Abstract: Why does space have three dimensions? We study a recognizer with finitely many independent binary distinctions, one changed by each elementary act. Its states form a cube graph, and a shortest closed run through every state realizes a circle. We require a second recognition trajectory to represent a nonzero integral first-homology class in the complement of that circle. For a closed connected orientable smooth substrate with vanishing first integral homology, this requirement holds exactly in dimension three. The substrate is then an integral homology sphere, and the complementary class is measured by the linking number. We prove the converse for every substrate in this class and show that closedness and ambient first-homology vanishing are sharp hypotheses. A refinement construction supplies an explicit substrate from weighted binary records. The result concerns homological records; identifying this substrate with observed physical space is a further physical claim. The proof uses classical Alexander–Lefschetz duality.

Abstract: Investment decisions during an energy crisis are usually driven by capital cost, levelized cost, carbon intensity and nominal conversion efficiency. These indicators are necessary but incomplete, because every energy technology also consumes energy for extraction, manufacture, conversion, storage, control and replacement. This review uses energy returned on energy invested (EROEI) as a common physical basis and follows the energy chain from conventional oil and gas to photovoltaics, wind, hydropower, hydrogen and electrical storage. It separates four quantities that are often conflated: source EROEI, round-trip efficiency, manufacturing energy per unit of storage capacity, and lifetime energy stored on energy invested (ESOI). For lithium-ion batteries, a widely cited 2017 review estimated 350 to 650 MJ of manufacturing energy per kWh of capacity, about 97 to 181 kWh, before the energy embodied in upstream materials is added; newer gigafactory data show large reductions but do not yet support a single universal value. A simple combination rule shows that the complete-chain return of stored electricity is always lower than both the operational return and the ESOI of the storage device, so that cycle life can matter as much as chemistry. At small energy-harvesting scales, sensing and control can consume a material fraction of the captured energy; Energy Returned on Invested Energy for Embodied Intelligence (EROIE) extends the same accounting to Reflex Policy control architectures. The paper concludes with a minimum energetic due-diligence protocol to be applied before major energy investments.

Abstract: Hospital fire safety standards in Saudi Arabia remain primarily prescriptive and do not explicitly account for patient mobility constraints, complex building geometry, and time-dependent fire dynamics. The 2015 Jazan Hospital fire, which claimed 25 lives and injured more than 100 people, demonstrated that code compliance alone cannot guarantee occupant safety. This study presents a four-phase BIM framework integrating Autodesk Revit, PyroSim/FDS fire simulation, and Pathfinder agent-based evacuation simulation, applied to a 250-bed hospital in Qatif, Saudi Arabia. The FDS computational mesh was assessed at D*/δx = 12.2 against NIST NCSTAR 1-5E benchmark data (mean errors: temperature 6.8%, smoke optical density 7.2%), and Available Safe Egress Time (ASET) was determined using the multi-criterion ISO 13571:2012 methodology. Under the examined SBC 2018 baseline (Scenario 1, four corridor-end exits), smoke penetrated the ICU corridor within 60 seconds, yielding ASET = 118 s and a Monte Carlo Required Safe Egress Time (RSET) of 412 ± 35 s (n = 50; approximate 95% CI for the mean: 402–422 s), an ASET–RSET deficit of 294 seconds. Scenario 2, incorporating fire-rated ICU/OR compartmentation and ten distributed emergency exits, extended the reported ASET beyond 185 s and reduced mean RSET to 281 ± 22 s (approximate 95% CI for the mean: 275–287 s), a descriptive reduction of 32%. On the reported ASET range of 185–225 s, however, RSET remains greater than ASET; the residual deficit is 56–96 s. Sensitivity analysis across three ignition locations indicates that the Scenario 1 deficit is not specific to one fire origin. The findings support performance-based BIM simulation as a complement to prescriptive code assessment in hospitals.

