Finite Algebraic Quantum Field Theory

1. Preliminaries

Quantum field theory (QFT) was developed long ago to describe elementary particles, such as the electrons and neutrons, their interaction with each other and with their environment. However, the theory had to be augmented by ad hoc rules for computing physical processes because all such computations are plagued with infinities. Up to date, all efforts to develop a practical QFT without these ad hoc rules (called renormalization) were not fully satisfactory. In this work, we attempt at a resolution of this shortcoming by introducing an algebraic version of QFT based on orthogonal polynomials and special functions that does not require renormalization. That, is a theory in which closed-loop integrals in the Feynman diagrams for calculating transition amplitudes are finite. We assume basic knowledge of QFT and thus will not dwell on a review of the theory. Interested readers may consult any of the classic textbooks on the subject such as those in Refs. [1,2,3]. Additionally, we will not assume advanced knowledge in the theory of special functions and orthogonal polynomials. It is sufficient that the reader be familiar with the properties of well-known polynomials such as the Hermite, Laguerre, Chebyshev, Gegenbauer, ...etc. At least, one must know where to find such properties by looking at any of the numerous books on orthogonal polynomials like those listed in [4,5,6,7]. For the purpose of the present development, one should be aware that an orthogonal set of polynomials has an associated weight function, satisfies a three-term recursion relation and an orthogonality.

We start by showing that the conventional representation of the free quantum field in the linear momentum space could be rewritten in an equivalent form in the energy space with an algebraic structure built on orthogonal polynomials. For example, the differential wave equation in conventional QFT becomes an algebraic three-term recursion relation satisfied by the orthogonal polynomials associated with the given quantum field. Therefore, instead of solving a differential wave equation, one can simply solve an algebraic equation. We should note, however, that the algebraic structure of this theory is fundamentally and technically different from that which is commonly known in the mathematics/physics literature as Algebraic Quantum Field Theory (AQFT). A survey of AQFT can be found in [8] and references cited therein. Next, we show that the equal-time commutation relation of the quantum field and its canonical conjugate in this equivalent algebraic theory is a direct consequence of the orthogonality of the associated polynomials and the completeness of a corresponding set of spatial functions. Additionally, we show how the basic singular two-point function, whose time ordering leads to the Feynman propagator, is constructed in a simple and transparent form using these orthogonality and completeness. Nonetheless, a free QFT (i.e., a theory without interaction) does not carry much physical significance beyond the obvious requirement of being physically and mathematically consistent and preferably elegant. Hence, we come to our most important findings where we show that closed loop integrals in the Feynman diagrams used for calculating transition amplitudes in interacting models in this algebraic theory are finite. We verify this claim in a typical model for few sample diagrams. This property relies predominantly on the orthogonality property of the associated polynomials. We give a numerical illustration showing that the finiteness property of this model continues to higher order loops. It remains to be seen whether this remarkable property is maintained in other physically relevant interaction models.

To make the presentation clear and simple, we work in 1+1 Minkowski space-time and adopt the conventional relativistic units $\hslash =c=1$. We do acknowledge that spinors and vector fields in such space-time may not carry much of a physical significance. However, the mathematical formulation introduced here could easily be extended to higher dimensions. Readers interested in the 3+1 space-time version of the formulation can refer to Ref. [9] for details.

2. Algebraic Structure in Conventional QFT

In conventional QFT, the positive energy component of the free quantum field $\mathcal{\Phi }(t,x)$ associated with a scalar particle in 1+1 space-time is written as the following continuous Fourier expansion in the linear momentum k-space [1,2,3]

$$\mathcal{\Phi }(t,x)={\displaystyle \int \frac{dk}{\sqrt{2E}}{e}^{-\mathrm{i}Et}\frac{e^{\mathrm{i}kx}}{\sqrt{2\pi }}a(k)},$$

(1)

where the creation/annihilation field operators satisfy the commutation algebra $[a(k),a^{†}(k^{\prime })]=$$a(k)a^{†}(k^{\prime })-a^{†}(k^{\prime })a(k)=\delta (k-k^{\prime })$. The free Kelin-Gordon wave equation $\left({\mathcal{\partial }}_x^2-{\mathcal{\partial }}_t^2\right)\mathcal{\Phi }(t,x)$$=M^2\mathcal{\Phi }(t,x)$ gives the energy-momentum relation for a free particle as $E^2=k^2+M^2$.

Now, it is well-known that the oscillatory function $\frac{e^{\mathrm{i}kx}}{\sqrt{2\pi }}$ (plane wave) in Equation (1) has the following point-wise convergent expansion

$${\displaystyle \frac{e^{\mathrm{i}kx}}{\sqrt{2\pi }}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi }}}\hspace{0.17em}{e}^{-k^2/2{\mathcal{\lambda }}^2}{e}^{-{\mathcal{\lambda }}^2{x}^2/2}{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\frac{{\mathrm{i}}^n}{2^{n}n!}{H}_n(k/\mathcal{\lambda })H_n(\mathcal{\lambda }x)},$$

(2)

where $H_n(y)$ is the Hermite polynomial of degree n in y, and λ is an arbitrary scale parameter with the dimension of energy. Applying the differential operator ${\mathcal{\partial }}_x^2$ on this expression and using the differential equation of the Hermite polynomial, $H_n^{″}(y)-2y\hspace{0.17em}{H}_n^{\prime }(y)+2n\hspace{0.17em}{H}_n(y)=0$, we get

$${\mathcal{\partial }}_x^2\left(e^{\mathrm{i}kx}/\sqrt{2\pi }\right)={\displaystyle \frac{{\mathcal{\lambda }}^2}{\sqrt{\pi }}}{e}^{-k^2/2{\mathcal{\lambda }}^2}{e}^{-{\mathcal{\lambda }}^2{x}^2/2}{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\frac{{\mathrm{i}}^n}{2^{n}n!}{H}_n(k/\mathcal{\lambda })\left[y^2-(2n+1)\right]H_n(y)},$$

(3)

where $y=\mathcal{\lambda }x$. To compute the term $y^2{H}_n(y)$, we repeat the recursion relation of the Hermite polynomial, $y\hspace{0.17em}{H}_n(y)=n\hspace{0.17em}{H}_{n-1}(y)+\frac{1}{2}\hspace{0.17em}{H}_{n+1}(y)$, twice resulting in

$$\begin{array}{ll}{\mathcal{\partial }}_x^2\left(e^{\mathrm{i}kx}/\sqrt{2\pi }\right)=& {\displaystyle \frac{{\mathcal{\lambda }}^2}{\sqrt{\pi }}}\hspace{0.17em}{e}^{-k^2/2{\mathcal{\lambda }}^2}{e}^{-{\mathcal{\lambda }}^2{x}^2/2}{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\frac{{\mathrm{i}}^n}{2^{n}n!}{H}_n(k/\mathcal{\lambda })}\\ & \times \left[-(n+\frac{1}{2})H_n(y)+n(n-1)H_{n-2}(y)+\frac{1}{4}{H}_{n+2}(y)\right]\end{array}$$

