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The Influence of Monosaccharide Composition on the Bioactivity of Medicinal Plant Polysaccharides: A Review

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20 November 2025

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21 November 2025

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Abstract
Polysaccharides are natural polymers widely found in medicinal plants. Structurally, polysaccharides are complex molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds. Modern pharmacological research shows that the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides is closely related to their bioactivity. This review systematically summarizes high-quality literature from recent years concerning the influence of monosaccharide composition on the biological activity of polysaccharides. The results are as follows: Glucans are vital for immune regulation, antioxidant effects and the regulation of gut microbiota. Similarly, galactans are important for antioxidant effects, immune regulation and the regulation of gut microbiota. Mannans play a critical role in immune regulation, anti-tumour effects and neuroprotection. Fructans play a critical role in regulating gut microbiota, immune regulation, and antioxidant effects. Pectin plays a critical role in immune regulation, antioxidant effects, and lowering blood sugar. Consequently, developing polysaccharides from medicinal plant resources based on their monosaccharide composition is expected to speed up the search for polysaccharides with high biological activity and provide a theoretical reference for polysaccharide research.
Keywords: 
bioactivity
;  
medicinal plant polysaccharides
;  
monosaccharide composition
Subject: 
Biology and Life Sciences  -   Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

1. Introduction

Polysaccharides are natural macromolecule polymers of long chains of monosaccharide units linked via glycosidic bonds, widely exist in medicinal plants [1]. Due to their non-toxicity and abundant availability, they have garnered increasing research attention in recent years [2].
Modern pharmacological studies have shown that medicinal plant polysaccharides have a variety of biological activities, including immune regulation, the protection of the liver, the protection of nerves, anti-oxidation, anti-fatigue, regulation of intestinal flora, and regulation of blood glucose [3].
Polysaccharides possess highly complex structural characteristics, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic bond configuration and functional groups [4]. These structural features determine and influence the biological activity of polysaccharides. Among these, monosaccharides constitute the most fundamental units of the primary structure of polysaccharides and form the basis for other advanced structures [5]. They not only influence the physicochemical properties of polysaccharides, such as functional group, electrification, chain length, and spatial conformation [6], but are also among the most easily detectable indicators.
Although various biological activities of medicinal plant polysaccharides have been extensively studied, a systematic review focusing on how monosaccharide composition influences their biological functions remains relatively scarce. A systematic analysis of the relationship between monosaccharide composition and specific biological activities is crucial for understanding the mechanisms of action of polysaccharides.
This review systematically summarizes high-quality literature from recent years concerning the influence of monosaccharide composition on the biological activity of polysaccharides. It is hoped that this will provide new perspectives for understanding the relationship between structure and function of medicinal plant polysaccharides.

2. Main Monosaccharides Description

The primary monosaccharide types in medicinal plant polysaccharides include glucose, galactose, arabinose, mannose, rhamnose, xylose, fucose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid and fructose. The monosaccharides can be classified as pentoses and hexoses based on the number of carbon atoms [7]. Xylose and arabinose are classified as pentoses. Meanwhile, glucose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose, fucose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid and fructose are classified as hexoses. Furthermore, uronic acids are a class of monosaccharide derivatives characterised by the structural oxidation of the hydroxyl group (typically at C6) to a carboxyl group (-COOH) [8]. The types of uronic acid that make up medicinal plant polysaccharides mainly include glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid. Their structures are shown in Figure 1.

3. Classification of Medicinal Plant Polysaccharides

This article systematically summarises the monosaccharide composition of 210 polysaccharides from 72 medicinal plants. These are listed in Table 1 and Figure 2. Polysaccharides in medicinal plants may be classified as neutral polysaccharides or acidic polysaccharides based on whether their monosaccharide composition includes uronic acids. Neutral polysaccharides are primarily classified into six categories: glucans, galactans, arabinans, mannans, fructans, and xylans (Figure 2A). In the classification of galactans, arabinogalactan constitutes the primary component, whereas the proportion of pure galactans(gal>90%) is comparatively low (Figure 2B). In the classification of mannans, glucomannan constitutes the primary component, whereas the proportion of pure mannans(man>90%) is comparatively low (Figure 2C). Acidic polysaccharides are primarily pectins, which are categorised into two main types (Figure 2D) based on their monosaccharide composition: homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG I). Their structures of 10 polysaccharides are shown in Figure 3.
4. The Correlation Between Activities and Monosaccharide Composition of Medicinal Plant Polysaccharides
Based on the analysis of collected literature in Table 1, it appears that there may be some relationship between monosaccharide composition and the biological activity of medicinal plant polysaccharides (Figure 4).
Glucans play a critical role in immune regulation, antioxidant effects, and the regulation of gut microbiota. Galactans play a critical role in antioxidant effects, immune regulation, and the regulation of gut microbiota. Mannans play a critical role in immune regulation, antitumor effects, and neuroprotection. Fructans play a critical role in the regulation of gut microbiota, immune regulation, and antioxidant effects. Pectin plays a critical role in immune regulation, antioxidant effects, and lowering blood sugar. Furthermore, due to the limited variety of Arabinan and arabinoxylan found in medicinal plants, they are not discussed in this article.
5. Effects of the Monosaccharide Composition on the Bioactivity of Medicinal Plant Polysaccharides