Abstract: Collective emotion is an emergent property of social systems: individual affective states propagate along social ties and, in the aggregate, produce group-level patterns that rise, peak, and stabilize. This paper models emotional contagion as a dynamical process on a real social network, extending the susceptible–influenced–susceptible (SIS) framework with a third, aware state—the susceptible–influenced–aware (SIA) model—and separating two recovery routes that earlier single-channel models conflate: natural recovery, the passive fading of an emotional state, and aware recovery, the active acquisition of emotion-regulation capacity that confers partial protection against re-influence. We implement the agent-based model on the Facebook friendship network (N = 4039, E = 88,234). As a theory-building model rather than a data-calibrated one, it generates, under baseline parameters and across 30 independent simulations, a transient peak of roughly 33% influenced density followed by a stable plateau near 28%, with the aware density lagging behind throughout; these are model outcomes, not empirical estimates of real-world prevalence. Mean-field analysis yields a basic reproduction ratio R₀ = β/(μ + α) ≈ 1.94 governing a transcritical bifurcation between extinction and self-sustaining collective emotion; because the aware channel enters this ratio symmetrically with natural recovery, building regulation capacity is a first-order control on whether collective emotion self-sustains, not merely an aid to recovery. A second analytical result is that the two channels interact non-trivially: the steady-state fraction that acquires regulation capacity is non-monotonic in both the influence rate and the capacity-building rate, peaking at an interior optimum, so the most resilient population is produced by an optimal rather than maximal level of intervention. A social network analysis shows the network is small-world, heavy-tailed, and organized into sixteen strongly modular communities, with a small set of hub-and-bridge nodes mediating cross-community spread. By representing the two recovery channels as independent parameters, the model separates environment-oriented from capacity-oriented interventions and generates testable predictions for the regulation of collective emotion in digital and organizational settings.

Abstract: Shading reduces photovoltaic power output, while changes in irradiance and temperature can produce substantial variations during normal operation. Distinguishing shading-related output deficits from these normal variations requires a reliable estimate of expected array power. This study develops an adaptive normal-power reference using measurements from a neighboring photovoltaic array and environmental sensors. A control-anchored neural model learns the normal inter-array power relation and applies an environmental correction; departures of measured target power from this reference generate shading alarms calibrated on separate normal dates. Retrospective evaluation uses measured alternating-current power and recorded shading interventions at the La Réunion rooftop plant. Across three runs, environmental adaptation reduces normal-reference mean absolute error by 6.68–7.41 W in the low-control-power stratum relative to the control-only branch. On 193,864 commonly eligible observations, false-positive rates are 7.430–7.723% and false-negative rates are 6.471–6.524%, improving both rates over direct neural networks with similar trainable parameter counts. Detection performance is close to strong boosted-tree references, with 99.763% observation coverage. Daily power traces illustrate how the reference distinguishes shading-associated departures from shared output fluctuations and reveal the remaining alarm errors. The results support normal-power reference estimation as a practical basis for photovoltaic shading monitoring, with particular reference-accuracy benefits at low control power.

Abstract: This article presents MIRAI-EDU-D, a software-free adaptive educational micro-robot designed to support tangible formative assessment in STEAM activities for primary and secondary education. The proposal addresses two current tensions: the expansion of educational robotics as a resource for active learning and computational thinking, and the need for school technologies that are transparent, repairable, inclusive and respectful of children’s privacy. Using an educational-technological design methodology, the system is specified through a discrete-electronics architecture composed of reflectance sensors, LM339 comparators, NE555 timers, CD4510 CMOS up/down counters, CD4028/CD4511 decoders and CD4000 logic gates. The robot reads binary cards placed by students, updates a physical memory of conceptual mastery and activates differentiated feedback: reinforcement, hint, remediation, advanced challenge or teacher alert. The design results show the alignment between electronic operation, formative assessment principles and STEAM competences by integrating science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics in a manipulable learning experience. A validation protocol is also proposed, including pretest/posttest measures, observation rubrics, technical logs and teacher acceptance analysis. MIRAI-EDU-D is framed as a low-cost, auditable and privacy-preserving educational robotics alternative for schools with limited infrastructure, although classroom effectiveness must be tested through controlled pilot studies before making empirical claims about learning impact and long-term transfer outcomes.