(4)

Therefore, if we write ${\varphi }_n(x)\propto e^{-{\mathcal{\lambda }}^2{x}^2/2}\left[{\mathrm{i}}^m{H}_m(\mathcal{\lambda }x)\right]$ where $m=2n$ or $m=2n+1$, then $-{\mathcal{\partial }}_x^2{\varphi }_n(x)$ becomes a linear combination of ${\varphi }_n(x)$ and ${\varphi }_{n\pm 1}(x)$ with constant coefficients that depend on the index n. That is, $-{\mathcal{\partial }}_x^2{\varphi }_n(x)$ results in a three-term recursion relation for $\left\{{\varphi }_n(x)\right\}$ that can be made symmetric by adopting the following normalization

$${\varphi }_n(x)={\displaystyle \frac{e^{-{\mathcal{\lambda }}^2{x}^2/2}}{{\pi }^{1/4}}}\left[{\mathrm{i}}^m{H}_m(\mathcal{\lambda }x)/\sqrt{2^{m}m!}\right].$$

(5)

Consequently, we can write

$$-{\mathcal{\partial }}_x^2{\varphi }_n(x)={\mathcal{\lambda }}^2\left[{\alpha }_n{\varphi }_n(x)+{\beta }_{n-1}{\varphi }_{n-1}(x)+{\beta }_n{\varphi }_{n+1}(x)\right],$$

(6)

for $n=1,2,3,\mathrm{...}$ and where

$${\alpha }_n=n+\frac{1}{2}, {\beta }_n=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{(n+1)(n+2).}$$

(7)

Therefore, if we write the series (2) as follows

$${\displaystyle \frac{e^{\mathrm{i}kx}}{\sqrt{2\pi }}}={\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\mathsf{f}}_n(E)\hspace{0.17em}{\varphi }_n(x)},$$

(8)

then ${\mathsf{f}}_n(E)={\pi }^{-1/4}{e}^{-k^2/2{\mathcal{\lambda }}^2}{H}_m(k/\mathcal{\lambda })/\sqrt{2^{m}m!}$with $m=2n$or $m=2n+1$, and Equation (4) becomes

$${\mathcal{\partial }}_x^2\left(e^{\mathrm{i}kx}/\sqrt{2\pi }\right)=-k^2\left(e^{\mathrm{i}kx}/\sqrt{2\pi }\right)=-{\mathcal{\lambda }}^2{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\mathsf{f}}_n(E)\left[{\alpha }_n{\varphi }_n(x)+{\beta }_{n-1}{\varphi }_{n-1}(x)+{\beta }_n{\varphi }_{n+1}(x)\right]}.$$

(9)

Making the replacement $n\mapsto n+1$ and $n\mapsto n-1$ in the second and third terms in the sum, respectively, we obtain

$${(k/\mathcal{\lambda })}^2\hspace{0.17em}{\mathsf{f}}_n(E)={\alpha }_n{\mathsf{f}}_n(E)+{\beta }_{n-1}{\mathsf{f}}_{n-1}(E)+{\beta }_n{\mathsf{f}}_{n+1}(E),$$

(10)

for $n=1,2,3,\mathrm{..}$. We write ${\mathsf{f}}_n(E)={\mathsf{f}}_0(E)p_n(z)$ making $p_0(z)=1$. Therefore, the free Klein-Gordon wave equation $\left({\mathcal{\partial }}_x^2-{\mathcal{\partial }}_t^2\right)\mathrm{\Phi }(t,x)=M^2\mathrm{\Phi }(t,x)$ becomes the following algebraic three-term recursion relation

$$z\hspace{0.17em}{p}_n(z)={\alpha }_n{p}_n(z)+{\beta }_{n-1}{p}_{n-1}(z)+{\beta }_n{p}_{n+1}(z),$$

(11)

where $z={(k/\mathcal{\lambda })}^2=(E^2-M^2)/{\mathcal{\lambda }}^2$ and making $p_n(z)$ a polynomial in z of degree n. In fact, one can easily verify that $p_n(z)=H_m(\sqrt{z})/\sqrt{2^{m}m!}$ (where $m=2n$ or $m=2n+1$)1 solves the recursion (11). We call $\left\{p_n(z)\right\}$ the “spectral polynomials” and z the “spectral parameter”. Using the orthogonality of the Hermite polynomials, ${\displaystyle {\int }_{-\infty }^{+\infty }{e}^{-x^2}{H}_n(x)H_m(x)dx}=\sqrt{\pi }{2}^{n}n!{\delta }_{n,m}$, we obtain the following orthogonality of the spectral polynomials

$${\displaystyle \int \rho (z)p_n(z)p_m(z)\hspace{0.17em}dz}={\delta }_{n,m},$$

(12)

where $\rho (z)$ is the associated weight function that reads $\rho (z)=e^{-z}/2\sqrt{\pi z}$, which is positive definite for $E^2>M^2$, and ${[{\mathsf{f}}_0(E)]}^2=e^{-z}/\sqrt{\pi }$. Therefore, given the algebraic structure defined by the spectral polynomials $\left\{p_n(z)\right\}$ and the associated complete spatial functions $\left\{{\varphi }_n(x)\right\}$, we can rewrite the quantum field (1) as

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(t,x)={\displaystyle \int \frac{dk}{\sqrt{2E}}{e}^{-\mathrm{i}Et}{\mathsf{f}}_0(E)\left[{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{p}_n(z)\hspace{0.17em}{\varphi }_n(x)}\right]a(k)}.$$

(13)

In Appendix A, we give another representation equivalent to (13) but with a different set of spectral polynomials $\left\{p_n(z)\right\}$ (the Gegenbauer polynomials) and spatial functions $\left\{{\varphi }_n(x)\right\}$ (the Bessel functions). Inspired by these expansions and the algebraic structure associated with the spectral polynomials, we consider in the next section the following quantum field representation, which is an E-space equivalent to the k-space representation (1) or (13), that reads

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(t,x)={\displaystyle \int dE\sqrt{2E}\hspace{0.17em}{e}^{-\mathrm{i}Et}{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{a}_n(E)\hspace{0.17em}{\varphi }_n(x)}},$$

(14)

where $a_n(E)=a_0(E)p_n(z)$, $\left[a_0(E),a_0^{†}(E^{\prime })\right]=\mathsf{f}(E)\hspace{0.17em}\delta (E-E^{\prime })$and $\mathsf{f}(E)$ to be determined. Based on this (and other similar) mapping of the quantum fields from the k-space to E-space using such an expansion, we present in the following section a systematic formulation of our proposed algebraic QFT.