5.1. Immunomodulatory Activity

Medicinal plant polysaccharides are important macromolecules that can strongly affect the immune system and have the potential to be used as immunomodulators with broad clinical applications [219]. A substantial body of research has demonstrated that the immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides are positively correlated to the content of glucose.
Zhang et al. isolated a glucan from Astragalus mongholicus using a Sephadex G200 column chromatography and named it APS-II [9]. Its monosaccharide composition is 89.0% glucose. Subsequently, the immunomodulatory capacity of APS-II was investigated. The results indicate that APS-II exerts its effects through the TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway. It promotes polarization of M0-type macrophages to the M1-type and repolarized M2-type to M1-type. Additionally, APS-II preferentially accumulates at tumor sites, thereby enhancing the innate immune system’s antitumor capabilities. Zhang et al. isolated a glucan from Sagittaria sagittifolia using the DEAE-52 cellulose column and Sephadex G-100 column and named it SSP-S1 [14]. Its monosaccharide composition is 91.0% glucose. Subsequently, the immunomodulatory capacity of SSP-S1 was investigated. The results indicate that SSP-S1 could promote the proliferation, production of NO, and secretion of TNF-α and IL-10 of macrophages RAW 264.7. Wang et al. isolated a glucan from Angelicae dahuricae using the DEAE-52 cellulose column and Sephadex G-100 column and named it ADPs [18]. Its monosaccharide composition is 97.0% glucose. Subsequently, the immunomodulatory capacity of ADPs was investigated. The results indicate that ADPs could significantly enhance the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells and activate the NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway and promote the expression of cytokines NO, TNF-α, and IL-6. Yang et al. isolated a glucan from Aconitum carmichaeli using the DEAE-52 cellulose column and Sephadex G-50 column and named it FZPS-1 [21]. Its monosaccharide composition is 92.0% glucose. Subsequently, the immunomodulatory capacity of FZPS-1 was investigated. The results indicate that FZPS-1 promotes macrophage phagocytosis, increases the secretion of macrophage-derived biological factors (NO, IL-6, IL-1, TNF-α) in RAW 264.7 cells, and significantly enhances the index of the spleen and thymus.
In summary, glucan exerts broad immunomodulatory activity by regulating immune organs, immune cells, and immune factors. It holds potential for further development as an immunomodulator.

5.2. Antioxidant Activity

Oxidative stress is caused by a variety of oxygen-derived free radicals (ROS), such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical. High ROS levels cause damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA, leading to cell demise [220]. Due to their remarkable antioxidant activity, polysaccharides have garnered increasing research attention in recent years. A substantial body of research has demonstrated that the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides is positively correlated to the content of galactose and arabinose.
Cao et al. isolated an arabinogalactan from Angelica sinensis using a Sephadex G-50 column and named it ASP [91]. Its monosaccharide composition is 52.40% galactose and 19.31% arabinose. Subsequently, the antioxidant activity of ASP was investigated. The results indicate that ASP could protect against acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury and cell death by suppressing oxidative stress and hepatic apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. Specific mechanism of action: ASP increases GSH levels, decreases MDA levels, and enhances SOD activity. Li et al. isolated an arabinogalactan from Pueraria mirifica using a DEAE liquid chromatography column and named it PMP-2 [94]. Its monosaccharide composition is 58.5% galactose and 27.8% arabinose. Subsequently, the antioxidant activity of PMP-2 was investigated. The results indicate that PMP-2 exhibits concentration-dependent antioxidant activities. These are against DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radicals. Chen et al. isolated an arabinogalactan from Taraxacum mongolicum by cold water extraction and named it DLP4 [96]. Its monosaccharide composition is 52.94% galactose and 25.95% arabinose. Subsequently, the antioxidant activity of DLP4 was investigated. The results indicate that DLP4 enables the clearance of free radicals, including DPPH, ABTS, as well as hydroxyl radical scavenging and the polysaccharides’ reducing power. Further, DLP4 provides better protection against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells by enhancing cell viability, scavenging ROS, boosting the activity of the antioxidant enzyme SOD, and reducing the levels of MDA.
In summary, arabinogalactan exerts broad antioxidant activity by directly scavenging free radicals, reducing oxidative stress, and enhancing intracellular antioxidant defense system. It holds potential for further development as antioxidants.

5.3. Antitumor Activity

Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. The development and progression of cancer can be attributed to genetic, environmental, and current lifestyle factors [221]. Current anticancer drugs carry significant toxic side effects and induce drug resistance in cancer cells, creating new challenges for cancer patients. Therefore, the search for new anticancer drugs is urgently needed. Due to their remarkable antitumor activity, polysaccharides have garnered increasing research attention in recent years. A substantial body of research has demonstrated that the antitumor activity of polysaccharides is positively correlated to the content of mannose.
Ye et al. isolated a mannan from Dendrobium wardianum using the DEAE-cellulose column and Sephadex-G100 chromatography column and named it DWPP-Is [125]. Its monosaccharide composition is 76.66% mannose. Subsequently, the antitumor activity of DWPP-Is was investigated. The results indicate that DWPP-Is exhibits good inhibition on SPC-A-1 cells in vitro and A549 cells in vivo. Zhang et al. isolated a mannan from Dendrobium officinale and named it DOP [126]. Its monosaccharide composition is 87.34% mannose. Subsequently, the antitumor activity of DOP was investigated. The results indicate that DOP significantly inhibits the proliferation of CT26 cells and enhances autophagy level. Furthermore, DOP disrupts mitochondrial function by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), thereby impairing ATP biosynthesis, which activates AMPK/mTOR autophagy signaling pathway. Zhang et al. isolated a mannan from Platycodon grandiflorum using the DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column and Sephadex-G75 chromatography column and named it PGP40-1 [127]. Its monosaccharide composition is 57.96% mannose. Subsequently, the antitumor activity of PGP40-1 was investigated. The results indicate that PGP40-1 could inhibit tumor proliferation and migration by inducing cell apoptosis and blocking angiogenesis.
In summary, mannan exerts broad antitumor activity by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, inducing tumor cell apoptosis, and suppressing tumor cell invasion and metastasis. It holds potential for further development as antitumor drugs.