Abstract: Assimilating satellite-retrieved profiles is an important approach to improving numerical model initial conditions and typhoon forecasting skill. This study uses temperature and humidity retrieved profile products from the Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS) onboard Fengyun-4B for three typhoons that affected Zhejiang Province in July 2025 with different track types. Sensitivity experiments are conducted under clear-sky, cloudy-sky, and all-sky conditions. Vortex relocation experiments are designed to separate the contributions of typhoon vortex structure and environmental field to track forecasts. Results show that assimilation systematically adjusts temperature and humidity in the typhoon inner core, rainband, and outer environment. All schemes produce lower–middle tropospheric warming and upper tropospheric cooling. Humidity decreases in the low-level outer environment but increases around the typhoon vortex and along the Western Pacific Subtropical High edge. All-sky assimilation is optimal for track forecasts, whereas clear-sky or cloudy-sky assimilation alone can be adverse. For 72-h precipitation, all-sky assimilation increases the heavy rain threat score by 0.09 versus control and the torrential rain threat score by 0.09 versus cloudy-sky assimilation. This study reveals the comprehensive advantages of all-sky GIIRS profile assimilation for typhoon forecasting and supports the operational application of GIIRS-retrieved temperature and humidity profiles.

Abstract: Childhood maltreatment, sexual, physical, and emotional abuse, is linked to adult psychiatric morbidity and impaired sexual health, yet whether subtypes exert independent effects once cumulative adversity, familial dysfunction, and shared genetic liability are accounted for remains contested. This narrative review addresses that question through structured searches of PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (January 2000–June 2026), combining terms for childhood abuse, maltreatment subtypes, adult psychiatric disorders, sexual dysfunction, sexual risk behavior, and revictimization, supplemented by hand-searching reference lists of retrieved reviews. Studies were included if they reported quantitative associations between childhood maltreatment (sexual, physical, or emotional abuse, or neglect) and adult psychiatric or sexual-health outcomes in general-population or clinical samples, using prospective, retrospective, quasi-experimental, or co-twin control designs; case reports, non-English sources, and pediatric-outcome-only studies were excluded. Sixty-one sources meeting these criteria, spanning meta-analyses, prospective birth-cohort studies, co-twin control and other genetically informed designs, and mechanistic neurobiological research, were synthesized. Maltreatment predicts a broad transdiagnostic spectrum of adult outcomes, including depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, borderline personality disorder, sexual dysfunction, risky sexual behavior, and revictimization, with clear dose-response gradients. When maltreatment types are modeled simultaneously, emotional abuse emerges as the strongest independent predictor, while sexual abuse retains domain-specific associations with sexual-health outcomes after adjustment for shared genetic and environmental confounds. HPA-axis dysregulation, emotion dysregulation, dissociation, and attachment disruption are implicated as converging mechanisms. The review identifies gaps in sample diversity, particularly male, sexual- and gender-minority, and non-Western populations, limiting generalizability and warranting future research priority.

Abstract: We refine the finite-scale LID bridge of [1] and extend the sphere-averaged monotonicity result of [2]. First, we replace the global Lipschitz constant L in the multiplicative envelope between G_ε(r) and the population finite-scale LID by a local constant L_z(δ) defined as the supremum of ∥∇ log p∥H over the closed hyperbolic ball of radius δ centred at z. Under a C¹ regularity assumption on the density p, we prove the local envelope e^{−2L_z (δ)δ} G_ε(r) ≤ LID_δ(z) ≤ e^{2L_z (δ)δ} G_ε(r), which refines the global bound. As an asymptotic consequence, if ∇log p is continuous at z and δ → 0⁺ at fixed z, then the relative error satisfies |LID_δ(z)/G_ε(r) − 1| ≤ 2∥∇ log p(z)∥_Hδ + o(δ), replacing the global constant L by the pointwise gradient norm. Second, we prove that the sphere-averaged hyperbolic step \( \bar{\delta} \)(r, ε) introduced in [2] remains strictly increasing in r on the full domain a + ε < 1, extending the result from the restricted domain ε < a < 1 − ε. The proof uses a symmetrization argument that reduces the integral over the sphere to a pair of pointwise inequalities. Both results preserve the multiplicative envelope structure of [1] and transfer to all five directional steps δ₊, δ₋, δ_⊥, \( \bar{\delta} \), δ_vol on their corresponding domains.