3. The Algebraic QFT

In this proposed theory, the positive energy component of the scalar quantum field in 1+1 Minkowski space-time is represented by the following continuous Fourier expansion in the energy

$$\Psi (t,x)={\displaystyle \int dE\sqrt{2E}\hspace{0.17em}{e}^{-\mathrm{i}Et}{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{a}_n(E)\hspace{0.17em}{\varphi }_n(x)}},$$

(15)

where $E^2\ge M^2$ and $a_n(E)=a_0(E)p_n(z)$ making $p_0=1$. $\left\{p_n(z)\right\}$ are real and dimensionless set of functions of the spectral parameter z whereas $a_0(E)$ is operator-valued (the annihilation operator) that satisfies the following commutation algebra

$$\left[a_0(E),a_0^{†}(E^{\prime })\right]=\mathsf{f}(E)\hspace{0.17em}\delta (E-E^{\prime }),$$

(16)

where the function $\mathsf{f}(E)$ is positive definite to be determined below by canonical quantization. Consequently, unlike the conventional theory where the operator $a(k)$ creates/annihilates the entire quantum field, here $a_n(E)$ creates/annihilates a single spectral mode (the n^th mode) of the quantum field. $\left\{{\varphi }_n(x)\right\}$ is a complete set of spatial functions in configuration space that satisfy the following differential relation

$$-{\mathcal{\partial }}_x^2{\varphi }_n(x)={\mathcal{\lambda }}^2\left[{\alpha }_n{\varphi }_n(x)+{\beta }_{n-1}{\varphi }_{n-1}(x)+{\beta }_n{\varphi }_{n+1}(x)\right],$$

(17)

where $\mathcal{\lambda }$ is a universal constant of inverse length dimension (a universal scale/mass). The coefficients $\left\{{\alpha }_n,{\beta }_n\right\}$ are real dimensionless parameters that are independent of the energy and such that ${\beta }_n\ne 0$ for all n. Using (17), the free Klein-Gordon wave equation $\left({\mathcal{\partial }}_t^2-{\mathcal{\partial }}_x^2+M^2\right)$$\Psi (t,x)=0$ becomes the algebraic relation (11) for $n=1,2,3,\mathrm{...}$ and with $z=(E^2-M^2)/{\mathcal{\lambda }}^2$. Equation (11) is a symmetric three-term recursion relation that makes $\left\{p_n(z)\right\}$ a sequence of polynomials in z with the two initial values $p_0(z)=1$ and $p_1(z)$ a two-parameter linear function of z. Now, Equation (11) has two linearly independent polynomial solutions. We choose the solution with the initial values $p_0(z)=1$ and $p_1(z)=(z-{\alpha }_0)/{\beta }_0$. The spectral theorem (a.k.a. Favard theorem) [4,5,6,7] states that the polynomial solutions of the recursion (11), with the recursion coefficients $\left\{{\beta }_n^2\right\}$ being positive definite, must satisfy the orthogonality relation (12) with $\rho (z)$ being the associated weight function, which is positive definite and will be related to $\mathsf{f}(E)$ by canonical quantization. The fundamental algebraic relation (11), which is equivalent to the free Klein-Gordon wave equation, is the reason behind the algebraic setup of the theory and for which we qualify this QFT as algebraic. In fact, postulating the three-term recursion relation (11) eliminates the need for specifying a free field wave equation. Furthermore, once the set of spectral polynomials $\left\{p_n(z)\right\}$ is given then all physical properties of the corresponding particle are determined.

Now, the conjugate quantum field $\overline{\Psi }(t,x)$ is obtained from (15) by complex conjugation and the replacement ${\varphi }_n(x)\mapsto {\overline{\varphi }}_n(x)$ where the pair $\left\{{\varphi }_n(x),{\overline{\varphi }}_n(x)\right\}$ satisfy the following orthogonality and completeness relations

$$〈{\varphi }_n(x)|{\overline{\varphi }}_{n^{\prime }}(x)〉=〈{\overline{\varphi }}_n(x)|{\varphi }_{n^{\prime }}(x)〉={\delta }_{n,n^{\prime }},$$

(18a)

$${\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\varphi }_n(x)\hspace{0.17em}{\overline{\varphi }}_n(x^{\prime })}={\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\overline{\varphi }}_n(x)\hspace{0.17em}{\varphi }_n(x^{\prime })}=\delta (x-x^{\prime }).$$

(18b)

Therefore, we write $\overline{\Psi }(t,x)$ as

$$\overline{\Psi }(t,x)={\displaystyle \int dE\sqrt{2E}\hspace{0.17em}{e}^{\mathrm{i}Et}{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{a}_n^{†}(E)\hspace{0.17em}{\overline{\varphi }}_n(x)}}.$$

(19)

Using the commutators of the creation/annihilation operators shown above as Equation (16) and noting that $2EdE={\mathcal{\lambda }}^{2}dz$, we can write

$$\left[\Psi (t,x),\overline{\Psi }(t^{\prime },x^{\prime })\right]={\displaystyle \sum _{n,m=0}^{\infty }{\varphi }_n(x)\hspace{0.17em}{\overline{\varphi }}_m(x^{\prime })\left[{\displaystyle \int e^{-\mathrm{i}E(t-t^{\prime })}\mathsf{f}(E)p_n(z)p_m(z)\hspace{0.17em}{\mathcal{\lambda }}^{2}dz}\right]}.$$

(20)

The orthogonality (12) and the completeness (18b) turn this equation with $t=t^{\prime }$ into

$$\left[\Psi (t,x),\overline{\Psi }(t,x^{\prime })\right]=\delta (x-x^{\prime }),$$

(21)

provided that we take $f(E)=\rho (z)/{\mathcal{\lambda }}^2$, which makes the commutation (16) read as follows

$$\left[a_0(E),a_0^{†}(E^{\prime })\right]={\mathcal{\lambda }}^{-2}\rho (z)\hspace{0.17em}\delta (E-E^{\prime }).$$

(22)

Moreover, it is straightforward to write

$$\left[\Psi (t,x),\Psi (t,x^{\prime })\right]=\left[\overline{\Psi }(t,x),\overline{\Psi }(t,x^{\prime })\right]=0.$$

(23)

