Submitted:
18 December 2025
Posted:
18 December 2025
Read the latest preprint version here
Abstract
Keywords:
1. Introduction
- The goal of this scientific research is to answer the explanation of the phenomenon of quantum leap and quantum entanglement and to add some modifications in the Bohr model.
2. Equations
- Where Gµν represents the Einstein tensor, is the David’s velocity of the stationary phase, Tµν is the energy-momentum tensor, is the Planck energy, is the gravitational coefficient for Phase Velocity, is the gravitational coefficient for Group Velocity, is the reduced Planck constant
- is the gravitational coefficient for Phase Velocity, is the Phase Velocity, G is the universal gravitational constant, is the gravitational coefficient for Group Velocity
- Where represents the electron charge, is the Phase Velocity, is the Group Velocity, David’s Quantum Acceleration, is the Coulomb constant
- it is (Impedance of free space) , is the David’s quantum refractive index, is the David’s velocity of the stationary phase, is the Phase Velocity
- 1)
- 1) The refractive index determines the medium in which the equation operates.
- 2)
- Planck’s refractive index is n = 1. This is known as the quantum vacuum medium (the quantum David medium), meaning a real medium. Everything within the Planck medium is governed by Planck’s laws in a medium of n = 1.
- 3)
- Wherever relativity operates in this medium, its maximum value is the Planck value.
- 4)
- The universal gravitational constant and the speed of light will remain constants because they are within a Planck medium (n = 1). This means that anything within a Planck medium obeys Planck’s constants.
- 5)
- Gravity will be a universal constant as long as it is within this medium. Therefore, when gravity is applied to Planck’s constants, it produces an antigravity, just as antienergy or quantum vacuum energy does, because of the refractive index (n); this leads to a rebound.
- 6)
- Dark mass is formed as a result of this medium due to the presence of virtual particles.
- 7)
- These virtual particles are produced by dark energy, and a portion of dark energy can produce dark mass, and dark mass can produce dark energy.
- The new equation will be known as general quantum relativity, and it defines the medium in which it will operate. Each medium is defined by its refractive index, and all the equation does is follow the properties of that medium.
- The classical general equation of relativism does not specify the medium in which it will operate; therefore, singularity arises because it takes infinite values. However, if it operates within a quantum vacuum, it obeys the laws of that medium; that is, that medium governs it. For example, if this medium has a refractive index of 1, it is governed by Planck’s constants and cannot exceed them because the medium itself determines them.
- A singularity will not occur because the curvature is Planck’s curvature, and the hole will not completely evaporate because the temperature is Planck’s temperature. Therefore, the hole is a stable object (a Planck point) that stores information, and this solves the Hawking radiation problem.
- The reversal occurs at the Planck point, resulting in multiple universes. This is because the reversal occurs in two directions: a normal direction and an opposing direction, creating a universe in dark energy. The other side represents the opposing dark energy.
- This explains how a rebound occurs in a medium where antigravity is formed or because the ultimate values of Planck’s constants do not exceed the recoil event; for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction because of the refractive index (n). This causes gravity at the Planck scale to cease and act as antigravity, or quantum vacuum energy, due to the refractive index creating dark energy. The problem of the cosmological constant is solved by the fact that it has become dark energy due to recoil. In this way, time does not reach zero, but it allows the universe to expand again because the shortest time is the Planck time, and this time occurs within the Planck point.
- Holography means that spacetime does not exceed the Planck length, Planck curvature, and Planck volume. This prevents the formation of information exceeding the Planck limit; that is, the number of bits within the volume and on its surface corresponds to the Planck length and volume.
- Virtual particles may be part of David’s quantum medium, or they may be virtual particles with Planck mass, Planck density, and Planck volume—that is, they reach Planck constants. This may explain the addition of a hidden mass known as dark mass.
- 1)
- Within this medium, Planck’s constants are applied and are not exceeded
- 2)
- Virtual particles are part of this medium.
- 3)
- Infinite absolute values cannot be assumed within this medium because the maximum values attainable are Planck’s constants.
- 4)
- Virtual particles act as a hidden space because the refractive index of the medium is 1. They behave like a glass test cup inside another glass test cup, with oil in between. Therefore, they are neglected and not considered part of the medium; they are called a vacuum. This means that n=1 represents the disappearance of molecules from the medium and does not represent a vacuum.
- 5)
- Another important characteristic of the medium is that it is a real medium.
- 6)
- This medium is the fundamental component of all other mediums; in other words, this medium determines the stability of the force of four or five (if it exists in nature).
3. These Laws Have Been Modified from the Mix Planck Laws
- How quantum entanglement occurs?
- What happens is that the electron connects to the other electron through space-time, as space-time acts like a quantum tunnel that connects the two electrons. In this way, the electron does not penetrate the speed of light, But in relation to large objects, you see that it has crossed the speed of light.
- This hypothesis was based on scientific foundations, the most important of which is:
- 1)
- the connection between relativity and quantum mechanics occurs via quantum entanglement and loop gravitational entanglement.
- 2)
- quantum entanglement occurs by the contraction of space-time.
- 3)
- space-time contraction occurs by space-time absorbing energy.
- 4)
- the quantum jump of the electron occurs as a result of the contraction of space-time.
4. Derivation of Equations
- is the Phase Velocity, is the Group Velocity
- This will enable us to add the group velocity as a result of adding the phase velocity when the speed of light is constant.
- The electron generates a constant field while rotating around the nucleus, but when it gains energy, it generates a changing field. This explains why it has a torque resulting from the energy during the experiment. Therefore, if the electron is observed in its normal state without being excited, the electron will behave as a particle, and if it is excited, it will behave as a wave.
