From Magnetic and Electric Fields to Fires

Extreme solar eruptions convert stored magnetic energy at the solar surface and in the 2 solar atmosphere into fast electromagnetic transients, particle acceleration, and coronal 3 mass ejections (CMEs) capable of coupling into planetary magnetospheres. Using the 4 1859 Carrington Event as a historically documented benchmark, this article traces the 5 energy pathway from magnetic breakdown and reconnection in a high-conductivity plasma 6 environment, through CME propagation in interplanetary space, to interaction with Earth’s 7 magnetic field and the generation of large-scale geomagnetically induced electric fields. 8 These fields drive quasi-DC currents in long conductors, including power-transmission 9 lines and communication wiring, where voltage stress, insulation failure, arcing, and 10 fire hazards can arise. The analysis integrates established space-weather and power- 11 engineering literature with an electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) framework to clarify 12 how conductor geometry, grounding topology, and network scale govern vulnerability, and 13 why modern protections mitigate but do not eliminate risk. Within Photony Theory, solar 14 eruptions are interpreted as magnetic-chain breakdown events in a conductive plasma, 15 while terrestrial damage is framed as electric-chain (voltage) breakdown favored in low- 16 conductivity materials, providing a unified physical interpretation of the magnetic origins 17 and electrical failure mechanisms underlying both historical and modern Carrington-class 18 events.