Hybrid Resins Derived from Abies Alba Exudate as Matrices for Composite Materials

This study investigates the utilization of Abies Alba exudate resin for the development of hybrid resins intended as matrices for composite materials. Two formulation routes were explored: (i) dilution of spruce resin in turpentine derived from pine buds, and (ii) dilution in food-grade ethanol (96%). The diluted resins were subsequently blended with an epoxy resin, whose addition initiated polymerization and enabled the formation of a solid hybrid matrix. The resulting hybrid resins were characterized by multiple testing methods and further applied in the fabrication of cotton fiber–reinforced composites.