The Hydrogen Economy: Progress and Challenges to Future Growth

Abstract The rally to mitigate growing carbon emissions and climate change necessitates decarbonization strategies, with hydrogen emerging as a key candidate option across multiple sectors. This literature review examines the current state of the road to the hydrogen economy, including production, implementation, and associated risks. Hydrogen's versatility in industry, transportation, and energy storage is highlighted, alongside the challenges of transitioning from fossil fuel-based production. It explores hydrogen's potential across various sectors, including transportation, industry, and energy storage, while acknowledging the challenges associated with its production, storage, and implementation. The review analyzes the current state of hydrogen technologies, differentiating between green, blue, and grey hydrogen production methods, and highlights advancements in production techniques like thermochemical water splitting. Key findings shows that while green hydrogen offers the cleanest pathway, high production costs and infrastructure limitations remain significant barriers to widespread adoption. The study also addresses safety concerns and public perception, emphasizing the need for robust risk assessment methodologies and management approaches. Furthermore, the review underscores the importance of technological innovations, such as high-temperature electrolysis and synergies with renewable energy sources, to enhance efficiency and sustainability. Policy recommendations include financial incentives, regulatory frameworks, and international cooperation to accelerate hydrogen adoption and balance its development with other low-carbon solutions.