Numerical Simulation of Shock Wave Propagation Through Multiple Raindrops

A numerical study of shock wave propagation through multiple raindrops is presented using a density-based compressible two-phase flow solver coupled with a sharp-interface volume-of-fluid (VoF) method. The piecewise linear interface calculation (PLIC) approach is employed to reconstruct gas–liquid interfaces and capture droplet deformation during shock interaction. The numerical framework is first validated using a one-dimensional gas–liquid shock tube problem and a shock–helium bubble interaction benchmark. The method is then applied to investigate shock interactions with single, double, and multiple raindrops under compressible flow conditions. Numerical results show that complex wave structures, including shock reflection, diffraction, and wave interference, develop during shock propagation through raindrop fields. Interactions between neighboring droplets lead to local pressure amplification and non-uniform flow structures.