5.4. Regulation of Intestinal Flora

The gut is the largest organ in the human body, performing digestive and immune functions while having a diverse microbial community. The gut microbiota is involved in various physiological activities of the body, including nutrient absorption, metabolism, and immune regulation [222]. Due to their remarkable function of regulating gut microbiota, polysaccharides have garnered increasing research attention in recent years. A substantial body of research has demonstrated that the function of regulating gut microbiota of polysaccharides is positively correlated to the content of fructose.
Fan et al. isolated a fructan from Polygonati kingianum and named it PKP [145]. Its monosaccharide composition is 91.3% fructose. Subsequently, the function of regulating gut microbiota of PKP was investigated. The results indicate that PKP enhances tight junction protein expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin. Furthermore, PKP restores intestinal microbiota diversity by increasing the abundance of Firmicutes and reducing the abundance of Verrucomicrobiota. Yuan et al. isolated a fructan from Polygonatum cyrtonema and named it PCP [148]. Its monosaccharide composition is 77.4% fructose. Subsequently, the function of regulating gut microbiota of PCP was investigated. The results indicate that PCP could protect the intestinal barrier and regulate short-chain fatty acid levels. Furthermore, PCP could modulate the composition of the gut microbiota, promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, and inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Cheng et al. isolated a fructan from Polygonatum cyrtonema and named it PCP-80% [150]. Its monosaccharide composition is 89.48% fructose. Subsequently, the function of regulating gut microbiota of PCP-80% was investigated. The results indicate that PCP-80% promotes the production of SCFAs. It also increases the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria. These include Megamonas, Bifidobacterium and Phascolarctobacterium. This changes the composition of the intestinal microbiota.
In summary, fructan exerts broad capabilities for gut microbiota modulation by promoting the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), regulating the composition of the gut microbiota, maintaining intestinal barrier integrity, and restoring microbial metabolite levels.

5.5. Hypoglycemic Activity

Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem worldwide, characterised by metabolic disorders and several symptoms, including polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, selective loss of pancreatic β-cell mass and high blood glucose levels [223]. A substantial body of research has demonstrated that hypoglycemic activity of polysaccharides is positively correlated to the content of galacturonic acid.
Ko et al. isolated a pectin from Ziziphus jujuba and named it JP [205]. Its monosaccharide composition is 68.71% galacturonic acid. Subsequently, the hypoglycemic activity of JP was investigated. The results indicate that JP enhances glucose uptake by upregulating glucose transporter type 4 expression and restoring mitochondrial content. Guo et al. isolated a pectin from Schisandra chinensis and named it VSP [206]. Its monosaccharide composition is 90.06% galacturonic acid. Subsequently, the hypoglycemic activity of VSP was investigated. The results indicate that VSP treatment alleviates imbalances in glycolipid metabolism and inflammation in T2DM mice. Furthermore, VSP treatment significantly increases activation of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β and AMPK/SREBP-1c/FAS signalling pathways. Chen et al. isolated a pectin from Pseudostellaria heterophylla and named it 0.5MSC-F [207]. Its monosaccharide composition is 63.2% galacturonic acid. Subsequently, the hypoglycemic activity of 0.5MSC-F was investigated. The results indicate that 0.5MSC-F could stimulate the secretion of insulin by islet cells cultured in a high-glucose environment, which could have practical applications in the treatment of hypoglycaemia.
In summary, pectin exerts broad hypoglycemic activity by activating the insulin signaling pathway, promoting insulin β-cell function, and regulating liver glucose metabolism.

6. Conclusions and Prospects

Polysaccharides possess highly complex structural characteristics. These include molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic bond configuration and functional groups [4]. It is these structural features that determine and influence the biological activity of polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are the most fundamental units of the primary structure of polysaccharides and form the basis for more complex structures [5]. This review systematically summarizes high-quality literature from recent years concerning the influence of monosaccharide composition on the biological activity of polysaccharides.
The results are as follows: Glucans are vital for immune regulation, antioxidant effects and the regulation of gut microbiota. Similarly, galactans are important for antioxidant effects, immune regulation and the regulation of gut microbiota. Mannans play a critical role in immune regulation, anti-tumour effects and neuroprotection. Fructans play a critical role in regulating gut microbiota, immune regulation, and antioxidant effects. Pectin plays a critical role in immune regulation, antioxidant effects, and lowering blood sugar.
Based on the fact that monosaccharide composition is a key factor affecting the activity of medicinal plant polysaccharides, subsequent researchers may consider isolating and purifying total polysaccharides to obtain target polysaccharides in order to improve their bioactivity. An in-depth and comprehensive understanding of the structure-activity relationship between the monosaccharide composition and biological activity of medicinal plant polysaccharides is expected to lead to the development and production of functional polysaccharides.

Author Contributions

Xinhui Fan: Writing-review & editing, Writing-original draft, Software, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Ke Li: Writing-review & editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization. Maohui Yang: Writing-review & editing. Xuemei Qin: Writing-review & editing, Supervision. Zhenyu Li: Writing-review & editing, Supervision. Yuguang Du: Writing-review & editing, Supervision, Conceptualization.