In the canonical quantization of fields [1,2,3], equations (21) and (23) give the canonical conjugate to $\Psi (t,x)$ as $\Pi (t,x)=\mathrm{i}\overline{\Psi }(t,x)$. Moreover, in analogy with conventional QFT [1,2,3], we can write Equation (20) as

$$\left[\Psi (t,x),\overline{\Psi }(t^{\prime },x^{\prime })\right]=\mathrm{i}\Delta (t-t^{\prime },x-x^{\prime }),$$

(24)

giving the singular two-point function $\Delta (t-t^{\prime },x-x^{\prime })$ as follows

$$\mathrm{i}\Delta (t-t^{\prime },x-x^{\prime })={\displaystyle \sum _{n,m=0}^{\infty }{\varphi }_n(x)\hspace{0.17em}{\overline{\varphi }}_m(x^{\prime })\left[{\displaystyle \int e^{-\mathrm{i}E(t-t^{\prime })}\rho (z)p_n(z)p_m(z)\hspace{0.17em}dz}\right]}.$$

(25)

Moreover, Equation (21) and Equation (25) give: $\Delta (0,x-x^{\prime })=-\mathrm{i}\delta (x-x^{\prime })$. The vacuum expectation of the time ordered $\Delta (t-t^{\prime },x-x^{\prime })$ gives the Feynman propagator ${\Delta }_{\mathsf{f}}(t-t^{\prime },x-x^{\prime })$. Therefore, the elements needed to define the free sector of this algebraic theory are: the spectral polynomials $\left\{p_n(z)\right\}$ and the spatial set of functions $\left\{{\varphi }_n(x)\right\}$ together with their conjugates $\left\{{\overline{\varphi }}_n(x)\right\}$.

It is interesting to note that if we identify the scalar quantum field given by the conventional representation (1) with the new algebraic representation (15), then using the expansion (2) we obtain: $p_n(z)=H_m(k/\mathcal{\lambda })/\sqrt{2^{m}m!}$, ${\varphi }_n(x)$ as given by Equation (5), and ${\overline{\varphi }}_n(x)=$$\mathcal{\lambda }{\varphi }_n^{*}(x)$. Hence, we obtain the annihilation operator map $a(k)\mapsto a_0(E)\hspace{0.17em}\sqrt{2\mathcal{\lambda }k/\rho (z)}$ between the two representations where $\rho (z)=e^{-z}/2\sqrt{\pi z}$ and we have used the on-shell relation $kdk=$$EdE$for free fields.

A real (neutral) scalar particle in 1+1 space-time is represented by the quantum field $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left[\Psi (t,x)+{\mathcal{\lambda }}^{-1}\overline{\Psi }(t,x)\right]$ with $\hspace{0.17em}{\overline{\varphi }}_n(x)\propto \mathcal{\lambda }{\varphi }_n^{*}(x)$. On the other hand, a complex (charged) scalar particle is represented by a quantum field whose positive-energy component is $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left[{\Psi }_{+}(t,x)+\right.$$\left.{\Psi }_{-}^{†}(t,x)\right]$ and its negative-energy component is $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left[{\overline{\Psi }}_{+}(t,x)+{\overline{\Psi }}_{-}^{†}(t,x)\right]$ where ${\Psi }_{\pm }(t,x)$ is identical to (15) but with the associated spectral polynomials $\left\{p_n^{\pm }(z)\right\}$ along with their recursion coefficients $\left\{{\alpha }_n^{\pm },{\beta }_n^{\pm }\right\}$, weight functions ${\rho }^{\pm }(z)\hspace{0.17em}$, and with the annihilation operators $a_0^{\pm }(E)$ that satisfy $\left[a_0^r(E),a_0^{r^{\prime }†}(E^{\prime })\right]={\delta }_{r,r^{\prime }}\hspace{0.17em}{\mathcal{\lambda }}^{-2}{\rho }^r(z)\hspace{0.17em}\delta (E-E^{\prime })$ where r and $r^{\prime }$ stand for ±.

The particle propagator is an operator that takes the particle from the space-time point $(t^{\prime },x^{\prime })$ to $(t,x)$ with $t>t^{\prime }$. In other words, the particle is created from vacuum at $(t^{\prime },x^{\prime })$ then annihilated later at $(t,x)$. In the algebraic formulation, the equivalent “spectral propagator” reads $\left.〈0\right|a_n(E)a_{n^{\prime }}^{†}(E^{\prime })\left|0\right.〉$ where $\left|0\right.〉$ is the vacuum. Now, since $a_n(E)\left|0\right.〉=0$, then we can write

$$\left.〈0\right|a_n(E)a_{n^{\prime }}^{†}(E^{\prime })\left|0\right.〉=\left.〈0\right|\left[a_n(E),a_{n^{\prime }}^{†}(E^{\prime })\right]\left|0\right.〉={\mathcal{\lambda }}^{-2}\rho (z)\hspace{0.17em}{p}_n(z)p_{n^{\prime }}(z^{\prime })\hspace{0.17em}\delta (E-E^{\prime }).$$

(26)

We designate the spectral propagator by $K_{n,n^{\prime }}(z,z^{\prime })$ that takes $p_{n^{\prime }}(z^{\prime })\mapsto p_n(z)$ [more precisely, $\sqrt{\rho (z^{\prime })}{p}_{n^{\prime }}(z^{\prime })\mapsto \sqrt{\rho (z)}{p}_n(z)$]. That is, the propagator must satisfy

$${\displaystyle \sum _{n^{\prime }}{\displaystyle \int d{z}^{\prime }{K}_{n,n^{\prime }}(z,z^{\prime })\left[\sqrt{\rho (z^{\prime })}{p}_{n^{\prime }}(z^{\prime })\right]}}=\sqrt{\rho (z)}{p}_n(z).$$

(27)

The orthogonality (12) shows that the representation $K_{n,n^{\prime }}(z,z^{\prime })=\sqrt{\rho (z^{\prime })\rho (z)}\hspace{0.17em}{p}_n(z^{\prime })p_{n^{\prime }}(z)$ satisfies (27). This is also suggested by the two-point function of equation (26) that could be rewritten as follows

$$\left.〈0\right|a_n(E)a_{n^{\prime }}^{†}(E^{\prime })\left|0\right.〉={\mathcal{\lambda }}^{-2}{K}_{n,n^{\prime }}(z,z^{\prime })\hspace{0.17em}\delta (E-E^{\prime }),$$

(28)