- The Mössbauer effect proved that general relativity is true. Relativity explains that the fastest speed is the speed of light. However, if the Mössbauer effect differs depending on the medium it is in, due to the refractive index, then relativity will differ.
- Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can trap molecules like water inside them. What if they were modified to trap electrons to provide electricity, neutrinos, nuclei, neutrons, or antimatter? This would ensure they exist to work on.
5. Method
- This part of the research will explain the spectrum of the hydrogen atom in a new way, as the results presented in these tables from previous research match the results extracted from the equation, and this is consistent with the validity of this equation. Because the new equation is consistent with the photon energy equation. We will discuss that part of the research in the results and discussion.

- If we make the electron quantum entangled in particle accelerators, then if we make one of these electrons be in a short line and the other be in a long line, when one approaches the speed of light, the other must exceed the speed of light. In other words, the two entangled bodies are in two dimensions, that is, different dimensions, and this happens as a result, a distortion of space-time, which makes during the measurement that the speed is breached, but in reality it does not exceed the speed. This is the same idea as the distortion of the orbits that I explained. Because it is assumed that the electron does not move from its position, however, a distortion occurs in the orbit with the highest energy, and it forms a wave similar to the orbit occupied by the electron, according to De Broglie’s laws. This occurs through the distortion of space-time as a result of the increase in energy.


- This shape is a result of the fact that the electron, after a quantum leap occurred as a result of an interference between the orbital that it occupies and the energy level above it, was in an unstable state. Therefore, when the highest level of energy returns to its position, it releases energy in the form of spectral lines. These lines are determined according to the amount of energy, as shown in the picture.
6. Results Obtained
- 1)
- The place where the experiment will take place must be chosen, and it must be at a high altitude, such as Mount Everest because the higher the altitude, the less gravity.
- 2)
- The experiment is about creating a quantum leap for the electron so that we can know the emission lines that represent the fingerprint of the element and compare them at different heights. Let us take the example of the hydrogen atom. After knowing the choice of the element, the device that will measure the spectral lines of the element must be taken to Mount Everest, where the experiment will be conducted.
- 3)
- We will excite the element keeping all elements constant as energy and the comparison will be between wavelength and curvature of spacetime. The first measurement is at the bottom of the mountain, that is, before climbing the mountain first. Then we measure in the middle of the mountain, then we test at the top of the mountain and compare the atomic spectra. If my theoretical results are correct, there will be skewing of the spectral lines at different heights due to distortion of the fabric of space-time.
- 4)
- If we measure atomic spectra, we also measure the Zeeman, Stark, and magneto-stark effects separately.
- The reason they were not previously able to measure the curvature of space-time is because my equations show that the effect of energy and wavelength when measured as two variables will cancel each other out, so space-time will not be affected.
- Gravitational Effect on Atomic Energy Levels
- A gas sample (e.g., hydrogen or cesium) in a vacuum chamber.
- A laser to excite electrons at specific energy levels.
- A high-precision spectrometer.
- A variable gravitational field (e.g., using aircraft simulating microgravity).
- Measure the atomic spectrum in a normal gravitational environment.
- Measure the spectrum in a reduced-gravity environment (e.g., during parabolic flights).
- Compare the energy levels and emission lines.
- If the spectrum shifts at different gravitational strengths, it indicates that gravity affects atomic energy levels
- My equations clearly show that if proven in practical experiments, it indicates that the gravitational constant G is not a cosmic constant in quantum mechanics, but is affected by the wavelength and the energy difference, that is, it is variable. In other words, gravity is not an absolute quantity, but rather the quantum state is influenced by me. For this reason, quantum mechanics is not related to general relativity.
- My equations explain the effect (magnetic attraction) and Bayfield-Brown effect My equations confirm the effect of electromagnetism on gravity.
- Well, with these experiments, the Pound-Rebecca experiments, also known as gravitational redshift, will prove what the equation tells you.
- This example of a hydrogen atom in the Balmer series.
- Example of a hydrogen atom in the Balmer series.
- These are the results of a relationship between energy and wavelength. The observed results show that whenever the energy increases, the wavelength decreases, as shown by this equation in the hydrogen atom.
7. Conclusions
- 1)
- serving humanity in the advancement of scientific research.
- 2)
- using these equations to explore space and quantum world.
- 3)
- using these equations in developing communications machines.
References
- Svidzinsky, A.; Scully, M. Bohr’s molecular model, a century later. Physics T 2014, 67, 33–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Udema, I. I. Renaissance of Bohr’s model via derived alternative equation. American J. Mod. Phys 2017, 6, 23–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nanni, L. The hydrogen atom: A review on the birth of modern quantum mechanics. Physics 2015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jordan, R. B. Principles of Inorganic Chemistry; Springer N., 2024; pp. 1–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manini, N. Introduction to the physics of matter: basic atomic, molecular, and solid-state physics; Springer N., 2020; pp. 11–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
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| Theoretical value (My work)---------Experimental value | |||||
| Spectral Line | Energy | λ | λ | ||
| λ(n’=2, n=1) | 10.204269824 | eV | 121.50227268 | nm | 121.5 nm |
| λ(n’=3, n=1) | 12.093949421 | eV | 102.51754257 | nm | 102.5 nm |
| λ(n’=4, n=1) | 12.75533728 | eV | 97.20181814 | nm | 97.20 nm |
| λ(n’=3, n=2) | 1.8896795971 | eV | 656.11227245 | nm | 656.1 nm |
| λ(n’=4, n=2) | 2.5510674561 | eV | 486.0090907 | nm | 486.0 nm |
| λ(n’=4, n=3) | 0.66138785898 eV | 1874.6064927 | nm | 1874.6 nm | |
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