Resilient Cultural Heritage Engineering Through Nano-Enhanced Materials and Intelligent Digital Twin Ecosystems Across Structural Scales

Cultural heritage sites worldwide face escalating threats from climate change, urbanization, and material degradation, necessitating innovative, resilient engineering solutions. This paper introduces a transformative interdisciplinary framework that synergistically integrates civil engineering's nano-enhanced materials such as graphene oxide consolidate and nano-silica infusions with computer science's intelligent digital twin ecosystems. These technologies enable adaptive conservation across structural scales, from molecular-level artifact repairs to comprehensive building-wide retrofitting.Nano-enhanced materials provide superior mechanical reinforcement, self-healing properties, and environmental resistance, restoring structural integrity without altering aesthetic authenticity. Concurrently, digital twins leverage IoT sensors, AI-driven simulations, and BIM models to create real-time virtual replicas, facilitating predictive maintenance, degradation forecasting, and optimized material deployment. The proposed hybrid methodology employs simulation-calibrated workflows to minimize invasive interventions, ensuring data interoperability and scalability.Case studies from Italian frescoes and historic bridges demonstrate lifespan extensions of 30-50% through nano-consolidation monitored by twin analytics. Despite challenges like nanomaterial scalability and data privacy, this approach pioneer’s sustainable heritage preservation. Future directions emphasize blockchain integration for provenance tracking and ethical AI governance, offering policymakers a blueprint for resilient cultural engineering in the digital era.