Consequently, $K_{n,n^{\prime }}(z,z^{\prime })$ is the propagator for individual spectral modes of the quantum field ($\mathrm{mode}\hspace{0.17em}{n}^{\prime }\mapsto \mathrm{mode}\hspace{0.17em}n$) leaving other modes unaffected, which is unlike in the conventional theory where the entire quantum field is propagated. Moreover, using the completeness of the spectral polynomials that reads ${\displaystyle \sum _n{p}_n(z)p_n(z^{\prime })}=\frac{1}{\rho (z)}\delta (z-z^{\prime })$, one can also show that this propagator has the property ${\displaystyle {\sum }_n{K}_{n,n}(z,z^{\prime })}=\delta (z-z^{\prime })$. Furthermore, using the orthogonality (12), it is evident that ${\displaystyle \int K_{n,n^{\prime }}(z,z)\hspace{0.17em}dz}={\delta }_{n,n^{\prime }}$. Additionally, it has the exchange symmetry $K_{n^{\prime },n}(z,z^{\prime })=K_{n,n^{\prime }}(z^{\prime },z)$. Energy conservation, on the other hand, which is evident by the presence of the Dirac delta function $\delta (E-E^{\prime })$ in the propagator equation (26), implies that $K_{n,n^{\prime }}(z,z^{\prime })\mapsto K_{n,n^{\prime }}(z,z):=K_{n,n^{\prime }}(z)$. In the following Section, we show how this propagator enters in the calculation of the scattering amplitudes via the Feynman diagrams.

4. Interaction in the Algebraic QFT

In this Section, we show how to calculate the scattering amplitude $〈\mathrm{out}|\mathrm{in}〉$ in a generic interaction model. We consider the interaction Lagrangian ${\mathcal{L}}_I=\eta •\left[\mathcal{\Phi }\hspace{0.17em}(\overline{\mathcal{X}}\hspace{0.17em}\mathcal{X})\right]$ and choose $\mathcal{\Phi }$ to be a scalar, $\mathcal{X}$ a spinor2, and $\eta$ a dimensionless coupling tensor of rank three that couples individual spectral field modes. This interaction Lagrangian resembles that of QED where the scalar field is replaced by the massless vector field (the photon). If we designate $\left\{q_n(z)\right\}$ as the set of spectral polynomials associated with the spinor component $\mathcal{X}$, then we can write the corresponding spinor annihilation operators $b_n(E)=b_0(E)q_n(z)$ and their anti-commutation relation $\left\{b_0(E),b_0^{†}(E^{\prime })\right\}={\mathcal{\lambda }}^{-2}\omega (z)\delta (E-E^{\prime })$ where $z=(E^2-M_{\mathcal{X}}^2)/{\mathcal{\lambda }}^2$ and $\omega (z)$ is the spinor weight function. For simplicity, we consider neutral particles and a single spinor component where we can write

$$\begin{array}{c}{\mathcal{L}}_I={\displaystyle \sum _{n,m,k=0}^{\infty }{\eta }_n^{m,k}\left[{\displaystyle \iiint dEd{E}^{\prime }d{E}^{″}\sqrt{2E\hspace{0.17em}2E^{\prime }2E^{″}}\hspace{0.17em}{e}^{-\mathrm{i}(E-E^{\prime }+E^{″})t}}\right.}\\ \left.a_n(E)b_m^{†}(E^{\prime })b_k(E^{″}){\varphi }_n(x){\overline{\vartheta }}_m(x){\vartheta }_k(x)\right]+\mathrm{Hermitian} \mathrm{conjugate}\end{array}$$

(29)

where ${\vartheta }_n=\left(\stackrel{{\vartheta }_n^{+}}{{\vartheta }_n^{-}}\right)$ is the two-component spinor basis functions that satisfy equations (B5) and (B9) in Appendix B of Ref. [9]. The fermionic structure of the interaction dictates that the coupling tensor is antisymmetric in the fermionic indices. That is, ${\eta }_n^{m,k}=-{\eta }_n^{k,m}$.

As illustrative example of calculating the scattering amplitudes, we start by considering the first order (one-loop) correction to the free propagator (i.e., self-energy). Figure 1 represents the associated Feynman diagram in this model where the propagator for the scalar (spinor) is represented by a dashed (solid) curve. In the following figures, we designate the spectral propagator for the spinor as ${\Delta }_{n,m}(z):=K_{n,m}(z)=\omega (z)q_n(z)q_m(z)$ with ${\mathcal{\lambda }}^{2}z=E^2-M_{\mathcal{X}}^2$ and for the scalar as ${\square }_{n,m}(z):=\rho (z)p_n(z)p_m(z)$ with ${\mathcal{\lambda }}^{2}z=E^2-M_{\mathcal{\Phi }}^2$. Note that conservation of energy gives $E^{″}=E+E^{\prime }$.

.

Since the spectral polynomials carry a faithful representation of the quantum field, we adopt the notation $〈\mathrm{out}|\mathrm{in}〉\mapsto 〈p_m(z)|p_n(z)〉$ for the amplitude shown in the Figure with ${\mathcal{\lambda }}^{2}z=E^2-$$M_{\mathcal{\Phi }}^2$. Moreover, the spinor propagator for the top part of the closed loop is ${\Delta }_{i,k}(z^{\prime })=\omega (u)$$q_i(u)q_k(u)$ with $u=z^{\prime }=({E^{\prime }}^2-M_{\mathcal{X}}^2)/{\mathcal{\lambda }}^2$ whereas for the bottom part it reads ${\Delta }_{l,j}(z^{″})=\omega (w)$$q_l(w)q_j(w)$ with

$$w=z^{″}=[{(E+E^{\prime })}^2-M_{\mathcal{X}}^2]/{\mathcal{\lambda }}^2=z+u+{(M_{\mathcal{\Phi }}/\mathcal{\lambda })}^2+2\sqrt{[z+{(M_{\mathcal{\Phi }}/\mathcal{\lambda })}^2][u+{(M_{\mathcal{X}}/\mathcal{\lambda })}^2]},$$

(30)

and $E{E}^{\prime }\ge 0$ (i.e., the signs of E and $E^{\prime }$ are the same) since w should be positive. In the algebraic system introduced in Ref. [10], the spectral parameter addition (30) is written as $w=u\oplus z$. Therefore, to compute the amplitude $〈p_m(z)|p_n(z)〉$ of Figure 1, we integrate over all possible values of u and sum over all possible indices (polynomial degrees) $\{i,j,k,l\}$. That is, to first order, we obtain the following spectral propagator for the scalar particle

$$\begin{array}{c}〈p_m(z)|p_n(z)〉\approx \hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}{\square }_{n,m}(z)+{\displaystyle \sum _{i,j,k,l=0}^{\infty }{\eta }_n^{i,j}{\eta }_m^{k,l}{\displaystyle \int {\Delta }_{i,k}(u)\hspace{0.17em}{\Delta }_{j,l}(u\oplus z)\hspace{0.17em}du}}\\ =\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}{\square }_{n,m}(z)+{\displaystyle \sum _{i,j,k,l=0}^{\infty }{\eta }_n^{i,j}{\eta }_m^{k,l}{\displaystyle \int \omega (u)\omega (u\oplus z)q_i(u)q_k(u)q_j(u\oplus z)q_l(u\oplus z)\hspace{0.17em}du}}\end{array}$$