Data Availability Statement

Data will be made available on request.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81872962).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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Figure 1. Main types of monosaccharides composed in medicinal plant polysaccharides.
Figure 1. Main types of monosaccharides composed in medicinal plant polysaccharides.
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Figure 2. PCA scatter plots of monosaccharide composition of medicinal plant polysaccharides. (A): neutral polysaccharides; (B): galactans; (C): mannans; (D): acidic polysaccharides.
Figure 2. PCA scatter plots of monosaccharide composition of medicinal plant polysaccharides. (A): neutral polysaccharides; (B): galactans; (C): mannans; (D): acidic polysaccharides.
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Figure 3. The hypothetical chemical structure of 10 polysaccharides. (A): glucans; (B): homogalacturonan; (C): galactans; (D): arabinogalactans; (E): mannans; (F): glucomannan; (G): arabinans; (H): xylans; (I): fructans; (J): rhamnogalacturonan-I.
Figure 3. The hypothetical chemical structure of 10 polysaccharides. (A): glucans; (B): homogalacturonan; (C): galactans; (D): arabinogalactans; (E): mannans; (F): glucomannan; (G): arabinans; (H): xylans; (I): fructans; (J): rhamnogalacturonan-I.
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Figure 4. The Correlation Between Activities and Monosaccharide Composition of Medicinal Plant Polysaccharides.
Figure 4. The Correlation Between Activities and Monosaccharide Composition of Medicinal Plant Polysaccharides.
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Table 1. Monosaccharide composition and the bioactivity of medicinal plant polysaccharides.
Table 1. Monosaccharide composition and the bioactivity of medicinal plant polysaccharides.
No. Source Types of polysaccharides Glucose Galactose Arabinose Mannose Rhamnose Xylose Fucose Glucuronic acid Galacturonic acid Fructose Bioactivity Reference
1 Astragalus membranaceus Glucans 89.00 3.00 3.50 1.00 - - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [9]
2 Astragalus membranaceus Glucans 95.76 1.83 2.41 - - - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [10]
3 Astragalus membranaceus Glucans 95.76 1.83 2.41 - - - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [11]
4 Astragalus membranaceus Glucans 91.69 4.18 4.13 - - - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [12]
5 Panax ginseng Glucans 88.60 3.80 3.70 0.70 0.60 - - 0.80 1.80 - Immunomodulatory activity [13]
6 Sagittaria sagittifolia Glucans 91.76 7.72 0.27 - - - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [14]
7 Panax ginseng Glucans 95.30 3.30 1.30 - - - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [15]
8 Dendrobium huoshanense Glucans 95.46 - - 4.54 - - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [16]
9 Dendrobium officinale Glucans 94.17 - - - - - 5.82 - - Immunomodulatory activity [17]
10 Angelica dahurica Glucans 97.50 0.41 - 0.82 - 1.15 - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [18]
11 Angelica sinensis Glucans 97.83 - - 1.19 - - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [19]
12 Polygonum multiflorum Glucans 100.00 - - - - - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [20]
13 Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata Glucans 92.50 - 7.50 - - - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [21]
14 Schisandra chinensis Glucans 89.10 - - - - - - - 10.90 - Immunomodulatory activity [22]
15 Schisandra chinensis Glucans 89.80 10.20 - - - - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [23]
16 Gastrodia elata Glucans 100.00 - - - - - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [24]
17 Pueraria lobata Glucans 95.74 2.19 1.25 0.30 - 0.43 0.09 - - - Immunomodulatory activity [25]
18 Pueraria lobata Glucans 100.00 - - - - - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [26]
19 Glehnia littorali Glucans 100.00 - - - - - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [27]
20 Astragalus membranaceus Glucans 96.43 1.40 2.17 - - - - - - - Regulation of intestinal flora [28]
21 Astragalus membranaceus Glucans 85.30 7.70 7.00 - - - - - - - Regulation of intestinal flora [29]
22 Astragalus membranaceus Glucans 85.96 - 4.45 0.83 - 6.15 - 2.52 - - Regulation of intestinal flora [30]
23 Astragalus membranaceus Glucans 79.07 6.63 8.56 0.79 1.70 - - - 3.28 - Regulation of intestinal flora [31]
24 Panax ginseng Glucans 96.64 3.20 - - - - - - - - Regulation of intestinal flora [32]
