Toward Intelligent and Resilient Public Safety Communications: A Review of FirstNet, 5G, AI, and Digital Twin Technologies

Reliable and resilient communication systems are essential for first responders, enabling quick coordination and effective emergency responses. However, traditional communication networks often encounter congestion, interoperability problems, and failures during large-scale disasters. To address these challenges, specialized networks like FirstNet have been developed, leveraging advancements in LTE and 5G, as well as priority access mechanisms, to enhance reliability and coverage. This paper examines the technological advancements in first-responder communication systems, highlighting the limitations of legacy networks and the enhancements offered by modern solutions. We examine key components, including network prioritization, spectrum allocation, and integration with AI-driven traffic management. Additionally, this study assesses the role of digital twins in bolstering network resilience and fault tolerance for emergency communications. By synthesizing recent advancements, this research provides insights into future developments and policy considerations necessary to ensure a seamless and robust communication infrastructure for first responders.