(31)

The integral in this amplitude is one of the “fundamental SAQFT integrals” introduced in Ref. [9] and denoted by ${\zeta }_{i,j}^{q,q}(z)$ for $i=k$ and $j=l$ (i.e., for “monochrome propagation”). In general, transition amplitudes like (31) are written as $〈\mathrm{out}|\mathrm{in}〉\approx {〈\mathrm{out}|\mathrm{in}〉}_0^i+{〈\mathrm{out}|\mathrm{in}〉}_1^j+$${〈\mathrm{out}|\mathrm{in}〉}_2^k+\mathrm{...}$ where ${〈\mathrm{out}|\mathrm{in}〉}_n^m$ is the term (or sum of terms) in the perturbation series that corresponds to a Feynman diagram (or rather topologically distinct Feynman diagrams) with n vertices and m loops.3 Therefore, in (31) ${〈p_m(z)|p_n(z)〉}_0^0=\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}{\square }_{n,m}(z)$ and ${〈p_m(z)|p_n(z)〉}_1^0=0$ whereas ${〈p_m(z)|p_n(z)〉}_2^1$ is the second term in (31). The finiteness of the scattering amplitude is two-fold; one for integrals and another for sums. The first, is the finiteness of the integral, which is guaranteed by the orthogonality (12) of the spectral polynomials. In fact, we have shown in [9] that the value of ${\zeta }_{i,j}^{q,q}(z)$ falls within the interval [0,1] for all spectral polynomials satisfying the orthogonality (12). Moreover, its value goes to zero fast enough if any of the indices i or j go to infinity. The second issue in the finiteness of the scattering amplitude is the convergence of the series shown in Equation (31), which depends on the asymptotics and sign signature of the components of the coupling tensor $\eta$.

In the integral of Equation (31), the spectral parameter u assumes values that correspond to all possible ranges of the energy $E^{\prime }$ (i.e., $E^{\prime }\ge M_{\mathcal{X}}$ and $E^{\prime }\le -M_{\mathcal{X}}$). Therefore, the integral runs over all positive values of u from 0 to $+\infty$ since $u=({E^{\prime }}^2-M_{\mathcal{X}}^2)/{\mathcal{\lambda }}^2$. In the following section, we give a numerical illustration of the finiteness of the scattering amplitude (31) and show that monochrome propagation enhances the scattering amplitude. Additionally, we compute a truncated version of the series in (31) demonstrating converges as the number of terms increase.

The second order (two-loop) correction to the scalar propagator contains several diagrams one of which is shown below as Figure 2. To compute this second order correction, we integrate over all possible values of u and w and sum over all possible indices $\{i,j,k,l\}$ and $\{r,s,t,a,b,c\}$. To simplify, we assume monochrome propagation where the degrees of the spectral polynomials are preserved in propagation. That is, ${\square }_{n,m}(z)\mapsto \hspace{0.17em}{\square }_{n,n}(z)$ and ${\Delta }_{n,m}(z)\mapsto$${\Delta }_{n,n}(z)$. In the diagram of Figure 2, this is equivalent to the replacement ${\eta }_r^{s,t}\mapsto {\eta }_r^{i,l}$ and ${\eta }_a^{b,c}\mapsto {\eta }_r^{k,j}$. Accordingly, we obtain the following second order contribution to the self-energy of the scalar propagator

$$\begin{array}{c}{〈p_m(z)|p_n(z)〉}_4^2={\displaystyle \sum _{i,j,k,l,r=0}^{\infty }{\eta }_n^{i,j}{\eta }_m^{k,l}{\eta }_r^{i,l}{\eta }_r^{k,j}\times }\\ {\displaystyle \iint {\square }_{r,r}(w){\Delta }_{i,i}(u){\Delta }_{j,j}(u\oplus z){\Delta }_{l,l}(u\oplus w){\Delta }_{k,k}(u\oplus w\oplus z)\hspace{0.17em}du\hspace{0.17em}dw}\\ ={\displaystyle \sum _{i,j,k,l,r=0}^{\infty }{\eta }_n^{i,j}{\eta }_m^{k,l}{\eta }_r^{i,l}{\eta }_r^{k,j}{\displaystyle \iint \rho (w)\omega (u)\omega (u\oplus z)\omega (u\oplus w)\omega (u\oplus w\oplus z)\times }}\\ p_r^2(w)q_i^2(u)q_j^2(u\oplus z)q_l^2(u\oplus w)q_k^2(u\oplus w\oplus z)\hspace{0.17em}du\hspace{0.17em}dw\end{array}$$

(32)

Where

$$\begin{array}{c}{\mathcal{\lambda }}^2(u\oplus w\oplus z)={(E_u+E_w+E_z)}^2-M_{\mathcal{X}}^2={\mathcal{\lambda }}^2(u+w+z)+2M_{\mathcal{\Phi }}^2\\ +2\sqrt{({\mathcal{\lambda }}^{2}u+M_{\mathcal{X}}^2)({\mathcal{\lambda }}^{2}w+M_{\mathcal{\Phi }}^2)}+2\sqrt{({\mathcal{\lambda }}^{2}w+M_{\mathcal{\Phi }}^2)({\mathcal{\lambda }}^{2}z+M_{\mathcal{\Phi }}^2)}+2\sqrt{({\mathcal{\lambda }}^{2}z+M_{\mathcal{\Phi }}^2)({\mathcal{\lambda }}^{2}u+M_{\mathcal{X}}^2)}\end{array}$$

(33)

In the following section, we evaluate the double integral (32) for a given range of the scalar energy and a fixed set of the polynomial degrees $\{r,i,j,k,l\}$ and show that the value of the integral diminishes as the indices (or some of them) become large.