Abstract: Several studies have established a link between outdoor air quality and cardiovascular disease (CVD), with air pollution causing millions of premature deaths annually according to the WHO. However, a similar link has not been clearly established for indoor air quality (IAQ), despite the fact that people spend much of their time indoors. In this prospective observational study, we monitored IAQ parameters for several weeks in the homes of 49 patients referred for coronary CT angiography (CCTA) at two outpatient cardiology clinics in Amsterdam and compared them with their CCTA results. The monitored IAQ parameters were PM_2.5, PM₁₀ (particulate matter), and CO₂, while the CCTA outcomes included CAD-RADS scoring, coronary calcium quantification, vessel involvement, and the presence of obstructive disease. Patients were recruited from two Amsterdam neighborhoods with contrasting socioeconomic profiles, Amsterdam Zuid (n = 24) and Amsterdam Nieuw-West (n = 25). We found no strong systematic difference in indoor air quality between the two recruitment sites, but observed substantial within-neighborhood variability, suggesting that household-level factors may play an important role in indoor air quality. In this cohort, we found no significant association between residential indoor PM levels and CAD or obstructive CAD.

Abstract: We characterized octonucleate Entamoeba isolates from galliform birds and lesser rheas (Rhea pennata) using cyst morphometry and SSU rRNA sequence/secondary structure analyses, comparing them with published data for morphologically comparable Entamoeba species. Entamoeba gallinarum is the only octonucleate species described from galliform hosts; the morphology of the galliform isolates was consistent with this species except for their larger cyst size. Because no genetic data from E. gallinarum are available and morphometric differences alone were considered insufficient to support a new species, the galliform isolates were conservatively assigned to E. gallinarum. The rhea isolates fell within the morphometric ranges reported for E. gallinarum sensu this study, E. coli, and E. muris. Analysis of published E. coli sequences identified several lineages delimited by compensatory base changes (CBCs), supporting its interpretation as a cryptic species complex. The SSU rRNA sequence of the rhea isolates was identical to those of a lineage within E. coli subtype ST2. Without determining which lineage represents E. coli sensu stricto, we propose the rhea-associated lineage as a new species, Entamoeba choiquei n. sp. Finally, we introduce Enta-LISA, an R-based workflow integrating primary sequence divergence and CBC comparisons of SSU rRNA secondary structures to facilitate reproducible lineage delimitation in Entamoeba.

