A Comparative Review of Life-Cycle Assessments of Treatment Strategies for Swine Slurry with a Focus on Anaerobic Co-Digestion

Intensive swine production contributes significantly to the global protein supply but generates considerable environmental pressure, particularly through greenhouse gas emissions and surplus slurry management. Anaerobic digestion (AD), especially (co-AD), has been widely investigated as a mitigation strategy to enhance renewable energy generation and nutrient recovery. This systematic review synthesizes life cycle assessment (LCA) studies published between 2019 and 2025 that evaluated AD systems treating swine slurry, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Across diverse method-ological approaches and regional contexts, the literature consistently shows that AD can reduce global warming potential compared with conventional slurry management, with stronger environmental benefits when biogas is efficiently valorized and when the swine slurry is co-digested with complementary organic substrates. co-AD emerges as a key mitigation option by improving biogas yields, process stability, and overall envi-ronmental performance while also enabling better utilization of external organic waste. However, the results remain highly sensitive to operational factors such as methane leakage, digestate management, energy efficiency, and substrate selection. This review highlights the methodological inconsistencies among LCA studies and underscores the need for harmonized assessment frameworks and improved emission data. Overall, co-AD represents a promising pathway for enhancing the environmental sustainability of swine production systems when integrated into optimized, context-specific man-agement strategies.