1. Introduction
This research was created for the purpose of answering questions about physics phenomena that have not been answered. Such as explaining the phenomenon of the quantum jump of the electron and the phenomenon of cumulative entanglement. What happens in the phenomenon of the quantum jump of the electron is that when we give the electron energy, this energy causes the electron to move from the energy level that it occupies to the higher energy level without crossing the distance between the two orbits,
which leads to the occurrence of the phenomenon of the quantum jump of the electron.[
1] (Svidzinsky et al., 2014)
The role of this scientific paper is to provide a scientific explanation of how the quantum leap occurs without crossing the distance between the orbits. The theory of quantum entanglement is a connection between two quantum entangled particles. If one particle is observed, the other particle is affected by it at the same moment. This is what Einstein objected to; because when the electron traveled this distance in the same period of time, this would lead to the existence of a speed faster than the speed of light. Einstein proved it in special relativity. The maximum speed in the universe is the speed of light. Therefore, the phenomenon of quantum entanglement does not agree with Einstein’s laws. After the validity of quantum laws was proven. There has become a conflict between the laws of relativity that apply to the universe and the quantum laws that apply to atoms. This scientific paper aims to resolve this conflict between the laws of relativity and quantum laws. By establishing a law derived from the laws of relativity to apply to quantum laws. (Equation number 1)
This law in equation 1 is known as quantum relativity because it links the laws of relativity and quantum theory. This law is derived from general relativity. The law works to explain the phenomenon of the quantum leap and the phenomenon of quantum entanglement, as it explains that when energy is given to the atom, the atom does not gain energy, but rather space-time gains that energy. We will discuss the interpretation of this theory in detail later.
2. Equations
These laws want to explain the results of the final derivation process of this research and what this research wants to prove.
Where G
µν represents the Einstein tensor, e is the electron charge, G is the universal gravitational constant, T
µν is the energy-momentum tensor, me is the electron mass, h
p is the Planck constant, ε
0 is the vacuum permittivity, r
n is the Bohr radius, Z is the atomic number, n is the energy level, C is the speed of light. This is a law that links the four constants ( gravity, electron charge, Planck constant, and speed ) into one law.
Where E
n represents the photon energy,
is the wavelength. This law explains the final result of the derivation. This law proves the creation of a relationship that links the photon energy and curvature of space-time.
Where E
t represents the energy of the total photon.
Where E
p represents the Planck energy. This law links Planck energy with other cosmological constants.
Where E represents the energy, h
( a) is the atomic constant, KE is the kinetic energy, P is the momentum,
is the angular velocity, k is the wave vector, and
is the fine-structure constant. This law explains the final result of the derivation. This law proves the creation of a relationship that links energy and kinetic energy. That the lost kinetic energy comes out in the form of radiant energy.
Where
represents the reduced Planck constant,
is the frequency. This law explains the final result of the derivation. This law proves the creation of a relationship that links the energy of the total photon and wave vector.
Where H represents the Cosmic Constant (David cosmological constant),
is the Agglomerated mass permittivity constant,
is the Coulomb constant. This law works to link the four constants ( gravity, electron charge, Planck constant, and speed ) into one law.
Where X represents the unknown force X (David constant),
is the mass permittivity constant. This is a law that links the four constants ( gravity, electron charge, Planck constant, and speed ) into one law.
Where
represents the multiverse constant. This law wants to prove is the creation of a relationship that links the curvature of space-time and the energy of the total photon.
This law affects the Planck constant and the charge of the electron.
Where Vacuum permeability.
3. These laws have been modified from the mix Planck laws
Definition of time: Create a movement on a spatially fixed three-dimensional body that exists on the surface area of space-time at the body's fixed motion speed
Definition of time: Create a movement on a spatially fixed three-dimensional body that exists on the surface area of space-time at the angle at which a stationary body moves
What happens is that the electron connects to the other electron through space-time, as space-time acts like a quantum tunnel that connects the two electrons. In this way, the electron does not penetrate the speed of light, But in relation to large objects, you see that it has crossed the speed of light.
This hypothesis was based on scientific foundations, the most important of which is:
1)
the connection between relativity and quantum mechanics occurs via quantum entanglement and loop gravitational entanglement.
2)
quantum entanglement occurs by the contraction of space-time.
3)
space-time contraction occurs by space-time absorbing energy.
4)
the quantum jump of the electron occurs as a result of the contraction of space-time.
4. Method
My name is Ahmed. I have made a theoretical derivation of the equation of general relativity as explained in this research for the purpose of obtaining an equation that can be applied within the quantum world so that it describes the movement of the electron during the quantum jump in the Bohr model. After that, the researcher Samira reviewed the research and verified it, and then she worked on applying this theory to the movement of the electron during the occurrence of the quantum leap, using previous research and matching it with the results of this equation to determine its validity.
This part of the research will explain the spectrum of the hydrogen atom in a new way, as the results presented in these tables from previous research match the results extracted from the equation, and this is consistent with the validity of this equation. Because the new equation is consistent with the photon energy equation. We will discuss that part of the research in the results and discussion.