Abstract: Introductionː Embolization of middle meningeal artery (MMA) has become a minimally invasive alternative that can reduce the high rate of recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH), but so far randomized evidence is scattered. To better explain its effectiveness and safety, we conducted a more recent meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Evidence Acquisitionː A protocol in the PRISMA-2020 scheme was registered and PubMed, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO-ICTRP were searched via inception to 5 June 2025. RCTs focusing on adults alone with a comparison of MMA embolization (stand-alone, or adjunct to surgery) versus standard management were only eligible in this study. The pooled risk ratios (RRs) or standardized mean differences (SMDs) were created using random-effects models (DerSimonian–Laird) with Hartung–Knapp adjustment. The major endpoints were symptomatic recurrence (efficacy) and all-cause mortality (safety). Evidence Synthesisː Eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this systematic review and quantitative synthesis (n = 1,862 patients). MMA embolization reduced symptomatic recurrence by approximately 47% compared to control (RR = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.39–0.73; I² = 0%; 95% prediction interval: 0.33–0.85; number needed to treat [NNT] = 14, 95% CI: 11–24). There was no significant benefit on good functional outcome (mRS ≤ 2) (RR = 1.01; 95% CI: 1.00–1.02; I² = 0%; 95% prediction interval: 0.93–1.10; three trials) or on independent functional outcome (mRS ≤ 3) (RR = 1.01; 95% CI: 1.01–1.02; I² = 0%; 95% prediction interval: 0.97–1.06; three trials) or on hematoma thickness reduction (SMD = –0.13; 95% CI: –0.35 to 0.09; I² = 42.4%; four trials, n = 1,467). All-cause mortality showed a non-significant trend toward reduction in the MMA embolization group (RR = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.38–1.16; I² = 23.4%; eight trials). Procedure-related complications were infrequent; the pooled complication rate across eight trials was approximately 1% (95% CI: 0–2%; I² = 23.6%; 95% prediction interval: 0–3%; 13 events in 964 patients), and no deaths were attributed to the embolization itself. The overall risk of bias across the included studies was low-to-moderate, and statistical heterogeneity was minimal across all key outcomes. Conclusionsː In summary, MMA embolization significantly reduces chronic subdural hematoma recurrence with a low complication rate, supporting its role as a safe adjunct to standard care. However, current evidence remains insufficient to confirm long-term functional, cognitive, or radiographic benefits, and further multicenter trials with standardized protocols and extended follow-up are essential.

Abstract: Unraveling the spatial differentiation and multiscale driving mechanisms of cropland vegetation in the Loess Plateau–Qinghai-Tibet Plateau transition zone provides vital scientific support for sustainable agriculture in ecologically fragile regions. Taking Yongjing County, Gansu Province as the study area, based on 30m resolution Enhanced Vegetation Index(EVI)from 2015 to 2024 and 9 topographic, hydrological, and climatic covariates, an integrated multi-model analytical framework coupling Geographical Detector (Geodetector), Random Forest with SHAP(SHapley Additive Explanations), Geographically Weighted Regression(GWR),and Variation Partitioning Analysis (VPA) was established. Furthermore, systematic robustness tests were conducted across four dimensions: vegetation index substitution, discretization schemes, spatial block sizes, and MGWR bandwidths. The results revealed that: (1) Cropland EVI exhibited significant moderate spatial positive autocorrelation(Moran’s I=0.494), with homogeneous spatial clustering being overwhelmingly dominant(95.8%); (2) Under the natural breaks discretization, the Topographic Wetness Index(TWI)yielded the highest explanatory power(q=0.200), but was highly sensitive to discretization methods (q dropped to 0.028 under quantile classification, a discrepancy of 0.177) and displayed an extremely narrow MGWR bandwidth(44 nearest neighbors), identifying it as a locally sensitive factor rather than a global governing factor; (3) Multi-model cross-validation and multidimensional robustness tests identified Digital Elevation Model(DEM),aspect cosine(Aspect_cos, northness), and mean annual temperature(Temp) as the three robust dominant factors. DEM ranked among the top three across all four methods with a discretization range of only 0.005,functioning as the global dominant factor orchestrating hydrothermal redistribution; Aspect_cos had the highest proportion of statistically significant pixels in GWR(77.4%), acting as a steady local dominant factor; Temp exhibited the greatest local coefficient variability(0.046), representing a spatially non-stationary dominant factor characterized by a pronounced north-south effect reversal. Overall, cropland vegetation in the transition zone is synergistically regulated by topography, hydrology, and climate, wherein topography governs macro-scale hydrothermal differentiation, while climatic drivers manifest intense spatial heterogeneity.

