⁹ cm, or up to r₁ ~ 10³⁹ cm and depending on, inside which sphere is the core of the "planet"). And so on.

The "shelt" (87) or (97) of a spherical formation begins at its center, and ends at infinity. The "shelt" is a kind of memory of the undeformed state of the considered area of space. The “shelt” does not seem to exist in the curved state of this area of space, but without the components of the metric tensor of the "shelt" $g_{ii}^{0(–)}$ or $g_{ii}^{0(+)}$it is impossible to determine the deformation, relative elongation, speed and direction of movement of each local section of the object under study (see [16,17]).

The "abyss" (or "rakia") (see Figure 7) is a spherical boundary between the "core" and the "outer shell" of any spherical vacuum formation. The "rakia" is the most complex spherical area of the object under study, since it contains sub-layers associated with all higher spheres, inside which is the core of the «electron» (see Figure 5), as well as sub-layers associated with all the spheres that are inside the same core of the «electron».

A detailed study of the sets of metrics (79) – (87) describing the «electron» and (89) – (97) describing the «positron» is given in [17]. In the same place, taking into account all sixteen signatures (37), metric-dynamic models of almost all elementary particles included in the Standard Model are proposed: all types of «quarks», all types of «neutrinos», «mesons», etc., with the exception of Higgs boson (see Appendix 2 and also http://metraphysics.ru Contents, Chapter 2, sections 2.9 – 2.14).

6. Conclusion and Discussion

The article proposes to take into account all 10 Kottler solutions (14) – (25) of the system of Einstein field (vacuum) equations (9) when constructing a multilayer and multilevel cosmological model, balanced on average with respect to the Einstein vacuum (i.e., "emptiness").

It is shown that the averaging of metric spaces represented by the quadratic forms $d{s}_i^{(-)2}$and $d{s}_i^{(+)2}$ (14) – (25) is connected with the intertwining (i.e. twisting into bundles or braids) of the corresponding affine spaces, represented by linear forms $d{s}_i^{(-)}$and $d{s}_i^{(+)}$. Moreover, these affine bundles are described by Clifford algebras with the number of generators equal to the number of intertwined linear forms $d{s}_i^{(-)}$ and $d{s}_i^{(+)}$ (see [16,17]).

The second innovation proposed in this article is related to the increase to infinity of Λ_i-terms in Einstein's field equations (1).

The restrictions imposed on the sum of Λ_i-terms made it possible to propose a 10-layered and 10-level (hierarchical) cosmological model.

This model is a hierarchical sequence of nested spheres (see Figure 5) with the corresponding radii r_i (76), which are obtained using the recurrent formula (75) using only two dimensional parameters: R_v ≈ 10²⁵ cm is parametric the radius of the universe, and l_с ≈ 2,9·10¹⁰ cm is the distance that a light beam travels in vacuum in a single time interval Δt = 1sec.

Wherein, part of the radii r₂, r₃, r₄, r₅ and r₆ from the hierarchy (76) turned out to be commensurate with the characteristic sizes of the core (or nuclei) of the observed discrete sequence of real spherical formations (i.e., cores): metagalaxies, galaxies, stars (planets), biological cells (bacteria) and elementary particles.

At the end of the article, from the hierarchical solutions (64) – (73), the metric-dynamic models of the «electron» (78) and «positron» (88) are singled out, which are part of the proposed ten-layer and ten-level cosmological model.

Similarly, from solutions (64) – (73) can be singled out metric-dynamic models a «biological cell» with characteristic radius r₅ ~ 10^–3 cm, a «star» with characteristic core radius r₄ ~ 10⁸ cm and a «galaxy» with characteristic core radius r₃ ~ 10¹⁸ cm, etc.

Mathematical techniques that allow extracting various information about local spherical formations from a set of the solutions of extended Einstein's field equations, including a geometrized description of all particles that included in the Standard Model and all known force interactions: electrostatic, electromagnetic, weak and nuclear, are presented in the author's work [17] and on the website www.metraphysics.ru.

The advantages of the multilayer and multilevel cosmological model, proposed in this article, include:

- the complete absence of the need to introduce the concept of matter and its energy-momentum tensor as a source of curvature of 4-dimensional space. Here matter is replaced by an infinite number of spherical objects (see Figure 5 and Figure 6) with 10 types of characteristic sizes r_j (76) [17]. In this case, the right side of the Einstein-Hilbert equations (1) naturally vanishes. In this case, Einstein's field equations (8) and (43) are the general covariant expression of the conservation laws [16,17].

The disadvantages of the hierarchical 10-layer and 10-level cosmological model proposed in this article include:

- causal and logical inconsistency of this type of closedness of the universe, in which the largest sphere with the size r₁ ~ 10³⁹ cm is inside the smallest sphere with the size r₁₀ ~ 10^–55 cm, see, for example, Ex. (77a);

- unreasonable presence of the anthropic principle element in the recurrent formula (75), since the distance l_с ≈ с·1sec ≈ 2,9·10¹⁰ cm, which passes a light beam in vacuum in 1 sec (i.e., approximately during the period of oscillation of the human heart);

- an intuitive (i.e., scientifically unfounded) choice of 10 levels (nested spheres) of the cosmological model, despite the fact that today only five discrete levels out of ten are observed.

- the model does not answer the question why we observe a discrete (i.e., in fact, quantum) scale hierarchy of spherical formations (galaxies, stars, biological cells, elementary particles, etc.). The proposed model only "copies" such a discrete-hierarchical manifestation of reality. Obviously, Einstein's field equations (8) and (43) do not contain the possibility of explaining hierarchical discretization (i.e., scaling quantization). This means that Einstein's field equations are not complete. Perhaps, the Einstein-Cartan equations with torsion, or the equations of the geometry of absolute parallelism in a tetrad representation, have such properties. On the other hand, it can be assumed that hierarchical discreteness is not the result of the properties of differential equations, but is associated with boundary conditions. This is how Maxwell's equations for a waveguide or resonator lead to a discrete spectrum of electromagnetic waves.

At the same time, the multilayer and multilevel cosmological model proposed here is variable, that is, it can be refined as further analysis and accumulation of empirical data.