Article
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Pine nuts: a review of recent sanitary conditions and market development
Version 1
: Received: 16 July 2017 / Approved: 17 July 2017 / Online: 17 July 2017 (05:58:34 CEST)
A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.
Awan, H.U.M.; Pettenella, D. Pine Nuts: A Review of Recent Sanitary Conditions and Market Development. Forests 2017, 8, 367. Awan, H.U.M.; Pettenella, D. Pine Nuts: A Review of Recent Sanitary Conditions and Market Development. Forests 2017, 8, 367.
Abstract
Pine nuts are non-wood forest products (NWFP) with constantly growing market notwithstanding a series of phytosanitary issues and related trade problems. The aim of paper is to review the literature on the relationship between phytosanitary problems and trade development. Production and trade of pine nuts in Mediterranean Europe have been negatively affected by the spreading of Sphaeropsis sapinea (a fungus) associated to an adventive insect Leptoglossus occidentalis (fungal vector), with impacts on forest management activities, production and profitability and thus in value chain organization. Reduced availability of domestic production in markets with growing demand has stimulated the import of pine nuts. China has become a leading exporter of pine nuts, but its export is affected by a symptom associated to the nuts of some pine species: the ‘pine nut syndrome’ (PNS). Most of the studies embraced during the review are associated to PNS occurrence associated to the nuts of Pinus armandii. In the literature review we highlight the need for a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of the pine nuts value chain organisation, where research on food properties and clinical toxicology be connected to breeding and forest management, forest pathology and entomology and trade development studies.
Keywords
pine nut; pine nut syndrome (PNS); pine mouth syndrome (PMS); non-wood forest products; Leptoglossus occidentalis (Western conifer seed bug); Sphaeropsis sapinea (sphaeropsis blight)
Subject
Biology and Life Sciences, Forestry
Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Comments (2)
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Commenter: Eduardo Faundez
The commenter has declared there is no conflict of interests.
Just a little addition, the EPPO database is out to date in distribution of L. occidentalis, we recently found it in Chile and published a follow up article on the rapid extension of range, here are these:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316277401_Detection_of_the_invasive_western_conifer_seed_bug_Leptoglossus_occidentalis_Heidemann_1910_Heteroptera_Coreidae_Coreinae_in_Chile
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316879881_La_chinche_de_las_coniferas_occidental_Leptoglossus_occidentalis_Heidemann_Heteroptera_Coreidae_en_Chile_rapida_expansion_posibles_impactos_y_desafios
Commenter:
The commenter has declared there is no conflict of interests.