25 Crataegus pinnatifida Glucans 95.37 0.42 0.79 0.15 0.70 - - - 2.34 - Regulation of intestinal flora [33]
26 Lycium barbarum Glucans 98.10 - - - - - - - - - Regulation of intestinal flora [34]
27 Atractylodis macrocephalae Glucans 84.16 6.51 9.33 - - - - - - - Regulation of intestinal flora [35]
28 Lycium barbarum Glucans 81.83 2.02 3.46 6.52 6.06 - - - - - Neuroprotective activity [36]
29 Schisandra chinensis Glucans 87.80 12.30 - - - - - - - - Neuroprotective activity [37]
30 Gastrodia elata Glucans 99.10 0.90 - - - - - - - - Neuroprotective activity [38]
31 Gastrodia elata Glucans 97.90 - 2.10 - - - - - - - Neuroprotective activity [39]
32 Gastrodia elata Glucans 100.00 - - - - - - - - - Neuroprotective activity [40]
33 Lonicera japonica Glucans 100.00 - - - - - - - - - Neuroprotective activity [41]
34 Corydalis yanhusuo Glucans 100.00 - - - - - - - - - Neuroprotective activity [42]
35 Dendrobium officinale Glucans 77.87 - - 22.12 - - - - - - Antioxidant activity [43]
36 Angelica sinensis Glucans 76.34 14.81 2.63 5.78 - - - - - - Antioxidant activity [44]
37 Polygonum multiflorum Glucans 100.00 - - - - - - - - - Antioxidant activity [45]
38 Glycyrrhiza inflata Glucans 79.08 10.50 10.42 - - - - - - - Antioxidant activity [46]
39 Glycyrrhiza glabra Glucans 98.03 - - - - - - - - - Antioxidant activity [47]
40 Pouteria campechiana Glucans 86.65 - - 4.62 - - - - - - Antioxidant activity [48]
41 Taraxacum officinale Glucans 79.30 10.00 8.80 - 1.50 - - - - - Antioxidant activity [49]
42 Sophora flavescens Glucans 78.75 9.17 8.34 2.49 0.30 0.95 - - - - Antioxidant activity [50]
43 Fallopia multiflora Glucans 100.00 - - - - - - - - - Antioxidant activity [51]
44 Astragalus membranaceus Glucans 97.51 1.56 0.93 - - - - - - - Hypoglycemic activity [52]
45 Angelica sinensis Glucans 84.59 8.90 - - 6.36 - - - - - Hypoglycemic activity [53]
46 Codonopsis Pilosula Glucans 71.38 24.98 3.60 - - - - - - - Hypoglycemic activity [54]
47 Glycyrrhiza uralensis Glucans 78.38 7.51 5.55 2.82 0.65 3.96 0.65 - 0.48 - Hypoglycemic activity [55]
48 Lycium barbarum Glucans 81.83 2.02 3.46 6.52 6.06 - - - - - Hepatoprotective activity [56]
49 Polygonatum sibiricum Glucans 98.10 - - - - - - - - - Hepatoprotective activity [57]
50 Schisandra chinensis Glucans 77.80 4.10 7.74 - - - - - 8.98 - Hepatoprotective activity [58]
51 Puerariae lobatae Glucans 100.00 - - - - - - - - - Hepatoprotective activity [59]
52 Puerariae thomsonii Glucans 100.00 - - - - - - - - - Hepatoprotective activity [60]
53 Puerariae thomsonii Glucans 100.00 - - - - - - - - - Hepatoprotective activity [61]
54 Cyathulae officinalis Glucans 93.34 6.65 - - - - - - - - Hepatoprotective activity [62]
55 Ginkgo biloba Glucans 98.12 1.10 0.80 - - - - - - - Hepatoprotective activity [63]
56 Dendrobium officinale Glucans 81.80 - - 18.20 - - - - - - Antitumor activity [64]
57 Angelica sinensis Glucans 93.15 - 6.75 - - - - - - - Antitumor activity [65]
58 Platycodon grandiflorus Glucans 92.80 2.85 1.11 0.26 - - - 1.14 1.83 - Antitumor activity [66]
59 Atractylodes macrocephala Glucans 82.10 - 17.90 - - - - - - - Antitumor activity [67]
60 Glehnia littoralis Glucans 92.10 5.30 2.60 - - - - - - - Antitumor activity [68]
61 Pseudostellaria heterophylla Glucans 93.10 1.00 0.90 - - - - 2.50 0.50 - Antitumor activity [69]
62 Angelica pubescens Glucans 85.10 4.50 3.20 7.30 - - - - - - Anti-inflammatory activity [70]
63 Dioscorea opposita Glucans 79.72 3.03 1.45 14.90 0.22 0.42 - - - - Anti-inflammatory activity [71]
64 Gastrodia elata Glucans 99.30 0.20 - - - - - - 0.40 - Anti-inflammatory activity [72]
65 Gastrodia elata Glucans 100.00 - - - - - - - - - Anti-inflammatory activity [73]
66 Lycium ruthenicum Arabinogalactans - 39.52 56.62 - 3.80 - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [74]
67 Lycium barbarum Arabinogalactans - 31.07 63.79 - 1.23 - - - 3.89 - Immunomodulatory activity [75]
68 Scutellaria baicalensis Arabinogalactans - 22.20 67.10 - 4.40 - - 1.20 6.30 - Immunomodulatory activity [76]
69 Rehmannia glutinosa Arabinogalactans 0.05 56.60 38.10 - - - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [77]
70 Atractylodes lancea Arabinogalactans - 35.00 50.00 - 14.50 4.00 - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [78]
71 Astragalus membranaceus Arabinogalactans 6.34 27.39 48.39 1.61 6.05 - - - 10.21 - Immunomodulatory activity [79]
72 Astragalus membranaceus Arabinogalactans 13.77 18.36 51.00 - 1.53 - - - 15.30 - Immunomodulatory activity [80]
73 Atractylodes lancea Arabinogalactans 3.01 11.21 70.82 - 8.84 1.84 - - 4.28 - Immunomodulatory activity [81]
