We investigate Planck-scale compact objects and gravitationally induced quantum correlations within the framework of Causal Lorentzian Theory (CLT), a flat-spacetime, Lorentz-invariant field theory of gravitation with explicit causal propagation and localized gravitational field energy. In CLT, gravitational phenomena arise from conformal time dilation rather than spacetime curvature, eliminating event horizons and curvature singularities. Point-like sources are regularized through smooth mass distributions, yielding finite gravitational fields at all scales. We analyze Planck-scale compact objects, derive a finite horizon-free gravitational energy emission mechanism, and compute gravitationally induced quantum phase shifts arising from conformal time dilation. Extending the analysis to multi-particle systems, we construct causal gravitational phase-correlation networks that mimic entanglement-like signatures without quantizing gravity or introducing gravitons. The framework provides concrete, testable predictions for micro-scale interferometry and optomechanical experiments, offering a consistent semi-classical bridge between gravitation and quantum mechanics.