Finally, we consider the first order correction to the interaction vertex in this model. The associated Feynman diagrams are many (in fact, there are six topologically distinct diagrams). We consider here one of these diagrams, which is shown below as Figure 3 where the spectral parameters are related by the energy conservation as $y=x\oplus z$. The bare vertex ${〈p_r(z)|q_j(x)q_k(y)〉}_1^0$ is just the coupling tensor element ${\eta }_r^{j,k}$ independent of the energy. On the other hand, the value of the diagram in Figure 3 reads as follows:

$${〈p_r(z)|q_j(x)q_k(y)〉}_3^1={\displaystyle \sum _{i,l,n,m,s,t=0}^{\infty }{\eta }_n^{i,j}{\eta }_m^{k,l}{\eta }_r^{s,t}{\displaystyle \int {\square }_{n,m}(u){\Delta }_{s,i}(u\oplus x){\Delta }_{l,t}(u\oplus y)\hspace{0.17em}du}}.$$

(34)

For monochrome propagation, $n=m$, $s=i$, and $t=l$, this expression simplifies to read:

$$\begin{array}{c}{〈p_r(z)|q_j(x)q_k(y)〉}_3^1={\displaystyle \sum _{i,l,n=0}^{\infty }{\eta }_n^{i,j}{\eta }_n^{k,l}{\eta }_r^{i,l}\times }\\ {\displaystyle \int \rho (u)\omega (u\oplus x)\omega (u\oplus y)p_n^2(u)q_i^2(u\oplus x)q_l^2(u\oplus y)\hspace{0.17em}du}\end{array}$$

(35)

In the following section, we show that the value of the integral in (35) falls within the range [0,1] and diminishes rapidly as the polynomial degrees increase.

5. Numerical Results

In this section, we evaluate the transition amplitudes presented in the previous section by the sample Feynman diagrams of Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3. The results demonstrate finiteness of the closed-loop integrals for this model in our proposed algebraic QFT. For the purpose of calculation, we choose the model parameters as follows. We take a massless scalar ($M_{\mathrm{\Phi }}=0$) where the associated spectral polynomials $p_n(z)$ is the even Hermite polynomial $H_{2n}\left(\sqrt{z}\right)$. The spectral polynomial $q_n(z)$ associated with the massive spinor is taken as the Laguerre polynomial $L_n^{\nu }(z)$ with $\nu >-1$. Now, it is well-known that the odd/even Hermite polynomials could be expressed in terms of the Laguerre polynomials. That is, we can write $H_{2n}\left(\sqrt{z}\right)\propto {(-1)}^n{L}_n^{-1/2}(z)$. Therefore, the orthonormal spectral polynomials, their normalized weight function and recursion coefficients associated with the scalar are as follows:

$$p_n(z)={(-1)}^n\sqrt{\sqrt{\pi }\hspace{0.17em}\Gamma (n+1)/\Gamma \left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)}\hspace{0.17em}{L}_n^{-1/2}(z), \rho (z)=e^{-z}/\sqrt{\pi z,}$$

(36a)

$${\widehat{\alpha }}_n=2n+\frac{1}{2}, {\widehat{\beta }}_n=\sqrt{(n+1)\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)},$$

(36b)

where ${\mathcal{\lambda }}^{2}z=E^2$. On the other hand, for the spinor they read:

$$q_n(z)=\sqrt{\Gamma (\nu +1)\Gamma (n+1)/\Gamma (n+\nu +1)}\hspace{0.17em}{L}_n^{\nu }(z), \omega (z)=z^{\nu }{e}^{-z}/\Gamma (\nu +1),$$

(37a)

$${\alpha }_n=2n+\nu +1, {\beta }_n=-\sqrt{(n+1)(n+\nu +1)},$$

(37b)

where ${\mathcal{\lambda }}^{2}z=E^2-M_{\mathcal{X}}^2$. In the calculation, we take $\mathcal{\lambda }=M_{\mathcal{X}}=1$ and $\nu =3/2$. Moreover, the elements of the coupling tensor are written in terms of the recursion coefficients (36b) and (37b) as follows

$$\begin{array}{c}{\eta }_n^{i,j}={\displaystyle \frac{\kappa }{\sqrt{{\widehat{\alpha }}_n{\widehat{\beta }}_n}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{{\alpha }_i{\beta }_j}}-{\displaystyle \frac{1}{{\alpha }_j{\beta }_i}}\right)={\displaystyle \frac{\kappa }{\sqrt{\left(2n+\frac{1}{2}\right)\sqrt{(n+1)\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)}}}}\\ \times \left[{\displaystyle \frac{-1}{(2i+\nu +1)\sqrt{(j+1)(j+\nu +1)}}}-{\displaystyle \frac{-1}{(2j+\nu +1)\sqrt{(i+1)(i+\nu +1)}}}\right]\end{array}$$

(38)

where $\kappa$ is a dimensionless coupling parameter. For a given set of indices $\left\{i,j,k,l\right\}$, we evaluate the integral in (31) that reads

$$I_{i,k,j,l}^{q,q}(z)={\displaystyle {\int }_0^{\infty }\omega (u)\omega (u\oplus z)q_i(u)q_k(u)q_j(u\oplus z)q_l(u\oplus z)\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}du},$$

(39)

with $u\oplus z=u+z+2\sqrt{z(u+1)}$. To evaluate the integral, we use Gauss quadrature integral approximation (see, for example, Ref. [11]). In such calculation, we start by computing the eigenvalues and normalized eigenvectors of an $M\times M$ tridiagonal symmetric matrix J whose diagonal elements are $J_{n,n}={\alpha }_n$ and off-diagonal elements are $J_{n,n+1}=J_{n+1,n}={\beta }_n$, where M is the order of the quadrature such that $M>\max (i,j,k,l)$ and $\left\{{\alpha }_n,{\beta }_n\right\}$ are those given by (37b). If we call such eigenvalues ${\left\{{\mathcal{\lambda }}_r\right\}}_{r=0}^{M-1}$ and the corresponding normalized eigenvectors ${\left\{{\Lambda }_{s,r}\right\}}_{s,r=0}^{M-1}$, then the integral (39) is approximated as follows

$$I_{i,k,j,l}^{q,q}(z)\approx {\left(\Lambda W{(z)}_{j,l}{\Lambda }^T\right)}_{i,k},$$

(40a)

where $W{(z)}_{j,l}$ is an $M\times M$ diagonal matrix whose elements are

$${\left[W{(z)}_{j,l}\right]}_{r,s}={\delta }_{r,s}\left[\omega ({\mathcal{\lambda }}_r\oplus z)q_j({\mathcal{\lambda }}_r\oplus z)q_l({\mathcal{\lambda }}_r\oplus z)\right].$$

(40b)

Figure 4 shows the result of such an evaluation for a given range of the scalar energy $E=\sqrt{z}$. Figure 5 is a plot of $I_{i=k,j=l}^{q,q}(z)={\zeta }_{i,j}^{q,q}(z)$ in colors corresponding to monochrome propagation superimposed by several polychrome propagation $I_{i\ne k,j\ne l}^{q,q}(z)$ in black. This figure shows that monochrome propagation is (as expected) positive definite boosting the value of the sum in (31) whereas polychrome propagation results in cancellations enhancing fast convergence of the sum. It is also evident from these figures that the magnitude of the integral (39) is less than one. In Appendix B, we use a linearization technique [12] to simplify the polynomial product in the integral (39).