74 Dendrobium officinale Arabinogalactans - 46.79 29.79 - 11.68 - - - 11.80 - Regulation of intestinal flora [82]
75 Lycium barbarum Arabinogalactans - 35.50 55.60 - 8.00 - - - - - Regulation of intestinal flora [83]
76 Lycium barbarum Arabinogalactans 2.15 39.67 40.66 - - - - 5.12 12.40 - Regulation of intestinal flora [84]
77 Lycium barbarum Arabinogalactans 8.26 33.49 45.87 - - - - 3.21 9.17 - Regulation of intestinal flora [85]
78 Lycium barbarum Arabinogalactans 2.15 39.67 40.66 - - - - 5.12 12.40 - Regulation of intestinal flora [86]
79 Angelica sinensis Arabinogalactans - 62.08 30.36 - - - - - 7.57 - Regulation of intestinal flora [87]
80 Atractylodes chinensis Arabinogalactans - 44.10 55.90 - - - - - - - Regulation of intestinal flora [88]
81 Angelica sinensis Arabinogalactans 17.75 52.41 19.31 - - - - 10.44 - - Antioxidant activity [89]
82 Angelica sinensis Arabinogalactans 17.75 52.40 19.31 - - - - 10.44 - - Antioxidant activity [90]
83 Angelica sinensis Arabinogalactans 17.75 52.40 19.31 - - - - 10.44 - - Antioxidant activity [91]
84 Bupleurum chinense Arabinogalactans 17.80 44.50 37.38 - - - - - - - Antioxidant activity [92]
85 Zizyphus Jujuba Arabinogalactans 3.41 55.40 33.30 2.44 4.06 - - - 1.42 - Antioxidant activity [93]
86 Pueraria mirifica Arabinogalactans 4.50 58.50 27.80 0.60 7.40 - - 0.80 0.20 - Antioxidant activity [94]
87 Taraxacum officinale Arabinogalactans 9.43 42.24 43.84 2.35 2.07 - - - - - Antioxidant activity [95]
88 Taraxacum officinale Arabinogalactans 8.07 52.94 25.95 7.33 1.84 - - 1.47 2.40 - Antioxidant activity [96]
89 Ginkgo biloba Arabinogalactans 5.94 54.00 17.28 4.32 6.48 - - 8.64 3.24 - Antioxidant activity [97]
90 Panax ginseng Arabinogalactans - 22.40 53.80 - 10.30 - - - 13.20 - Antioxidant activity [98]
91 Polygonatum sibiricum Arabinogalactans - 73.64 21.04 - 5.26 - - - - - Antioxidant activity [99]
92 Lycium barbarum Arabinogalactans 6.48 40.85 44.99 1.06 2.97 3.65 - - - - Anti-aging activity [100]
93 Lycium barbarum Arabinogalactans - 45.90 46.10 - - - - - - - Anti-aging activity [101]
94 Rehmannia glutinosa Arabinogalactans 6.68 37.83 55.49 - - - - - - - Anti-aging activity [102]
95 Rehmannia glutinosa Arabinogalactans 15.39 61.36 18.19 0.80 3.31 - - - 0.96 - Anti-aging activity [103]
96 Lycium barbarum Arabinogalactans - 60.93 39.06 - - - - - - - Neuroprotective activity [104]
97 Lycium barbarum Arabinogalactans 6.89 37.64 34.88 1.03 3.68 2.46 - 0.73 12.67 - Neuroprotective activity [105]
98 Lycium barbarum Arabinogalactans 1.40 49.80 47.80 - 1.20 - - - - - Neuroprotective activity [106]
99 Ginkgo biloba Arabinogalactans 3.00 5.00 82.00 5.00 - - - - - - Neuroprotective activity [107]
100 Lycium barbarum Arabinogalactans - 44.44 48.15 - - - - - - - Antitumor activity [108]
101 Lycium ruthenicum Arabinogalactans 4.00 46.20 40.20 1.70 5.10 - - 2.30 0.50 - Antitumor activity [109]
102 Angelica sinensis Arabinogalactans 17.75 52.41 19.31 - - - - 10.44 - - Antitumor activity [110]
103 Panax notoginseng Arabinogalactans - 43.70 56.30 - - - - - - - Antitumor activity [111]
104 Ophiopogon japonicus Galactans - 100.00 - - - - - - - - Antitumor activity [112]
105 Polygonatum cyrtonema Galactans - 100.00 - - - - - - - - Regulation of intestinal flora [113]
106 Polygonatum cyrtonema Galactans - 100.00 - - - - - - - - Regulation of intestinal flora [114]
107 Polygonatum sibiricum Galactans 2.13 82.91 - 14.96 - - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [115]
108 Polygonatum sibiricum Galactans - 78.77 - 5.50 - - - - 13.84 - Immunomodulatory activity [116]
109 Rehmannia glutinosa Arabinans - - 100.00 - - - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [117]
110 Glehnia littoralis Arabinans - - 100.00 - - - - - - - Antitumor activity [118]
111 Akebia quinata Arabinans - - 100.00 - - - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [119]
112 Dendrobium officinale Glucomannans 33.31 1.00 - 59.31 0.51 - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [120]
113 Dendrobium officinale Glucomannans 20.00 - - 80.00 - - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [121]
114 Dendrobium huoshanense Glucomannans 25.78 - - 74.22 - - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [122]
115 Dendrobium officinale Glucomannans 14.50 - - 85.50 - - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [123]
116 Anemarrhena asphodeloides Glucomannans 10.90 2.60 7.30 79.00 - 0.20 - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [124]
117 Dendrobium wardianum Glucomannans 22.85 - - 76.66 - - - - - - Antitumor activity [125]