Abstract: To determine the covariant four-momentum of a physical system in curved spacetime, we introduce an energy-momentum field, whose four-potential and tensor are included in the Lagrangian density. From the principle of least action, we derive an equation for the metric, equations for the energy-momentum field, and the four-dimensional Euler-Lagrange equation. The equations of particle motion are derived in two ways: through the covariant derivative of the right-hand side of the equation for the metric, and by varying the action function with respect to the four-coordinates. These equations are equal when the invariant mass density of the particles is constant. The four-potential of the energy-momentum field makes it possible to find the four-momentum density and four-momentum of the system. The corresponding equations are derived by varying the action function under a four-shift of all particles of the system by a constant four-vector. The four-momentum density and the four-momentum of the system must satisfy these equations for the system's symmetry associated with such the four-shift to hold.

Abstract: Compact, label-free optical transducers are attractive for real-time exhaled-breath screening. We report the characterization and classification performance of a low-power photonic elastic-backscatter sensing system (the Dr. T system) that interrogates injected gas mixtures with a 635 nm, <1 mW coherent diode-laser beam and records the back-scattered light on a two-dimensional silicon position-sensing detector (PSD) as a time series of intensity I and centroid coordinates (x, y) at 10 Hz. Seven calibration data sets were acquired in a sealed 0.11 L chamber—five disease-linked metabolite mixtures in a normal-air balance (CKD, SIBO, cystic fibrosis, COPD, heart disease), a healthy base-gas control, and an ambient control (19 records). Regression showed the beam-deflection axis (y vs x) to be a linear, reproducible common-mode signature of injection flow (slopes 0.18–0.24; R2 up to 0.98), whereas the optical response versus concentration (|I| vs C) is species-specific across a >20-fold slope range, constituting an optical fingerprint. A physically motivated feature space with Mahalanobis classification separated the four diseases carrying substantive metabolites at 100% leave-one-run-out recall; overall seven-class accuracy was 78.9%. Decisively, every substantive-metabolite disease was well separated from a base-gas control undergoing an identical chamber-pressure rise (D = 4.8–13.5), demonstrating that discrimination is driven by molecular optical signatures rather than common-mode pressure. The sensor can detect, discriminate, quantify and classify metabolite mixtures in vitro; signal-to-contrast enhancement for low-cross-section analytes, humidity compensation and radiometric calibration are identified as translation priorities.

Abstract: Geopolitical conflicts and the energy transition complicate risk linkages among conventional energy, new energy, ESG assets and gold. Using quantile time–frequency connectedness and complex network analysis, this study examines an ESG index, coal and natural gas equity indices, five new energy subsector indices, an aggregate new energy index and a gold ETF across market states and horizons. Under normal conditions, wind power, photovoltaics, natural gas and new energy vehicles are net transmitters, while the remaining markets are net receivers. Total spillovers rise sharply under extreme conditions, and short-term spillovers dominate across market states. Static estimates show stable transmission roles for photovoltaics, wind power, natural gas and gold across quantiles and frequency bands, alongside conditional switching in other markets. Dynamic estimates reveal additional variation over time. The Russia–Ukraine conflict is associated with a sustained increase in long-term connectedness, whereas COVID-19 primarily coincides with short-term volatility pulses. Network analysis identifies coal as a central node and photovoltaics as a major transmission hub within new energy. These findings inform market-state- and horizon-specific risk monitoring, asset allocation and crisis responses.

Abstract: Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by markedly elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and early cardiovascular disease. Despite intensive lipid-lowering therapy, achieving target LDL-C levels remains challenging, and many patients require lifelong LDL apheresis. We report a 33-year-old Mexican–Lebanese woman with confirmed HoFH and multiple comorbidities, including systemic lupus erythematosus. Severe hypercholesterolemia was evident from early childhood, with total cholesterol levels of approximately 800 mg/dL and development of xanthomas at age 3. The patient underwent long-term multimodal therapy, including statins, ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors, and LDL apheresis initiated at age 9 and continued for approximately 20 years, achieving only partial lipid control. Evinacumab, an angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) inhibitor, was initiated in adulthood as adjunctive therapy. Within two months, significant and sustained LDL-C reduction was achieved, allowing complete discontinuation of LDL apheresis. Follow-up demonstrated stable LDL-C levels between 180–225 mg/dL. This case highlights the clinical effectiveness of Evinacumab in patients with HoFH, demonstrating its potential to achieve sustained lipid reduction and eliminate the need for invasive apheresis. ANGPTL3 inhibition may represent a transformative strategy for improving long-term management and quality of life in this high-risk population, particularly in settings with limited access to apheresis.