Moreover, to demonstrate convergence of the calculation of the transition amplitude (31), we evaluate the same self-energy diagram to first order for a fixed energy and polynomial degrees n and m but as a function of the number of terms N in the sum

$$S_{n,m}^N(z):={\displaystyle \sum _{i,j,k,l=0}^N{\eta }_n^{i,j}{\eta }_m^{k,l}{I}_{i,k,j,l}^{q,q}(z)}.$$

(41)

Figure 6 illustrates convergence of the series $S_{n,m}^N(z)$ as N increases where we took $\kappa =1$. Figure 7 is a reproduction of Figure 6 after imposing monochrome propagation where $S_{n,m}^N(z)={\displaystyle {\sum }_{i,j=0}^N{\eta }_n^{i,j}{\eta }_m^{i,j}{\zeta }_{i,j}^{q,q}(z)}$. Therefore, the scalar propagator could be written to first order as follows:

$$〈p_m(z)|p_n(z)〉\approx \hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}{\square }_{n,m}(z)+S_{n,m}^N(z):=\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}{\square }_{n,m}(z)+{\displaystyle \frac{{\kappa }^2{s}_{\nu }(z)}{\sqrt{{\widehat{\alpha }}_n{\widehat{\alpha }}_m{\widehat{\beta }}_n{\widehat{\beta }}_m}}},$$

(42)

where ${\kappa }^2{s}_{\nu }(z)$ could be interpreted as the square of the energy dependent coupling parameter of the model. Table 1 is a list of $s_{\nu }(z)$ for monochrome propagation and for several values of the energy $E=\sqrt{z}$ and spinor parameter $\nu$.

If we repeat the same self-energy calculation but for the spinor propagator, we obtain the following result to first order

$$\begin{array}{c}〈q_m(z)|q_n(z)〉\approx {\Delta }_{n,m}(z)+\\ {\displaystyle \sum _{i,j,k,l=0}^{\infty }{\eta }_i^{n,k}{\eta }_j^{l,m}{\displaystyle {\int }_0^{\infty }\rho (u)\omega (u\oplus z)p_i(u)p_j(u)q_k(u\oplus z)q_l(u\oplus z)\hspace{0.17em}du}}\end{array}$$

(43)

Figure 8 is a reproduction of Figure 4 and Figure 5 for the truncated sum in (43) for the spinor.

Next, we evaluate the double integral associated with the diagram of Figure 2 for mono-chrome propagation and given by Equation (32) that reads

$$\begin{array}{r}{\zeta }_{r,i,j,l,k}^{p,q,q,q,q}(z)={\displaystyle {\int }_0^{\infty }{\displaystyle {\int }_0^{\infty }\rho (w)\omega (u)\omega (u\oplus z)\omega (u\oplus w)\omega (u\oplus w\oplus z)}}\\ \times p_r^2(w)q_i^2(u)q_j^2(u\oplus z)q_l^2(u\oplus w)q_k^2(u\oplus w\oplus z)\hspace{0.17em}dudw\end{array}$$

(44)

where $u\oplus z=u+z+2\sqrt{z(u+1)}$, $u\oplus w=u+w+2\sqrt{w(u+1)}$ and $u\oplus w\oplus z=u+w+z+$$2\sqrt{zw}+2\sqrt{z(u+1)}+2\sqrt{w(u+1)}$. Figure 9 is a plot of ${\zeta }_{r,i,j,l,k}^{p,q,q,q,q}(z)$ for a given set of indices and range of scalar energy. The figure is a superposition of three evaluations of the integral using an increasing order of Gauss quadrature: 15 (dashed red), 30 (dotted blue), and 60 (solid black).

Figure 10 is a reproduction of Figure 9 (with a Gauss quadrature order of 60) but for large values of the indices (10 times those of Figure 9). The figure demonstrates diminishing values for the integral (of the order of 200 times less). For this latter calculation, we used the large degree asymptotics of the Laguerre polynomials to write

$$\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }{q}_n(z)={\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{\Gamma (\nu +1)/\pi }}{n^{\frac{1}{4}}{z}^{\frac{\nu }{2}+\frac{1}{4}}{e}^{-z/2}}}\hspace{0.17em}\sin \left(2\sqrt{n\hspace{0.17em}z}-\frac{\pi \nu }{2}+\frac{\pi }{4}\right)+O\left(n^{-\frac{3}{4}}\right)$$

(45a)

$$\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }{p}_n(z)={\displaystyle \frac{{(-1)}^n{e}^{z/2}}{{(n\pi )}^{\frac{1}{4}}}}\hspace{0.17em}\cos \left(2\sqrt{n\hspace{0.17em}z}\right)+O\left(n^{-\frac{3}{4}}\right)$$

(45b)

where we have used $\underset{n\to \infty }{\lim }\left[\Gamma (n+x)/\Gamma (n+y)\right]=n^{x-y}$.

Finally, we evaluate the integral in the vertex diagram of Figure 3 for monochrome propagation as given by Equation (35) that reads

$${\zeta }_{n,i,l}^{p,q,q}(x,y)={\displaystyle {\int }_0^{\infty }\rho (u)\omega (u\oplus x)\omega (u\oplus y)p_n^2(u)q_i^2(u\oplus x)q_l^2(u\oplus y)du}$$

(46)

where $u\oplus x=u+x+2\sqrt{u(x+1)}$ and $u\oplus y=u+y+2\sqrt{u(y+1)}$. Figure 11 is a 2D plot of ${\zeta }_{n,i,l}^{p,q,q}(x,y)$ for the indices $\left\{n,i,l\right\}=\left\{3,2,5\right\}$ and spinor particle energy ranges $x\in [0,15]$ and $y\in [0,30]$.

6. Conclusions

We have presented in this study an algebraic version of QFT that utilizes the theory of orthogonal polynomials and where we adopt a representation of the quantum fields in the energy rather than linear momentum space. The quantum fields in this theory are created, annihilated and propagated on the level of individual spectral modes of the field rather than in totality as in the conventional QFT. The differential wave equation for the free quantum field in conventional QFT is replaced by an algebraic three-term recursion relation for the associated spectral polynomials. The proposed theory is, in fact, the structureless version of SAQFT that was introduced recently in [9]. We presented several examples in a typical interaction model illustrating the remarkable property that the theory is finite eliminating the need for renormalization altogether. It remains to be seen whether this finiteness property prevails in other physically relevant models within this algebraic QFT.

Finally, we like to point out that the work presented here should be considered the start of the development of a robust algebraic quantum field theory of elementary particles that does not require renormalization. The results presented in this study indicate that such a theory does indeed exist and it is a viable alternative to the conventional formulation of QFT.