118 Dendrobium officinale Glucomannans 12.65 - - 87.34 - - - - - - Antitumor activity [126]
119 Platycodon grandiflorum Glucomannans 42.00 - - 57.96 - - - - - - Antitumor activity [127]
120 Dendrobium officinale Glucomannans 17.92 - - 82.08 - - - - - - Neuroprotective activity [128]
121 Dendrobium huoshanense Glucomannans 24.19 - - 75.81 - - - - - - Neuroprotective activity [129]
122 Dendrobium huoshanense Glucomannans 33.47 0.48 0.26 65.79 - - - - - - Gastroprotective activity [130]
123 Dendrobium huoshanense Glucomannans 24.75 - - 75.25 - - - - - - Gastroprotective activity [131]
124 Dendrobium officinale Glucomannans 24.00 - - 76.00 - - - - - - Hepatoprotective activity [132]
125 Dendrobium officinale Glucomannans 17.24 - - 82.76 - - - - - - Renal protective activity [133]
126 Dendrobium officinale Glucomannans 28.17 - - 71.83 - - - - - - Regulation of intestinal flora [134]
127 Dendrobium huoshanense Glucomannans 36.07 1.65 - 62.25 - - - - - - Anti-osteoporosis activity [135]
128 Bletilla striata Glucomannans 25.00 - - 75.00 - - - - - - Antioxidant activity [136]
129 Dendrobium officinale Mannans 5.09 2.29 1.46 91.15 - - - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [137]
130 Ginkgo biloba Mannans - 2.91 - 97.08 - - - - - - Antioxidant activity [138]
131 Codonopsis pilosula Fructans 3.40 - - - - - - - - 96.60 Regulation of intestinal flora [139]
132 Codonopsis pilosula Fructans 2.72 - - - - - - - - 97.28 Regulation of intestinal flora [140]
133 Ophiopogon japonicus Fructans - - - - - - - - - 100.00 Regulation of intestinal flora [141]
134 Ophiopogon japonicus Fructans - - - - - - - - - 100.00 Regulation of intestinal flora [142]
135 Ophiopogon japonicus Fructans - - - - - - - - - 100.00 Regulation of intestinal flora [143]
136 Ophiopogon japonicus Fructans - - - - - - - - - 100.00 Regulation of intestinal flora [144]
137 Polygonati kingianum Fructans 6.90 - - 0.90 - - - - - 91.30 Regulation of intestinal flora [145]
138 Polygonatum kingianum Fructans 6.44 - - - - - - - - 93.56 Regulation of intestinal flora [146]
139 Polygonatum cyrtonema Fructans 3.44 - - - - - - - - 96.32 Regulation of intestinal flora [147]
140 Polygonatum cyrtonema Fructans 7.50 - - 7.40 - - - - - 77.40 Regulation of intestinal flora [148]
141 Polygonatum kingianum Fructans 7.10 - - - - - - - - 92.90 Regulation of intestinal flora [149]
142 Polygonatum cyrtonema Fructans 5.84 - - 3.18 - - - - - 89.48 Regulation of intestinal flora [150]
143 Atractylodes lancea Fructans 5.52 - - - - - - - - 94.48 Regulation of intestinal flora [151]
144 Codonopsis pilosula Fructans - - - - - - - - - 100.00 Immunomodulatory activity [152]
145 Polygonatum kingianum Fructans 4.98 - - - - - - - - 95.01 Immunomodulatory activity [153]
146 Polygonatum odoratum Fructans 3.30 - - - - - - - - 96.70 Immunomodulatory activity [154]
147 Atractylodis Macrocephalae Fructans 11.00 - - - - - - - - 89.00 Immunomodulatory activity [155]
148 Anemarrhena asphodeloides Fructans 5.50 - - - - - - - - 94.50 Immunomodulatory activity [156]
149 Polygonatum cyrtonema Fructans 3.44 - - - - - - - - 96.32 Antioxidant activity [157]
150 Polygonatum sibiricum Fructans 5.40 - - 3.60 - - - - - 91.00 Antioxidant activity [158]
151 Polygonatum cyrtonema Fructans 3.85 - - - - - - - - 95.89 Antioxidant activity [159]
152 Polygonatum kingianum Fructans 7.20 0.80 - - - - - - - 92.00 Antioxidant activity [160]
153 Liriope spicata Fructans 3.33 - - - - - - - - 96.57 Hypoglycemic activity [161]
154 Ophiopogon japonicas Fructans - - - - - - - - - 100.00 Hypoglycemic activity [162]
155 Polygonatum kingianum Fructans - 11.20 - 1.10 - - - - - 87.70 Hypoglycemic activity [163]
156 Codonopsis pilosula Fructans 3.17 - 2.40 - - - - - - 94.21 Hepatoprotective activity [164]
157 Ophiopogon japonicus Fructans 3.13 - - - - - - - - 96.86 Hepatoprotective activity [165]
158 Plantago asiatica Araboxylans - - 32.20 - - 61.10 - - - - Regulation of intestinal flora [166]
159 Plantago asiatica Araboxylans - - 32.20 - - 61.10 - - - - Hypoglycemic activity [167]
160 Prunella vulgaris Araboxylans 8.30 9.70 24.20 1.90 - 55.90 - - - - Immunomodulatory activity [168]
161 Panax ginseng Pectins 18.20 19.40 7.90 - 5.20 - - - 49.30 - Immunomodulatory activity [169]
162 Panax ginseng Pectins 4.46 33.03 14.28 - - - - - 48.21 - Immunomodulatory activity [170]
163 Panax ginseng Pectins 2.00 5.90 - - - - - - 92.10 - Immunomodulatory activity [171]
164 Panax ginseng Pectins 3.00 19.50 9.20 0.40 21.80 - - 2.20 33.80 - Immunomodulatory activity [172]
165 Panax ginseng Pectins 12.28 14.58 15.53 - 9.86 - - - 47.74 - Immunomodulatory activity [173]