Abstract: Background: Ischemic stroke represents a catastrophic disruption of the neurovascular architecture, often resulting in permanent functional deficits due to the irreversible nature of neuronal core death and the precarious state of the surrounding penumbra. This report provides an exhaustive analysis of the clinical course and recovery of Mrs. L, a 70-year-old female patient residing in Jakarta, who suffered an ischemic stroke event characterized by left-side hemiparesis and significant mobility impairment. Case Presentation: The therapeutic framework employed a dual-track strategy: a conventional pharmacological regimen designed to maximize secondary prevention and neurorestorative support—utilizing citicoline, atorvastatin-ezetimibe, dual antiplatelet therapy, and antihypertensive management—and an innovative adjunctive protocol involving the intravenous administration of oxyhydrogen (HHO) nanobubbles and liquid nitric oxide (NO). The patient underwent a structured 30-session program divided into Basic and Booster phases. Quantitative assessment revealed a rapid clinical evolution from a bedrest-dependent state with severe motor weakness (muscle strength graded at 222 in the left extremities) to independent mobility without assistive devices within seventeen days. Conclusions: The synergy between these modalities suggests that integrated nanomedicine may support the recovery timeline for elderly stroke survivors, addressing both the neurological damage and the underlying metabolic instability.

Abstract: This work introduces a controlled Markov chain approach to describe and optimize educational interventions for students with dyscalculia. The model represents the progression of a student through a finite collection of educational states, beginning with diagnosis and ending in one of two possible outcomes: successful recovery or discontinuation of the intervention. By treating these final outcomes as absorbing states, the framework makes it possible to derive relevant quantitative measures, including the fundamental matrix, the expected time spent in the intervention process, and the probabilities associated with recovery and dropout. To incorporate the influence of educational decisions, transition probabilities are allowed to vary according to a control variable representing alternative intervention strategies. This leads naturally to a controlled Markov chain formulation in which the evolution of the student depends not only on the current educational state but also on the intervention selected at each stage. Within this setting, several theoretical properties are established, including the well-posedness of the controlled stochastic process, the existence of the corresponding fundamental matrix, and the existence of an optimal intervention policy. The resulting mathematical framework provides a basis for comparing educational strategies and identifying policies that balance three main objectives: increasing the likelihood of recovery, reducing the expected duration of the intervention, and limiting the probability of educational intervention discontinuation. By bringing together absorbing Markov chains, stochastic modelling, and optimal control, the proposed approach offers quantitative tools for studying the dynamics and effectiveness of educational interventions for dyscalculia. The same methodology may also be adapted to other intervention settings characterized by discrete stochastic evolution and decision-dependent transitions.

Abstract: Synthetic data are increasing their popularity in different disciplines. Indeed, in addition to their affordability, synthetic data may play an effective protective role to address privacy issues, which are extremely critical in certain application domains such as healthcare, as well as they represent a relatively simple solution to overcome access restrictions. However, despite synthetic data are not a novelty and their potentialities in the different domains have been largely discussed, their operationalization and utility are still object of research. More recently, the unprecedented AI capabilities have naturally enabled and quickly consolidated a feedback loop, where synthetic data is, at the same time, a valuable resource to further develop and refine technology, as well as an added, often critical, value within the different application domains. By combining hybrid retrieval and analysis techniques, 250+ relevant papers have been selected, classified and analyzed. In a context of discussion about legal, ethical and political implications amid opportunities and challenges, the review has clearly pointed out a need for a more consolidated engineering approach to synthetic data as a response to the intrinsic complexity of applications in the current technological climate.