Table 5 shows the measurement results tested.[
3] (Nanni, 2015).
Table 5 it represents the theoretical and experimental value of the hydrogen atom. Using the photon energy law mentioned above, this table.
Figure 1.
Bohr hydrogen atomic model incorporating de Broglie’s .[
4] (Jordan, 2024).
Figure 1.
Bohr hydrogen atomic model incorporating de Broglie’s .[
4] (Jordan, 2024).
This drawing, taken from previous research, shows how the quantum leap occurs through interference, as my equation showed. When interference occurs between the orbit occupied by the electron and the energy level higher than the electron’s orbit, it occurs in the form of wave interference of this type as a result of a contraction in the fabric of space-time. The black circle represents the orbit occupied by the electron, while the red color represents how interference occurs from the orbit higher to the orbit occupied by the electron in the form of wave interference. In other words, the upper level works to contract, forming a wave equal to the same wave as the level occupied by the electron through the de Broglie equation. n × λ = 2π × r
Because the equation connects more than one equation into a single equation. As
Figure 2.
The observed emission line spectrum of atomic hydrogen in chapter 2 atoms.[
5] (Manini, 2020).
Figure 2.
The observed emission line spectrum of atomic hydrogen in chapter 2 atoms.[
5] (Manini, 2020).
Table 6.
shows the measurement results of one of the previous researches related to the spectrum of the hydrogen atom in chapter 2 atoms.[
5] (Manini, 2020).
Table 6.
shows the measurement results of one of the previous researches related to the spectrum of the hydrogen atom in chapter 2 atoms.[
5] (Manini, 2020).
This shape is a result of the fact that the electron, after a quantum leap occurred as a result of an interference between the orbital that it occupies and the energy level above it, was in an unstable state. Therefore, when the highest level of energy returns to its position, it releases energy in the form of spectral lines. These lines are determined according to the amount of energy, as shown in the picture.
5. Results Obtained
This scientific research aims to prove a theory by comparing the practical results of this theory with the original results and making the comparison in a table. We will discuss that here .
After substituting the constants into equation number 1. This derivation proves that the equation can be applied to the Bohr radius.
After, that, we linked the equation number ( 2, 14 ). The unit of measurement for photon energy is electron volt (eV), the wavelength is (nm), and Bohr radius is a (nm).
Example of a hydrogen atom.
Compensation is made in law.
The unit of measurement for photon energy is electron volt (eV), the wavelength is (nm), and Bohr radius is a (nm).
Where E
p represents the Planck energy.
After, that, we linked the equation number ( 2, 14 ). The unit of measurement for photon energy is electron volt (eV), the wavelength is (nm), and Bohr radius is a (nm).
Table 7.
Comparing my theoretical results through my equation with previous results. Theoretical value (My work) Experimental value
Table 7.
Comparing my theoretical results through my equation with previous results. Theoretical value (My work) Experimental value
| Spectral Line |
Energy |
|
λ |
|
λ |
|
λ(n’=2, n=1) |
10.204269824 |
eV |
121.50227268 |
nm |
121.5 nm |
|
λ(n’=3, n=1) |
12.093949421 |
eV |
102.51754257 |
nm |
102.5 nm |
|
λ(n’=4, n=1) |
12.75533728 |
eV |
97.20181814 |
nm |
97.20 nm |
|
λ(n’=3, n=2) |
1.8896795971 |
eV |
656.11227245 |
nm |
656.1 nm |
|
λ(n’=4, n=2) |
2.5510674561 |
eV |
486.0090907 |
nm |
486.0 nm |
|
λ(n’=4, n=3) |
0.66138785898 eV |
1874.6064927 |
nm |
1874.6 nm |
The results of the experimental value were obtained by using the results of previous research on the hydrogen atom. I prove in
Table 7 that the results of the equations are identical to their original results in Table 5, which indicates the validity of this law
These are the results of a relationship between energy and wavelength. The observed results show that whenever the energy increases, the wavelength decreases, as shown by this equation in the hydrogen atom.
6. Conclusions
After the idea of research has been clarified using theoretical and practical scientific evidence to explain the phenomenon of the quantum leap and quantum entanglement from a new perspective, these equations would be used in the following:
- 1)
serving humanity in the advancement of scientific research.
- 2)
using these equations to explore space and quantum world.
- 3)
using these equations in developing communications machines.
References
- Svidzinsky, A.; Scully, M. Bohr's molecular model, a century later. Physics T 2014, 67, 33–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Udema, I. I. Renaissance of Bohr's model via derived alternative equation. American J. Mod. Phys 2017, 6, 23–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nanni, L. The hydrogen atom: A review on the birth of modern quantum mechanics. Physics 2015. [CrossRef]
- Jordan, R. B. Principles of Inorganic Chemistry. Springer N, 2024; pp. 1–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manini, N. Introduction to the physics of matter: basic atomic, molecular, and solid-state physics. Springer N, 2020; pp. 11–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
|
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).