166 Panax ginseng Pectins 3.00 19.50 9.20 - 21.80 - - - 33.80 - Immunomodulatory activity [174]
167 Codonopsis pilosula Pectins - - 3.50 - 5.70 - - - 90.80 - Immunomodulatory activity [175]
168 Codonopsis pilosula Pectins - 4.92 2.92 - 7.59 - - - 84.55 - Immunomodulatory activity [176]
169 Angelica sinensis Pectins 4.30 21.60 22.40 7.50 3.50 - - - 39.00 - Immunomodulatory activity [177]
170 Panax notoginseng Pectins 4.50 33.30 25.20 - 15.50 - - - 17.10 - Immunomodulatory activity [178]
171 Plantago asiatica Pectins 5.67 24.00 15.89 3.79 17.89 7.12 1.11 1.86 22.68 - Immunomodulatory activity [179]
172 Panax quinquefolius Pectins 11.50 15.20 19.20 12.00 2.10 9.60 - 4.10 26.30 - Immunomodulatory activity [180]
173 Pueraria lobata Pectins 4.05 16.60 16.52 0.48 6.14 4.75 2.54 1.47 47.44 - Immunomodulatory activity [181]
174 Atractylodis Macrocephalae Pectins - 4.20 6.80 - 11.00 - - - 77.90 - Immunomodulatory activity [182]
175 Gardenia jasminoides Pectins 6.03 18.52 20.30 - 5.02 - - - 50.14 - Immunomodulatory activity [183]
176 Ginkgo biloba Pectins 1.97 6.00 7.86 0.44 6.95 0.57 0.61 2.43 73.18 - Immunomodulatory activity [184]
177 Saposhnikovia divaricata Pectins - 5.80 7.60 - 1.60 - - - 85.60 - Immunomodulatory activity [185]
178 Saposhnikovia divaricata Pectins - 43.00 35.00 - 2.00 - - - 20.00 - Immunomodulatory activity [186]
179 Lycium barbarum Pectins - 7.60 26.60 - 20.80 1.90 - - 43.10 - Antioxidant activity [187]
180 Lycium barbarum Pectins 7.37 9.95 8.93 2.47 7.00 1.16 - - 60.55 - Antioxidant activity [188]
181 Codonopsis pilosula Pectins - 11.00 8.90 - 9.30 - - - 70.10 - Antioxidant activity [189]
182 Bupleurum chinense Pectins 2.50 16.70 12.90 - 14.20 1.60 - - 49.20 - Antioxidant activity [190]
183 Salvia miltiorrhiza Pectins 4.00 5.60 5.60 - 5.20 - - - 78.80 - Antioxidant activity [191]
184 Ziziphus jujuba Pectins - 4.26 8.52 - 7.41 - - - 79.61 - Antioxidant activity [192]
185 Polygonatum odoratum Pectins - 10.90 6.10 - 4.40 1.10 - 1.00 76.50 - Antioxidant activity [193]
186 Morus alba Pectins - 12.70 8.90 - 15.70 - - 2.00 61.00 - Antioxidant activity [194]
187 Sophorae Tonkinensis Pectins 1.20 9.70 7.30 2.00 18.40 0.90 - - 60.40 - Antioxidant activity [195]
188 Codonopsis pilosula Pectins - 4.16 4.16 - 8.32 - - - 83.20 - Antitumor activity [196]
189 Bupieurum chinense Pectins - 4.42 11.51 - 7.18 - - - 76.89 - Antitumor activity [197]
190 Lycium barbarum Pectins 15.47 14.67 27.95 4.10 3.19 - - - 34.62 - Antitumor activity [198]
191 Lycium ruthenicum Pectins - 26.60 24.90 - 14.40 16.40 - - 17.70 - Antitumor activity [199]
192 Polygonum multiflorum Pectins - 29.60 24.60 - 26.40 - - - 20.00 - Antitumor activity [200]
193 Polygala tenuifolia Pectins - 18.90 65.60 - 7.30 - - - 8.20 - Antitumor activity [201]
194 Panax ginseng Pectins 12.30 11.24 23.68 - 9.92 - 7.38 - 35.47 - Hypoglycemic activity [202]
195 Lycium barbarum Pectins 5.29 19.53 23.10 3.49 2.77 3.46 - - 42.33 - Hypoglycemic activity [203]
196 Lycium barbarum Pectins - 3.09 37.29 14.30 4.75 1.76 - - 38.76 - Hypoglycemic activity [204]
197 Ziziphus jujuba Pectins 4.05 9.48 3.29 - 9.13 - - - 68.71 - Hypoglycemic activity [205]
198 Schisandra chinensis Pectins 1.10 1.29 0.89 0.71 0.88 - - 2.56 90.06 - Hypoglycemic activity [206]
199 Pseudostellaria heterophylla Pectins - 7.00 20.50 - 5.10 - - - 63.20 - Hypoglycemic activity [207]
200 Lycium barbarum Pectins 3.13 17.92 19.96 - 8.71 - - - 50.29 - Regulation of intestinal flora [208]
201 Gardenia jasminoides Pectins 3.18 4.16 4.72 - 5.91 - - - 82.03 - Regulation of intestinal flora [209]
202 Lycium barbarum Pectins 3.90 20.42 43.84 0.97 6.20 - - - 24.67 - Regulation of intestinal flora [210]
203 Morus alba Pectins 5.74 17.28 24.13 - 23.00 1.12 - 4.12 24.60 - Regulation of intestinal flora [211]
204 Dendrobium nobile Pectins 0.43 3.55 4.47 - 2.38 17.84 0.26 1.26 69.80 - Hepatoprotective activity [212]
205 Panax notoginseng Pectins 1.60 3.00 4.50 0.20 3.80 - - - 86.80 - Hepatoprotective activity [213]
206 Crataegus pinnatifida Pectins - 3.98 - 4.50 - - - - 85.10 - Hepatoprotective activity [214]
207 Gardenia jasminoides Pectins - 3.22 4.14 - 5.77 - - - 86.87 - Hepatoprotective activity [215]
208 scrophularia ningpoensis Pectins - 24.00 13.50 5.40 1.20 0.50 - 4.40 51.10 - Neuroprotective activity [216]
209 Polygala tenuifolia Pectins - 19.80 63.50 - 8.30 - - - 8.40 - Neuroprotective activity [217]
210 Eucommia ulmoides Pectins 1.54 9.43 34.22 0.97 18.32 - 0.14 1.27 34.11 - Anti-osteoporosis activity [218]
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